Design of Medical Electronic Devices

Front Cover......Page 1
Design of Medical Electronic Devices......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
Acknowledgments......Page 12
Introduction......Page 14
1.2 Transient Voltage Protection......Page 16
1.3 Electromagnetic Interference......Page 21
1.4 Inrush Current Control......Page 25
1.5 Soft Start......Page 26
1.7 Undervoltage Protection......Page 27
1.8 Overload Protection......Page 29
1.9 Snubber Circuits......Page 30
1.10 Output Filtering......Page 32
1.11 Power Failure Warning......Page 34
1.12 Flightback Switch Mode Power Supplies......Page 35
1.13 Half-Bridge Flyback Converter......Page 37
1.14 Forward Converter......Page 39
1.15 High-Voltage Defibrillators......Page 41
References......Page 43
2.1 Early History of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance......Page 46
2.2 General Review of MRI......Page 50
2.3 A More Detailed Overview of MRI......Page 53
2.4 Magnetic Resonance Imaging Hardware Design......Page 63
2.5 Pulsing and NMR Imaging......Page 66
References......Page 69
3.1 Introduction......Page 70
3.3 Particle Accelerators......Page 73
3.4 Linear RF Accelerators......Page 76
3.5 Particles Accelerated by a Magnetic Field......Page 77
3.6 Synchrotrons......Page 79
3.7 Accelerator Hardware......Page 80
3.8 Magnetrons......Page 82
3.9 Accelerator Architecture......Page 83
References......Page 87
4.1 Sensor Parameters......Page 88
4.2 Physical Principles of Sensing......Page 91
4.3 Sensor Interfacing......Page 92
4.4 Driving Bridges......Page 93
4.5 Signal-Conditioning Amplifiers......Page 97
4.6 Instrumentation Amplifiers......Page 99
4.7 Chopper-Stabilized Amplifiers......Page 101
4.8 Isolation Amplifier......Page 102
4.9 Strain, Force, Pressure, and Flow Sensors......Page 103
4.10 High-Impedance Sensors......Page 106
4.12 Charge-Coupled Device Sensors......Page 108
4.13 Position and Motion Sensors......Page 111
4.14 Temperature Sensors......Page 117
References......Page 120
5.1 Introduction......Page 122
5.2 Sample and Hold Conversion......Page 123
5.3 Multichannel Acquisition......Page 124
5.4 High-Speed Sampling in ADCs......Page 125
5.5 Selection of Drive Amplifier for ADC Performance......Page 129
5.6 Driving ADCs with Switched Capacitor Inputs......Page 131
5.7 Gain Setting and Level Shifting......Page 133
5.8 High-Speed Sampling ADC External Reference Voltage Generation......Page 135
5.9 ADC Input Protection......Page 136
5.10 Noise Considerations in High-Speed Sampling ADCs......Page 137
5.11 Multichannel Applications for Data Acquisition Systems......Page 141
5.12 External Protection of Amplifiers......Page 144
5.13 High-Speed ADC Architectures......Page 148
References......Page 154
6.1 Basic Noise Calculation in Op-Amps......Page 156
6.2 Fundamental Op-Amp Specifications......Page 159
6.3 Input Offset Voltage......Page 164
6.5 Slew Rate and Power Bandwidth of Op-Amps......Page 165
6.6 Gain–Bandwidth Products......Page 166
6.7 Internal Noise in Op-Amps......Page 167
6.8 Noise Issues in High-Speed ADC Applications......Page 170
6.9 Proper Power Supply Decoupling......Page 172
6.10 Bypass Capacitors and Resonances......Page 175
6.11 Usage of Two or More Bypass Capacitors......Page 179
6.12 Designing Power Bus Rails in Power–Ground Planes for Noise Control......Page 181
6.13 The Effect of Trace Resistance......Page 184
6.14 ASIC Signal Integrity Issues (Ground Bounce)......Page 189
6.15 Crosstalk through PC Card Pins......Page 192
6.16 Parasitic Extraction and Verification Tools for ASIC......Page 194
References......Page 196
7.1 Discrete Fast Fourier Transform......Page 198
7.2 Determining the Proper FFT Record Length......Page 199
7.3 Coherent and Noncoherent Sampling......Page 201
7.4 Coherent vs Noncoherent Sampling......Page 202
7.5 Ultrasound Application......Page 204
7.6 Discrete Time Sampling of Analog Signals......Page 207
7.7 Digital Signal Processing Techniques......Page 209
7.8 Finite Impulse Response Digital Filters......Page 210
7.9 Infinite Impulse Response Digital Filters......Page 213
7.10 Fast Fourier Transform......Page 215
7.11 FFT Hardware Implementation......Page 217
7.12 Practical Use of DSP: DSP Helps the Hearing Impaired......Page 247
References......Page 249
8.1 Charge-Coupled Devices......Page 250
8.2 Optical Fiber......Page 255
8.3 Analysis of Optical Fibers......Page 264
8.4 The Graded-Index Fiber......Page 270
8.5 CT Scanners in Medicine......Page 272
8.6 The Endoscope......Page 276
8.7 Digital X Rays......Page 277
8.8 Medical Sensors from Fiber Optics......Page 281
References......Page 286
Index......Page 288