Developing spatial data infrastructures : from concept to reality

Developing Spatial Data Infrastructures: From concept to reality......Page 1
Contents......Page 3
List of Figures......Page 13
List of Tables......Page 15
Contributors......Page 16
Acknowledgments......Page 19
Foreword......Page 20
Preface......Page 22
Notes on Editors......Page 26
1.1 Introduction......Page 28
1.2 Building Spatial Data Infrastructures......Page 29
1.2.1 Spatial Data in Developed and Developing Countries......Page 30
1.2.2 SDIs and the "Triple Bottom Line"......Page 31
1.2.4 SDIs and Land Administration......Page 32
1.2.5 SDIs and the Government, Private and Academic Sectors......Page 33
1.2.7 Technology as an SDI Driver......Page 34
1.3.2 Raising Community Awareness of Spatial Data......Page 35
1.3.4 SDIs and Privacy......Page 36
1.3.5 Strengthening Institutional Arrangements for SDI Development......Page 37
1.3.7 SDI Research and Development......Page 38
1.4 Conclusion......Page 39
1.5 References......Page 40
2.2 The Need for Spatial Data......Page 42
2.2.1 Sharing Spatial Data......Page 43
2.2.2 Spatial Data and Decision Support Systems......Page 44
2.3 Spatial Data Infrastructure......Page 45
2.3.1 SDI Nature and Characteristics......Page 49
b Different Views to Understanding and Development......Page 50
c The Importance of People......Page 51
2.3.2 Current SDI Initiatives Global, Regional, National, State, Local......Page 52
2.4 SDI Hierarchy......Page 53
a Definition of Hierarchy......Page 54
a Principles of HSR......Page 55
b Properties of Hierarchies......Page 56
2.4.3 Different Views on SDI Hierarchy......Page 57
2.5 Applying Hierarchy Theory to SDI......Page 58
2.6 Relationships Among Different SDIs......Page 59
2.7 Conclusion......Page 61
2.8 References......Page 62
3.2 Global SDI-GSDI......Page 67
Part Two: From Global SDI to Local SDI......Page 66
a The GSDI Steering Committee......Page 69
c GSDI Program and Business Plan......Page 70
e GSDI for Decision Support......Page 71
b The Regional Level......Page 72
3.2.3 Issues and Challenges......Page 73
a Implementing the GSDI Association......Page 74
3.3 Global Map......Page 75
a Institutional Arrangements......Page 76
3.3.2 SDI Current Status of Development......Page 77
3.3.4 Future Plans and Discussion......Page 79
3.4 Evaluation of Global Initiatives......Page 80
3.5 References......Page 81
4.2 European Umbrella Organization for Geographic Information EUROGI......Page 83
4.2.1 Organizational Status......Page 84
b Weaknesses......Page 87
4.3 Permanent Committee on GIS Infrastructure for Asia and the Pacific PCGIAP......Page 88
4.3.1 SDI Components and Organizational Model......Page 89
a Institutional Framework......Page 90
b Technical Standards......Page 91
c Fundamental Datasets......Page 92
4.3.3 Issues and Challenges......Page 93
4.4 Permanent Committee on SDI for the Americas PCIDEA......Page 94
4.4.1 Organizational Status......Page 96
4.4.2 Issues and Challenges......Page 97
4.5 Comparative Evaluation......Page 98
4.6 References......Page 100
5.2 Asia and the Pacific Region and Regional SDI Activities: A Case Study......Page 102
5.2.1 Current Progress of PCGIAP and APSDI Development......Page 104
5.3 SDI Diffusion......Page 105
5.4 Influencing Factors for Regional SDI Diffusion......Page 108
5.4.1 Environmental Factors......Page 109
5.4.2 Capacity Factors......Page 110
5.5 SDI Development Models......Page 111
5.6.1 Organizational Restructure......Page 112
5.6.3 Modify the SDI Conceptual Model......Page 113
5.7 Conclusion......Page 114
5.8 References......Page 115
6.2 National SDI--The Concept and Nature......Page 118
