Develop your own Bluetooth Low Energy Applications: for Raspberry Pi, ESP32 and nRF52 with Python, Arduino and Zephyr

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Develop your own Bluetooth Low Energy Applications
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	Content
	Preface
1 • Introduction
	1.1 What is Bluetooth Low Energy?
	1.2 Layered architecture
	1.3 How to communicate with BLE devices
		1.3.1 Without a connection
		1.3.2 With a connection
	1.4 Advantages of BLE
		1.4.1 Low power consumption
		1.4.2 Ubiquitous
		1.4.3 Low cost
	1.5 Disadvantages of BLE
		1.5.1 Short range
		1.5.2 Limited speed
		1.5.3 You need a gateway
	1.6 Platforms used in this book
		1.6.1 Python/Bleak (Raspberry Pi, PC)
		1.6.2 C++/NimBLE-Arduino (ESP32)
		1.6.3 C/Zephyr (nRF52)
	1.7 How to use this book
	1.8 Summary and further exploration
2 • Preparing your development environment
	2.1 Python and Bleak on your PC or Raspberry Pi
	2.2 The Arduino platform with NimBLE-Arduino for the ESP32
		2.2.1 Install Arduino CLI
		2.2.2 Install the ESP32 Arduino core
		2.2.3 Detect your ESP32 board
		2.2.4 Install the NimBLE-Arduino library
	2.3 The Zephyr development environment for nRF5 devices
		2.3.1 Build a Zephyr application
		2.3.2 Flash a Zephyr application
	2.4 The nRF Connect for Desktop application
	2.5 The nRF Connect mobile app
	2.6 The Bluetooth Low Energy app in nRF Connect for Desktop
	2.7 Wireshark and a BLE sniff er dongle
		2.7.1 Downloading Wireshark and the nRF Sniffer for Bluetooth LE
		2.7.2 Installing the nRF Sniffer for Bluetooth LE firmware
		2.7.3 Installing the nRF Sniff er capture tool
		2.7.4 Installing the BLE profi le
		2.7.5 Testing a BLE packet capture
	2.8 Summary and further exploration
3 • Broadcasting data with advertisements
	3.1 Device roles
	3.2 Advertising packets
		3.2.1 Advertising channels
		3.2.2 Advertising packet structure
	3.3 Discovering advertisements with Bleak
		3.3.1 Scanning for devices
		3.3.2 Detection callbacks
		3.3.3 Active and passive scanning
	3.4 Public and random Bluetooth addresses
	3.5 The iBeacon specification
	3.6 Decoding iBeacon advertisements using Bleak
	3.7 Discovering advertisements with NimBLE-Arduino
	3.8 Decoding manufacturer-specifi c data using NimBLE-Arduino
		3.8.1 Decoding iBeacon advertisements
		3.8.2 Decoding Microsoft advertising beacons
	3.9 Broadcasting iBeacon advertisements with Zephyr
		3.9.1 Advertising data structures in Zephyr
		3.9.2 Enabling Bluetooth
		3.9.3 Advertising
		3.9.4 Building and fl ashing the code
		3.9.5 Investigating the advertised packets
	3.10 Broadcasting sensor data as manufacturer-specific data with Zephyr
		3.10.1 Hardware
		3.10.2 Project structure
		3.10.3 Source code
		3.10.4 Decoding the BME280 sensor data
	3.11 Advertise scan response data with Zephyr
	3.12 Summary and further exploration
4 • Connections and services
	4.1 Device roles
	4.2 Attributes
	4.3 Services, characteristics, and descriptors
		4.3.1 Services
		4.3.2 Characteristics
		4.3.3 Descriptors
	4.4 Discovering services and characteristics with nRF Connect
	4.5 A minimal GATT server
	4.6 Discovering services and characteristics with Bleak
	4.7 Reading and writing characteristics using Bleak
		4.7.1 Reading characteristics
		4.7.2 Reading characteristics by their handle
		4.7.3 Writing characteristics
	4.8 Notifi cations and indications
		4.8.1 Read heart rate notifi cations
		4.8.2 Read notifi cations from multiple devices
	4.9 Creating a heart rate monitor with NimBLE-Arduino
	4.10 Creating a GATT server with Zephyr
