Dental Implants: Materials, Coatings, Surface Modifications and Interfaces with Oral Tissues (Woodhead Publishing Series in Biomaterials)

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Dental Implants:
Materials, Coatings, Surface Modifications and
Interfaces with Oral Tissues
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Contributors
1 - Introduction to dental implants materials, coatings, and surface modifications
	References
2 - Titanium, zirconia, and polyetheretherketone (PEEK) as a dental implant material
	2.1 - Introduction
		2.1.1 - Ti osteointegration property
	2.2 - Ti as a dental implant material
	2.3 - Ti surface modifications or coatings
		2.3.1 - Mechanical methods
			2.3.1.1 - Plasma-spraying method
			2.3.1.2 - Grit-blasting method
		2.3.2 - Chemical methods
			2.3.2.1 - Chemical etching
			2.3.2.2 - Anodization
			2.3.2.3 - Antibacterial coatings
	2.4 - Zirconium in dentistry
		2.4.1 - Chemistry and properties of zirconium
			2.4.1.1 - Suitability as a dental implant
			2.4.1.2 - Osseointegration property
			2.4.1.3 - Limitations of zirconia as a dental implant
	2.5 - Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) as a dental implant material
		2.5.1 - Advances on nano-structured surface modification and characterizations of PEEK for bioactivity
	2.6 - Modification with bone-Like apatite
		2.6.1 - Modification with TiO2
		2.6.2 - Modification with fluorine
		2.6.3 - Modification with sulfonation
		2.6.4 - Other modification and bioactivation studies
	2.7 - Conclusion
	References
3 - Root canal treatment versus single-tooth implant
	3.1 - Introduction
	3.2 - Endodontic failure and treatment options
	3.3 - Consideration for endodontic and dental implant treatment
	3.4 - Prognosis of endodontically treated teeth
	3.5 - Factors affecting implant and endodontic management
	3.6 - Success and survival assessment
	3.7 - Conclusions
	References
	Further reading
4 - Surface modification techniques of dental implants
	4.1 - Introduction
		4.1.1 - Evolution of dental implant surface treatment
		4.1.2 - Requirements for dental implants surface
	4.2 Titanium implants
		4.2.1 - Surface modification techniques
			4.2.1.1 - Grit blasting
			4.2.1.2 - Acid etching
			4.2.1.3 - Grit blasting and acid etching combination
			4.2.1.4 - Anodization
			4.2.1.5 Shot peening
			4.2.1.6 - Laser peening
			4.2.1.7 Coatings
	4.3 - Zirconia
		4.3.1 - Surface modification techniques
			4.3.1.1 - Sandblasting
			4.3.1.2 - Acid etching
			4.3.1.3 - Sandblast and acid etching
			4.3.1.4 Selective infiltration etching (SIE)
			4.3.1.5 Laser
			4.3.1.6 - Ultraviolet
			4.3.1.7 - Coatings
	4.4 - Polyether ether ketone (PEEK)
		4.4.1 - Spin-coating with nanohydroxyapatite (nHA)
		4.4.2 - Gas plasma nanoetching
		4.4.3 - Electron beam deposition (EBD)
		4.4.4 - Plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII)
	4.5 - Silicon nitride bioceramics
	4.6 - Current trend in modifying surface topography
		4.6.1 - Bisphosphonates
		4.6.2 - Antibacterial implant surface
		4.6.3 - Genetically engineered implant surfaces
		4.6.4 - Implant surfaces enhanced with recombinant peptides
	4.7 - Conclusions
	References
5 - Hydroxyapatite and nanocomposite implant coatings
	5.1 - Introduction
	5.2 - Dental implant surface and tissue interface: cellular changes
	5.3 - Surface properties of dental implants
		5.3.1 - Topographical features of the implant surface at microscopic and macroscopic levels
		5.3.2 - Surface roughness of dental implants
		5.3.3 - Significance of implant surface topography and osseointegration
	5.4 - Nanotechnology perception and nanoscale features of dental implant surface
	5.5 - Surface coatings for surface modifications
	5.6 - Hydroxyapatite coatings
