Developing Multicultural Counseling Competence: A Systems Approach (3rd Edition)

Cover
Title page
Copyright
Dedication
Preface
Acknowledgments
Brief Contents
Contents
About the Editors
About the Contributing Authors
SECTION ONE T he Foundations of Multicultural Counseling
	Chapter 1 T he Culturally Competent Counselor
		Preview
		The Culturally Competent Counselor
		U.S. Demographics
		Key Terminology of Multicultural Counseling
		Use of Counseling Services and Multicultural Populations
			Counseling versus Cultural Norms of Diverse Populations
			Stigma and Mistrust
			Discrimination Experiences
			Inaccessibility of Services
		The Role of Communication in Multicultural Counseling
			Verbal Communication
			Nonverbal Communication
			Emotional Expression
			Communication Patterns of Clients and Counselors
		Context and Multicultural Counseling
			Prejudice and Discrimination
			Immigration
			Acculturation
			Interpersonal Violence and Trauma
		Developing Multicultural Counseling Competence
			A Systems Approach to Multicultural Counseling Competence
			Resistance to Multiculturalism
		Ethical Considerations in Multicultural Counseling
		Summary
		Review Questions
	Chapter 2 Cultural Identity Development
		Preview
		Racial and Ethnic Identity Development
			Racial Identity Models
			Phinney’s Model of Ethnic Identity
			Biracial and Multiracial Identity Development
			Addressing Racial and Ethnic Identity in Counseling
		Gender and Sexual Identity Development
			Gender Identity Models
			Sexual Identity Models
		Transsexual and Transgender Identity Development
		Spiritual and Faith Identity Development
			Fowler’s Model of Faith Development
			Spero’s Development of Religious Transformations
			Genia’s Development of Growth
			Parks’s Model of Spiritual Identity
			Poll and Smith’s Model of Spiritual Identity
			Addressing Spiritual Identity in Counseling
		Summary
		Review Questions
SECTION TWO Social Advocacy
	Chapter 3 Social Justice Counseling
		Preview
		Key Constructs for Understanding Social Advocacy
		Historical Context
		Social Injustice and Mental Health Issues
		Counselors as Social Advocates
			Advocacy in Professional Counseling Standards
		Three-Tiered Model of Social Advocacy
		Challenges and Benefits of Social Justice Counseling
		Summary
		Review Questions
	Chapter 4 Racism and White Privilege
		Preview
			Historical Foundations of Race and Racism
			Social Construction of Race
			Defining Racism
		Costs of Racism for People of Color
			Cognitive Costs
			Affective Costs
			Interpersonal Costs
			Physical Costs
			Efforts to Combat the Costs of Racism
		White Privilege
		Costs of Racism for Whites
			Cognitive Costs
			Affective Costs
			Interpersonal Costs
		Whites’ Psychological Responses to Racism and White Privilege
			Whiteness and Being American
			Color-Blind Racial Attitudes
			Myth of Meritocracy
			Focus on Exceptions
			Psychological Dispositions of White Racism
		Eradicating Racism
			Counselor Self-Awareness
			Client Services
			Community Collaboration
		Addressing Racism within Other Systems
			Political and Legal Concerns
			Economic Concerns
			Public Health Concerns
			Taking Action
		Summary
		Review Questions
	Chapter 5 G ender and Sexism
		Preview
		Understanding Gender and Related Constructs
		Understanding Sexism
		Gender and Counseling Considerations
			Counseling Girls and Women
			Counseling Men
			Counseling People Who Are TGNC
		Historical Context of Sexism
			World War II and Women’s Return “Home”
			Historical Resistance to Sexism: The Feminist Movement
		Cultural Intersections of Gender
			African Americans
			Asian Americans/Pacific Islanders
			Latino(a)/Chicano(a) Americans
			Arab Americans
		Mental Health Consequences of Sexism
			Women and Depression
			Disordered Eating
			Internalized Oppression
		Physical Consequences of Sexism
		Social Consequences of Sexism
		Addressing Sexism in Counseling
		Expanding Resilience and Social Justice
		Summary