		4.10.1 Exposing the Device Information service
		4.10.2 Creating a BLE sensor with Zephyr
		4.10.3 Reading the sensor characteristic
		4.10.4 Sniffi ng packets in an unencrypted BLE connection
	4.11 Receiving service data without a connection
		4.11.1 Scanning for service data
		4.11.2 Receiving Exposure Notifi cation advertisements
	4.12 Summary and further exploration
5 • Securing BLE connections
	5.1 BLE security architecture
	5.2 Pairing and bonding
		5.2.1 Phase 1: Exchange of pairing information
		5.2.2 Phase 2: Pairing
			5.2.2.1 LE Legacy Connection pairing
			5.2.2.2 LE Secure Connection pairing
		5.2.3 Phase 3: Bonding
	5.3 Security modes and levels
	5.4 Encrypting the BLE connection to a Zephyr sensor
		5.4.1 Implementing Security Mode 1 Level 2
		5.4.2 Securely connecting to your sensor board
		5.4.3 Sniffi ng the pairing procedure with Wireshark
	5.5 Authenticating a BLE connection
		5.5.1 Implementing Secure Connections Only Mode
		5.5.2 Securely connecting with the board
		5.5.3 Sniffi ng the pairing procedure with Wireshark
	5.6 Privacy
	5.7 Summary and further exploration
6 • Profiles and roles
	6.1 Common BLE profiles
		6.1.1 Generic profiles
		6.1.2 GATT profiles
	6.2 Understanding a profile specification
		6.2.1 Introduction
		6.2.2 Configuration
		6.2.3 Proximity Reporter Requirements
		6.2.4 Proximity Monitor Requirements
		6.2.5 Connection Establishment
		6.2.6 Security Considerations
		6.2.7 GATT Interoperability Requirements
		6.2.8 Acronyms and Abbreviations
		6.2.9 References
	6.3 Understanding a service specification
		6.3.1 Introduction
		6.3.2 Service Declaration
		6.3.3 Service Characteristics
		6.3.4 Service Behaviors
		6.3.5 Acronyms and Abbreviations
		6.3.6 References
	6.4 Understanding the definition of a characteristic
		6.4.1 Description
		6.4.2 Defi nition
	6.5 Implementing a Proximity Reporter in Zephyr
	6.6 Implementing a Proximity Monitor in NimBLE-Arduino
	6.7 Summary and further exploration
7 • Reverse engineering BLE devices
	7.1 Investigating the LED badge
	7.2 Decompiling the mobile app
	7.3 Sniffing BLE traffic between the LED badge and the mobile app
	7.4 Writing arbitrary images to the LED badge using Bleak
		7.4.1 Finding LED badges
		7.4.2 Writing images to the LED badge
	7.5 Summary and further exploration
8 • Lowering power consumption
	8.1 Measuring power consumption with the Nordic Semiconductor Power Profiler Kit II
		8.1.1 Ampere Meter mode
		8.1.2 Source Meter mode
	8.2 Measuring an iBeacon’s power consumption
	8.3 Lowering power consumption by disabling hardware
	8.4 Lowering the power consumption by using a larger advertising interval
	8.5 Estimating battery life
	8.6 Summary and further exploration
9 • Conclusion
	9.1 Other BLE development platforms
	9.2 More about Bluetooth Low Energy
	9.3 Some ideas for further exploration
10 • Appendix
	10.1 Where to find BLE specifications
	10.2 16-bit UUID ranges
	10.3 Verifying a product’s Bluetooth qualifications
	10.4 Establishing a serial connection to a device over USB
		10.4.1 Check the port
		10.4.2 Install the USB-to-serial driver
		10.4.3 Give the user access
		10.4.4 Start the serial connection
	10.5 Sniffing BLE traffic on your Android device using the Bluetooth HCI snoop log
		10.5.1 Investigating the Bluetooth HCI snoop log file with Wireshark
		10.5.2 Sniffi ng live BLE traffi c in Wireshark with the Android Debug Bridge
	10.6 Tips for specifi c hardware
		10.6.1 Programming boards that have the Adafruit nRF52 bootloader
		10.6.2 Programming boards with Arduino BOSSA
Index