		5.6.1 - Problems associated with hydroxyapatite coatings
	5.7 - Hydroxyapatite-based nanocomposite coatings
		5.7.1 - Nanocomposite coatings based on hydroxyapatite and bioactive glasses
		5.7.2 - Nanocomposite coatings based on hydroxyapatite and carbon nanotubes
		5.7.3 - Nanocomposite coatings based on hydroxyapatite and titanium dioxide
		5.7.4 - Nanocomposite coatings based on hydroxyapatite and collagen
		5.7.5 - Nanocomposite coatings based on hydroxyapatite and zircon
		5.7.6 - Nanocomposite coatings based on hydroxyapatite and chitosan
	5.8 - Challenges and shortcomings of hydroxyapatite-based nanocomposite coatings
	5.9 - Conclusion
	References
6 - Bioactive glass coated dental implants
	6.1 Overview of dental implants
		6.1.1 Metal dental implants
		6.1.2 Ceramic dental implants
	6.2 Recent advancements in dental implants
	6.3 - Dental implants coating
		6.3.1 - Significance of dental implant coating
		6.3.2 - Fluoride coatings
		6.3.3 - Carbon coating
		6.3.4 - Bone stimulating factors
		6.3.5 - Titanium nitride (TiN) coating
		6.3.6 - Bioceramic coatings
	6.4 - Bioactive glass coating onto dental implants
		6.4.1 - Methods of coating BAG
			6.4.1.1 - Plasma sprayed deposition
			6.4.1.2 - Enameling
			6.4.1.3 - Sol–gel
			6.4.1.4 - Electrophoretic deposition
	6.5 - Conclusion
	References
7 - Proteins and peptides coatings on the dental implant surface
	7.1 - Introduction
	7.2 - Why dental implants need coatings?
	7.3 - Surface modifications of dental implants
	7.4 - Sources of proteins and peptides
	7.5 - Coatings of protein and peptides on dental implants
	7.6 - Extracellular matrix proteins and peptides
	7.7 - Growth factors
	7.8 - Conclusion/future directions
	References
8 - Growth factors and guided bone regeneration
	8.1 - Introduction
	8.2 - Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs)
	8.3 - Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)
	8.4 - Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)
	8.5 - Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)
	8.6 - Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)
	8.7 - Conclusion
	References
9 - Silica-based antibacterial coatings for dental implants
	9.1 - Introduction
	9.2 - Silica nanoparticles
		9.2.1 - Biocompatibility of silica nanoparticles
		9.2.2 - Synthesis methods for silica nanoparticles
			9.2.2.1 - Sol-gel method
			9.2.2.2 - Template-assisted sol-gel method
			9.2.2.3 - The microemulsion method
		9.2.3 - Functionalized silica nanoparticles
			9.2.3.1 - Organic-doped silica nanoparticles
			9.2.3.2 - Drug-loaded silica nanoparticles
			9.2.3.3 - Inorganic doping
		9.3 - Silica coatings
			9.3.1 - Silver-silica composite based sol-gel coatings
				9.3.2 - Atomic layer deposition
				9.3.3 - Physical vapor deposition
				9.3.4 - Electrophoretic deposition
				9.3.5 - Thermal spraying
		9.4 - Conclusions and future work
	References
10 - The hard and soft tissue interfaces with dental implants
	10.1 - Introduction
	10.2 - Implant–tissue interface
		10.2.1 - Hard tissue interface
		10.2.2 - Soft tissue interface
	10.3 - Factors influencing tissue–implant interface
		10.3.1 - Implant factors
			10.3.1.1 - Implant materials
				10.3.1.1.1 - Titanium
				10.3.1.1.2 - Zirconia
			10.3.1.2 - Implant surface materials
			10.3.1.3 - Implant designs
				10.3.1.3.1 - Implant thread, diameter, and length
				10.3.1.4 - Implant abutment connection design
					10.3.1.4.1 - Internal and external connection
					10.3.1.4.2 - Platform switch and match
					10.3.1.4.3 - One-piece vs two-piece implants
		10.3.2 - Surgical factors
			10.3.2.1 - Implant placement timing
			10.3.2.2 - Implant loading protocol
			10.3.2.3 - Submerged and nonsubmerged surgery