6.2.1 Motivation for National SDI Development......Page 119
6.2.2 Models for National SDI Development......Page 120
6.3 Role and Relationships Within SDI Hierarchy......Page 121
6.4 Generational Development of SDIs......Page 123
6.4.1 First Generation of National SDI Initiatives......Page 124
6.4.2 Second Generation of National SDI Initiatives......Page 125
6.4.3 Comparative Analysis......Page 128
6.5 Recommendations and Future Directions......Page 130
6.6 References......Page 131
7.1 Introduction......Page 133
7.2 The Nature of Spatial Information at a State Level......Page 134
7.3 State SDI--Organizational Issues......Page 136
7.4.1 Range of Datasets to Support State SDI......Page 138
7.4.2 The Product......Page 139
7.4.3 Access Policy......Page 140
7.4.5 Integration of State SDI Operations......Page 141
7.5.1 Types of Partnerships......Page 143
7.5.2 Derivative Relationships--Licensing, Royalties and Value Adding Resellers......Page 144
7.5.3 An Evolving SDI Concept Based on Partnerships......Page 145
7.6 Evaluation of State SDI Initiatives......Page 146
7.7 Other Issues and Future Directions of State SDI......Page 147
7.8 References......Page 148
8.1 Introduction......Page 151
Part Three: Australian Case Study from National to Local......Page 150
8.2 ANZLIC--The Spatial Information Council......Page 152
8.4 ASDI Organizational Model......Page 153
8.4.2 Public Sector Mapping Agencies......Page 155
8.4.3 Spatial Information Industry Action Agenda......Page 156
8.4.5 Spatial Sciences Coalition......Page 157
8.4.7 Spatial Information Cooperative Research Centre......Page 158
8.5.1 Fundamental Datasets......Page 159
8.5.2 Australian Spatial Data Directory ASDD......Page 160
8.5.4 Pricing Policy......Page 162
8.6 Current Issues and Future Directions......Page 163
8.7 References......Page 165
9.2.1 Victorian Land Administration......Page 166
9.2.2 Roles and Responsibilities for Developing Victorian SDI......Page 167
9.2.3 State Spatial Information Policy......Page 168
9.2.4 Victorian Spatial Information Strategy......Page 169
b Key Business Information......Page 170
e Access Infrastructure......Page 171
g Spatial Accuracy......Page 172
9.3 Linkages to the National Spatial Information Sector......Page 173
9.3.2 Participation in Standards Development......Page 174
9.4.1 Victorian Online Title System VOTS......Page 175
9.4.3 Property Information Project PIP......Page 176
9.4.4 Online Service Delivery--Land Channel......Page 177
9.4.5 GPSnet......Page 178
9.5.1 Land Exchange......Page 179
9.6 Conclusion......Page 181
9.7 References......Page 182
10.1.1 The Concept of SDI......Page 184
10.2.1 History of Geelong SDI Development......Page 186
10.2.2 Current Geelong SDI Components and Organizational Model......Page 188
10.2.3 Linkages of Greater Geelong SDI Through Corporate SDI......Page 191
10.3.1 Catchment and Water......Page 192
10.3.2 Parks Flora and Fauna......Page 193
10.3.3 Department Wide Effort......Page 194
10.4 Some Patterns of SDI Development......Page 195
10.4.2 Two Scales of SDI Development......Page 196
10.5 Conclusions......Page 197
10.6 References......Page 198
11.2 Sustainable Development......Page 200
Part Four: Supporting Economic, Environmental and Social Objectives......Page 199
11.2.2 Good Governance......Page 202
11.3 SDIs for Sustainable Development......Page 203
a Policies......Page 204
d The Role of Partnerships......Page 205
e Data......Page 206
f SDI Design and Equity......Page 207
11.4 The Potential of E-Governance......Page 208
11.5 Conclusion......Page 209
11.6 References......Page 210
12.2 Decision Support for Sustainable Development......Page 212