		Review Questions
	Chapter 6 Sexual Orientation and Heterosexism
		Preview
		Defining Sexual Orientation and Heterosexism
			Heterosexism
		Historical Context of Heterosexism
			Resistance to Heterosexism: The Stonewall Rebellion
			Intersections of Heterosexism and Classism
		Current Attitudes toward Individuals Who Are LGBTQI
		Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Demography
			LGBTQI Relationship Status and Family Issues
			Educational Status
			LGB Youths
			Age and Disclosure of Sexual Orientation
		Cultural Intersections of Sexual Orientation
			African Americans
			Asian Americans
			Latin Americans
			Native Americans
			Middle Eastern, Arab, and Muslim Americans
			Spirituality among Individuals Who Are LGBTQ and Ethical Counseling Approaches
			Religious Abuse and the Response of Individuals Who Are LGBTQ
			Addressing Values Conflicts
		Mental Health Consequences of Heterosexism
			Suicidality and Depression
			Stress and Self-Esteem
			LGBTQI Youths
		Physical Consequences of Heterosexism
			Substance Abuse
			HIV/AIDS
		Social Consequences of Heterosexism
			Socioeconomic Status
			Institutional Heterosexism
			Diminished Interpersonal Relationships
		Socially Just, Nonheterosexist Training and Clinical Practice
			Counseling Strategies for Addressing Heterosexism
			ALGBTIC Competencies
			Counselor Training
			Clinical Practice
		Counselors’ Role in Creating a Socially Just, Nonheterosexist Society
		Summary
		Review Questions
	Chapter 7 Social Class and Classism
		Preview
		Considering Social Class and Classism
			What Is Socioeconomic Status?
			What Is Classism?
			The Evolution of Social Class and Classism in the United States
			Classism, Racism, and Ethnocentrism
		Poverty and Mental Health
			Who Is Poor?
			Risk Factors and Mental Health Consequences
			Poverty: Perceptions and Identity
		Addressing Classism in Counseling
			Awareness
			Knowledge
			Skills
		Advocacy
		Summary
		Review Questions
	Chapter 8 Disability, Ableism, and Ageism
		Preview
		Disability Defined
			Types of Disability
			Disability Statistics
		Models of Disability
			Variations on the Social Model of Disability
		Counseling Individuals with a Disability
		Ableism
		Disability, Ableism, and the Counseling Process
			Awareness
			Knowledge
			Skills
			Disability-Affirmative Counseling and Cultural Intersections
		Age Demographics
		Ageism
			Ageism and Older Americans
		Age, Ageism, and the Counseling Process
			Awareness
			Knowledge
			Skills
		Summary
		Review Questions
SECTION THREE Counseling Multicultural Populations
	Chapter 9 Individuals and Families of African Descent
		Preview
		Individuals and Families of African Descent
			Terminology
			Demographics
		African-American History
		Discrimination Experiences
		Black Racial Identity
		Acculturation
		African-American Culture and Values
			Families of African Descent
			Couples of African Descent
			Interracial Couples
			Children of African Descent
			Black Middle-Class People and Mental Health
			Gender
			Black Elderly Individuals
			Black Gays and Lesbians
		General Mental Health Issues of Individuals of African Descent
		Common Support Systems for Individuals of African Descent
		An Afrocentric Psychological Perspective
			NTU Psychotherapy
			Pros and Cons of Traditional (Eurocentric) Counseling Approaches with Clients of African Descent
			Client-Centered Counseling
			Psychodynamic Counseling
			Adlerian Counseling
		Guidelines for Work with Clients of African Descent
		Summary
		Review Questions
	Chapter 10 Individuals and Families of Arab Descent
		Preview
		Arab-American Heterogeneity
		Contemporary Social Perceptions and Discrimination Experiences
		Arab-American Culture and Values
			Collectivism
			Religion and Faith
			Education, Work, and Economic Status
			Communication Styles
		Individual Differences and Identities
			Acculturation
			Ethnicity
			Gender Identity
		Risks and Resiliencies: Mental Health Issues among Arab Americans