			10.3.2.4 - Disconnection and reconnection of abutments
		10.3.3 - Host factors
	10.4 - Conclusions
	References
11 - Platelet-rich plasma: a paradigm shift in implant treatment
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Stem cells and bone regeneration
	11.3 Autologous blood-derived growth factors
	11.4 Wound healing
	11.5 Platelet-rich plasma (PRP)
		11.5.1 Preparation of PRP
	11.6 Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF)
	11.7 Platelet concentrates classification
	11.8 Applications of PRP
		11.8.1 Musculoskeletal disorders and sports medicine
		11.8.2 Treating chronic wounds and connective tissue (CT) injuries
		11.8.3 Cosmetic, facial, and plastic surgery
		11.8.4 Ophthalmology
		11.8.5 Dermatology
		11.8.6 General surgery, postoperative, and pain management
		11.8.7 Dental applications
			11.8.7.1 Endodontics
			11.8.7.2 - Orthodontics
			11.8.7.3 Oral and maxillofacial (OMF) surgery
			11.8.7.4 - Periodontics
			11.8.7.5 - Implantology
	11.9 - Drug interactions
	11.10 - Conclusion
	References
	Further reading
12 - Drugs eluting dental implants
	12.1 - Introduction
	12.2 - Drug elution concept and mechanism
	12.3 - Primary stability of drug-eluting dental implants
	12.4 - Significance of drug elution
	12.5 - Mechanism of control drug elution
	12.6 - Therapeutic effects of drug elution
		12.6.1 - Antimicrobials drugs releasing implant coating
		12.6.2 - Antimicrobial metallic coatings
		12.6.3 - Bisphosphonates elution from dental implants
		12.6.4 - Antimicrobial peptide (AMP) coatings
	12.7 - Conclusions
	References
	Further reading
13 - Microbiomes around oral implants
	13.1 - Introduction
		13.1.1 - Overview of microbial ecology of the oral cavity
		13.1.2 - Biofilm formation on natural dentition
		13.1.3 - Subgingival crevices and periodontal pockets
		13.1.4 - Effects of biomaterials on biofilm formation
	13.2 - Dental implants and the ecology of the oral cavity
		13.2.1 - Supragingival interface
		13.2.2 - Microbiome on fixed orthodontic appliances
		13.2.3 - Microbiome on dentures
		13.2.4 - Transgingival interface
		13.2.5 - Peri-implant mucositis associated microbiome
		13.2.6 - Subgingival interface
		13.2.7 - Peri-implantitis-associated microbiome
	13.3 - Experimental methods of examining bacterial colonization on dental implants
		13.3.1 - Culture-dependent methods
		13.3.2 - Bacterial attachment assay
		13.3.3 - Biofilm assay
		13.3.4 - Culture-independent methods
		13.3.5 - DNA checkerboard
		13.3.6 - 16S rRNA pyrosequencing
		13.3.7 - Next-generation sequencing
	13.4 - Summary
	References
	Further reading
14 - Dental implant modifications for medically compromised patients
	14.1 - Introduction
	14.2 - Insights normal bone
	14.3 - Aging and systemic diseases
		14.3.1 - Osteoporosis, Down syndrome, and the impact of antiresorptive treatment
		14.3.2 - Head and neck malignancies and radiation therapy
		14.3.3 - Benign bone pathology
			14.3.3.1 - Cemento-osseous dysplasia
			14.3.3.2 - Paget’s disease
			14.3.3.3 - Fibrous dysplasia
			14.3.3.4 - Osteogenesis imperfecta
		14.3.4 - Connective tissue/autoimmune diseases and corticosteroid therapy
		14.3.5 - Endocrine disorders
			14.3.5.1 - Diabetes mellitus
			14.3.5.2 - Hyperparathyroidism
		14.3.6 - Chronic kidney disease
	14.4 - Conclusion
	References
15 - Silicon nitride (SiN): an emerging material for dental implant applications
	15.1 - Introduction
	15.2 - Silicon nitride as a biomaterial
	15.3 - Properties of SiN
		15.3.1 - Surface chemistry and topography
		15.3.2 - Mechanical nature of SiN
		15.3.3 - Antibacterial activity
		15.3.4 - Osseointegration and biocompatibility
	15.4 - SiN as an implant material
	15.5 - Conclusions
	References
Index
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