Detection theory: a user's guide

Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 14
Introduction......Page 18
PART I. Basic Detection Theory and One-Interval Designs......Page 22
Understanding Yes-No Data......Page 24
Implied ROCs......Page 30
The Signal Detection Model......Page 37
Calculational Methods......Page 41
Essay: The Provenance of Detection Theory......Page 43
Summary......Page 45
Problems......Page 46
Two Examples......Page 48
Measuring Response Bias......Page 49
Alternative Measures of Bias......Page 52
Isobias Curves......Page 56
Comparing the Bias Measures......Page 57
How Does the Participant Choose a Decision Rule?......Page 63
Coda: Calculating Hit and False-Alarm Rates From Parameters......Page 65
Essay: On Human Decision Making......Page 67
Summary......Page 68
Problems......Page 69
Design of Rating Experiments......Page 72
ROC Analysis......Page 74
ROC Analysis With Slopes Other Than 1......Page 78
Estimating Bias......Page 85
Systematic Parameter Estimation and Calculational Methods......Page 91
Alternative Ways to Generate ROCs......Page 92
Another Kind of ROC: Type 2......Page 94
Essay: Are ROCs Necessary?......Page 95
Computational Appendix......Page 98
Problems......Page 99
4 Alternative Approaches: Threshold Models and Choice Theory......Page 102
Single High-Threshold Theory......Page 103
Low-Threshold Theory......Page 107
Double High-Threshold Theory......Page 109
Choice Theory......Page 115
Measures Based on Areas in ROC Space: Unintentional Applications of Choice Theory......Page 121
Essay: The Appeal of Discrete Models......Page 125
Summary......Page 128
Computational Appendix......Page 129
Problems......Page 130
Design of Classification Experiments......Page 134
Perceptual One-Dimensionality......Page 135
Two-Response Classification......Page 136
Experiments With More Than Two Responses......Page 147
Nonparametric Measures......Page 151
Comparing Classification and Discrimination......Page 153
Summary......Page 156
Problems......Page 157
PART II. Multidimensional Detection Theory and Multi-Interval Discrimination Designs......Page 160
6 Detection and Discrimination of Compound Stimuli: Tools for Multidimensional Detection Theory......Page 162
Distributions in One- and Two-Dimensional Spaces......Page 163
Some Characteristics of Two-Dimensional Spaces......Page 170
Compound Detection......Page 173
Inferring the Representation From Data......Page 180
Problems......Page 182
7 Comparison (Two-Distribution) Designs for Discrimination......Page 186
Two-Alternative Forced Choice (2AFC)......Page 187
Reminder Paradigm......Page 201
Essay: Psychophysical Comparisons and Comparison Designs......Page 203
Problems......Page 205
8 Classification Designs: Attention and Interaction......Page 208
One-Dimensional Representations and Uncertainty......Page 209
Two-Dimensional Representations......Page 212
Two-Dimensional Models for Extrinsic Uncertain Detection......Page 217
Uncertain Simple and Compound Detection......Page 221
Selective and Divided Attention Tasks......Page 223
Attention Operating Characteristics (AOCs)......Page 227
Summary......Page 230
Problems......Page 231
9 Classification Designs for Discrimination......Page 234
Same-Different......Page 235
ABX (Matching-to-Sample)......Page 250
Oddity (Triangular Method)......Page 256
Summary......Page 259
Computational Appendix......Page 261
Problems......Page 263
10 Identification of Multidimensional Objects and Multiple Observation Intervals......Page 266
Object Identification......Page 267
Interval Identification: m-Alternative Forced Choice (mAFC)......Page 270
Comparisons Among Discrimination Paradigms......Page 273
Simultaneous Detection and Identification......Page 276
Using Identification to Test for Perceptual Interaction......Page 280
Essay: How to Choose an Experimental Design......Page 283
Summary......Page 285
Problems......Page 286
PART III. Stimulus Factors......Page 288
11 Adaptive Methods for Estimating Empirical Thresholds......Page 290
Two Examples......Page 291
Psychometric Functions......Page 293
The Tracking Algorithm: Choices for the Adaptive Tester......Page 298
Evaluation of Tracking Algorithms......Page 310
Two More Choices: Discrimination Paradigm and the Issue of Slope......Page 313
Summary......Page 315
Problems......Page 316
12 Components of Sensitivity......Page 318
Stimulus Determinants of d\' in One Dimension......Page 319
Basic Processes in Multiple Dimensions......Page 325
Hierarchical Models......Page 331
Essay: Psychophysics versus Psychoacoustics (etc.)......Page 333
Problems......Page 335
PART IV. Statistics......Page 338
13 Statistics and Detection Theory......Page 340
Hit and False-Alarm Rates......Page 341
Sensitivity and Bias Measures......Page 344
Sensitivity Estimates Based on Averaged Data......Page 352
Systematic Statistical Frameworks for Detection Theory......Page 358
Summary......Page 360
Computational Appendix......Page 361
Problems......Page 362
Probability......Page 364
Statistics......Page 372
Appendix 2 Logarithms and Exponentials......Page 378
Appendix 3 Flowcharts to Sensitivity and Bias Calculations......Page 380
Chart 1: Guide to Subsequent Charts......Page 381
Chart 2: Yes-No Sensitivity......Page 382
Chart 3: Yes-No Response Bias......Page 383
Chart 4: Rating-Design Sensitivity......Page 384
Chart 5: Definitions of Multi-Interval Designs......Page 385
Chart 6: Multi-Interval Sensitivity......Page 386
Chart 7: Multi-Interval Bias......Page 387
Chart 8: Classification......Page 388
Appendix 4 Some Useful Equations......Page 390
A5.1. Normal Distribution (p to z), for Finding d\', c, and Other SDT Statistics......Page 395
A5.2. Normal Distribution (z to p)......Page 397
A5.3. Values of d\' for Same-Different (Independent-Observation Model) and ABX (Independent-Observation and Differencing Models)......Page 401
A5.4. Values of d\' for Same-Different (Differencing Model)......Page 422
A5.5. Values of d\' for Oddity, Gaussian Model......Page 441
A5.6. Values of p(c) given d\' for Oddity (Differencing and Independent-Observation Model, Normal)......Page 445
A5.7. Values of d\' for m-Interval Forced Choice or Identification......Page 447
Listing......Page 452
Web Sites......Page 454
Appendix 7 Solutions to Selected Problems......Page 456
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References......Page 484
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