			Oppression and Discrimination
			Acculturative Stress
			Ethnic and Gender Identity Development
			Other Psychosocial Issues
		Considerations in Counseling Arab Americans
			Approach
			Family and Community Involvement
			Stigmas and Help-Seeking Behaviors
			Case Studies Revisited
		Counseling Considerations Endnote
		Summary
		Review Questions
	Chapter 11 Individuals and Families of Asian Descent
		Preview
		Asian-American History
		Contemporary Forms of Discrimination and Stereotypes
		Asian-American Heterogeneity
		Asian-American Culture and Values
			Family
			Gender Roles
			Interpersonal Relationships
			Intimacy and Marriage
			Education
			Religion
			Death and Dying
		Individual Differences and Identities
			Immigration, Enculturation, and Acculturation
			Ethnicity and Race
			Gender Roles
			Sexuality and Sexual Identity
		General Mental Health Issues of Individuals of Asian Descent
			Psychopathology
			Help Seeking and Coping
		Guidelines for Counseling Clients of Asian Descent
			Counselor Self-Assessment
			Counseling Process
			Conceptualization of the Problem
			Intervention
			Outreach and Nonclinical Visibility
			Social Advocacy and Social Justice
		Summary
		Review Questions
	Chapter 12 Individuals and Families of Latin-American and Latin Descent
		Preview
		A Latin American History Primer
		Latin American and Latino Heterogeneity
			Mexicans
			Puerto Ricans
			Cubans
			Caribbean Hispanics/Latinas/os, and Central and South Americans
		Latin-American and Latino Culture and Values
			“Somos Inmigrantes” (“We Are Immigrants”)
			Language
			Religion and Spirituality
			Resiliency
			Gender Roles
			Families of Latin-American and Latino Descent
			Interpersonal Relationships
		Individual Differences and Identities
			Immigration Status
			Generational Status
			Socioeconomic Status
		Mental Health Issues of Individuals of Latin-American and Latino Descent
			Acculturative Stress
			Grief and Loss
			Experiences with Discrimination
			Additional Concerns
		Guidelines for Counseling Clients of Latin-American and Latino Descent
			Counseling Considerations for Children of Latin-American and Latino Descent
			Counseling Considerations for Adolescents of Latin-American and Latino Descent
			Counseling Considerations for Adults of Latin-American and Latino Descent
		Summary
		Review Questions
	Chapter 13 Counseling Individuals and Families of Native American Descent
		Preview
		Understanding Native Americans: Reflections Down by the Riverside
			Native Americans Today
			Group Membership
			Native American History
		Current Social, Economic, and Political Issues
			Native American Sociocultural Characteristics in the United States Today
			Self-Determination and Sovereignty
			Federal and State Recognition
			Cultural Preservation
			Achievement Gap
			Gaming
			Tribal Resources
			Sacred Sites, Repatriation, and Reburial
			Mascot Issues
		Native American Culture and Values
			Harmony and Balance
			Cultural Identity and the Tribal Nation
			Family
			Wisdom Keepers
			Humility
			Generosity
			Patience
			Time
			Communication Style
			Being
		Lessons of the Eagle Feather
		Guidelines for Counseling Native American Clients
			Identity, Family, and Acculturation
			Healing from Historical Trauma and the Impact of Oppression
			Drawing on Traditions
			Integrating Spirituality
			Values: Using the Rule of Opposites and Seeking Balance
			Communication
			Humor
			Practical Tribally Specific Interventions
			Working from a Social Justice and Advocacy Counseling Perspective
		Summary
		Review Questions
	Chapter 14 Individuals and Families of European Descent
		Preview
		European American History
			The Early Colonial Period
			European Immigration
		Terminology
		Development of a White American Ethnic Identity
			The Melting Pot
			The American Dream
			The Creation of an American Heritage
			Privilege, Oppression, and Ethnocentric Monoculturalism
		Who Gets to Be White?