12.2.2 The Challenges for SDIs......Page 213
12.3 Spatial Decision Support and SDIs......Page 214
12.4.1 The Data Environment......Page 216
b Accessibility......Page 217
c Applicability......Page 218
12.4.2 The Technological Environment......Page 219
12.4.3 The People Environment......Page 221
12.5 The Developing Decision Support Status of SDIs......Page 223
12.7 References......Page 225
13.1 Introduction......Page 228
13.2 The Economic Issues of SDI Implementation......Page 229
13.3 The Concept of SDI Funding Models......Page 230
13.3.1 Funding Models of the First Generation of SDIs......Page 232
13.4 Alternative Funding Models......Page 233
13.4.1 Infrastructure Classification......Page 234
a Natural Monopoly......Page 235
13.4.2 Funding Models for SDIs Classified as Classic Infrastructures/Natural Monopolies......Page 236
13.4.3 Funding Models for SDIs Classified as Network Infrastructures......Page 238
13.4.4 Government's Function in this Category......Page 241
13.5 Customizing the Alternative Funding Models for Emerging Nations......Page 242
13.6 Discussion......Page 244
13.6.1 Future Directions......Page 245
13.7 Conclusion......Page 246
13.8 References......Page 247
14.1 Introduction......Page 251
14.2 Land Administration Systems and the Role of SDIs......Page 252
14.3 Evaluation and a Framework for Evaluation......Page 253
a Policy Level......Page 257
d Influencing Factors......Page 258
e Assessment of Performance......Page 259
14.5 Conclusions......Page 260
14.6 References......Page 261
15.1 Introduction......Page 264
Part Five: Technical Dimension......Page 263
15.2 A Definition of the Spatial-Hierarchy Problem......Page 265
15.2.2 The Second Solution: Data Interpolation......Page 266
15.2.4 The Fourth Solution: Re-Aggregation......Page 267
15.3.2 People......Page 269
b The Modifiable-Area-Unit Problem MAUP......Page 270
a Hierarchical Spatial Reasoning HSR Applied to Administrative Boundaries......Page 271
b The Structure of Administrative Boundaries......Page 272
15.3.6 Summary......Page 273
15.4 Conclusion......Page 274
15.5 References......Page 275
16.2 SDI as a Foundation for Location Based Services......Page 278
16.3 Augmenting the SDI Model......Page 280
16.3.1 Access Network......Page 281
16.3.2 Policies......Page 282
16.3.3 Standards......Page 283
16.3.4 Data......Page 284
16.3.5 People......Page 285
16.4.1 SDI Requirements......Page 286
16.5 Case Study--Public Transport Application......Page 287
16.5.1 Use Case Scenarios......Page 288
16.6 Discussion, Recommendations and Future Directions......Page 291
16.7 References......Page 292
17.2 SDI and Positional Accuracy......Page 295
17.3.1 Reference Systems, Reference Frames and Geodetic Datums......Page 297
17.3.2 Dynamic Datums......Page 298
17.3.5 Error......Page 299
17.3.6 Positional Accuracy......Page 300
17.4.1 Adopting a Reference Frame to Support SDI......Page 301
17.4.2 Global Reference Frames as a Basis for SDI......Page 302
17.5 Transforming Between Different Reference Systems......Page 303
17.6 Measuring and Recording Positional Accuracy......Page 304
17.7.1 Case Study 1: The Geocentric Datum of Australia......Page 306
17.7.2 Case Study 2: PCGIAP......Page 308
17.8 Conclusions......Page 310
17.9 References......Page 311
18.2 Covering the SDI Landscape......Page 313
Part Six: Future Directions......Page 312
18.3.1 Access Networks......Page 317
18.3.3 Data and Standards......Page 318
18.3.4 Policies......Page 319
18.3.5 External Developments......Page 320
18.4 Relationships Between SDI Hierarchy, Issues and Different Models of SDI Development......Page 321
18.5 Conclusion......Page 322
18.6 References......Page 323