			The Process of Becoming White
		European American Heterogeneity
		Recent European American Immigrants
			Immigrants, Undocumented Immigrants, and Refugees
			Immigration Stressors
			Acculturation and Identity Deconstruction
			Oppression and Discrimination
		Counseling Considerations for European-Descent Individuals
			Mental Health Issues of White American Ethnic Clients
			Counseling White American Ethnic Clients
			Mental Health Issues of European Immigrants, Refugees, and International Students
			Counseling European Immigrants, Refugees, and International Students
		Summary
		Review Questions
	Chapter 15 Individuals and Families of Multiracial Descent
		Preview
		Terminology
		Historical Perspectives
		Interracial Marriages Today
		Multiracial Identity Development
		Contemporary Social Perceptions, Salient Experiences, and Resilience
			Individuals
			Couples
			Families
		Considerations for Counseling Multiracial Individuals and Families
			Counselor Self-Awareness
			Client Worldview
			Counseling Relationship
			Counseling and Advocacy Interventions
		Summary
		Review Questions
	Chapter 16 Spiritual Diversity
		Preview
		Religion and Spirituality in America
		Spirituality and Religion Defined
			Toward Defining Spirituality
			Toward Defining Religion
			Relationships between Religion and Spirituality
		Overview of Major World Religions
			Eastern World Religions
			Western World Religions
		All is One: Aspects Common to All Religions
			Tenet 1: Spirit, by Whatever Name, Exists
			Tenet 2: Spirit Is Found “in Here,” within an Open Heart and Mind
			Tenet 3: Many/Most Don’t Realize Spirit Within
			Tenet 4: There Is a Path to Liberation
			Tenet 5: If This Path Is Followed, the Result Is Rebirth or Enlightenment
			Tenet 6: Rebirth or Enlightenment Results in the End of Suffering
			Tenet 7: The End of Suffering Manifests in Social Actions of Mercy and Compassion
		Special Considerations for Counseling
			Approaching Client Spiritual Issues
			Ethical Competence
			Spiritual Bypass
			Aservic Competencies
		Summary
		Review Questions
SECTION FOUR Multicultural Conceptualization
	Chapter 17 U sing Counseling Theories in Multicultural Contexts
		Preview
		Social and Cultural Foundations of Counseling Theory
			Worldview Shaping Counseling
			Transition from Worldview to Theory
			Alternative Sources of Theory in Multicultural Counseling
		Applications of Counseling Theory Across Cultures
			Traditional Theoretical Approaches to Counseling
			Culturally Responsive Use of Traditional Theories
			Culturally Responsive Counseling Theories
		Summary
		Review Questions
	Chapter 18 Multicultural Diagnosis and Conceptualization
		Preview
		The Challenge of Ethical Practice
			Cultural Validity in Assessment
		Normal versus Abnormal
			Overdiagnosis, Underdiagnosis, and Misdiagnosis
			Sampling Bias
		Culture and Psychopathology
		Feminist Challenges
			Prevalence Data of Diagnoses by Gender
			Developmental Shifts in Prevalence Rates
			Sex Bias in Diagnosis
			Socialization and Mental Health
			Social Conditions
			Women’s Trauma Experiences
		Toward Solutions
			Comprehensive Assessment
			Universal and Culturally Specific Diagnoses
			Other Culturally Astute Strategies
			Feminist Analysis
			Function of Symptoms in Context
		Summary
		Review Questions
Appendix Multicultural and Social Justice Counseling Competencies
References
Index
	A
	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
	G
	H
	I
	J
	K
	L
	M
	N
	O
	P
	Q
	R
	S
	T
	U
	V
	W
	X
	Y
	Z