Dental implants and bone grafts : materials and biological issues

Cover
Dental Implants and
Bone Grafts: Materials
and Biological Issues
Copyright
Contributors
About the editors
Introduction
	Rationale of book
	Goals of book
	References
1
Alveolar bone science: Structural characteristics and pathological changes
	Introduction
	Embryology of alveolar bone
	Classification of alveolar bone
	Alveolar bone proper, alveolar process, and alveolar crest
	Composition and micro-structure of alveolar bone
	Anatomic considerations of alveolar bone
	Alveolar bone in disease and response to injury
	Conclusion
	References
2
Dental implants treatment: Clinical indications
	Introduction
	Edentulism
	Dental implants and osseointegration
	Clinical considerations for dental implant therapy
	Clinical perspectives in implants selection and prosthetic restoration
		Single-tooth implant restoration
		Fixed implant restorations—Partial arch bridge
		Fixed implant restorations—Full arch bridge
		Implant-supported overdentures
	Implant therapy in challenged conditions
	Conclusion
	References
3
Alveolar bone grafting: Rationale and clinical applications
	Bone physiology
	Rationale for repairing bone defects
	Requirements for alveolar bone-grafting materials
	Bone grafts
		Autogenous bone grafts
			Harvesting sites
			Revascularization and resorption
		Allografts
			Types of allografts
				Fresh allografts:
				Fresh frozen allografts:
				Freeze-dried bone allografts:
				Demineralized bone matrix:
			Incorporation of allografts
		Xenograft
			General overview
			Types
				Anorganic bovine-derived bone grafts:
				Porcine-derived bone grafts:
				Coral-derived bone grafts:
		Alloplastic materials
			General overview
			Types
				Polymers:
				Ceramics:
			Bioactive glasses
			Calcium sulfates
			Calcium phosphates
				Calcium phosphate ceramics:
				Calcium phosphate cements:
	Clinical applications
		Alveolar ridge vertical bone loss
		Narrow alveolar ridge
		Alveolar cleft
		Sinus pneumatization
		Periodontal intra-bony defects
		Post-extraction alveolar sockets
	References
4
Implant surface modifications and new development in surface coatings
	Morphological and hydrophilic surface modifications
		Surface treatment methods and in vitro results
			Interplay of topography and surface energy
			Etching processes
			Electrochemical approaches
			Laser surface treatment methods
			Design of antimicrobial surfaces
			Ceramic materials
		Animal experimental results
	Modification of physico-chemical surface properties
	Inorganic surface modifications including release of metal ions
		Surface modification methods and in vitro results
			Techniques for deposition of CPP
			CPP coatings containing trace elements for improved bone response
			CPP coatings containing trace elements for combinatory effects
			Antibacterial surface modifications
		Animal experimental results
	Coatings with ECM proteins and artificial ECM
		Surface treatment methods and in vitro results
			Collagen
			Bone sialoprotein and elastin
			Emdogain
		Animal experimental results
	Coatings with non-collagenous proteins
		Surface treatment methods and in vitro results
			Plasma proteins
			Fibronectin
			Silk
		Animal experimental results
	Coatings with peptides
		Surface treatment methods and in vitro results
			Cell adhesion peptides
			Peptides from osteogenic modulator proteins
			Peptides with further functions
			Antimicrobial peptides
		Animal experimental results
	Coatings with nucleic acids
		Surface treatment methods and in vitro results
		Animal experimental results
	Conclusions and future directions
	References
5
Synthetic bone graft substitutes: Calcium-based biomaterials
	Calcium phosphates
		The chemistry of calcium phosphates
		Calcium phosphate ceramics
			Tuning composition of calcium phosphate ceramics
				Biphasic calcium phosphate ceramics
				Doping of calcium phosphates
			Tuning porosity of calcium phosphate ceramics
				Microporosity
				Macroporosity
		Calcium phosphate cements and biomimetic calcium phosphates
	Other calcium-based salts
	Calcium-containing glasses
	Functionalization of synthetic bone grafts
	Conclusion
	References
6
Bone graft engineering: Composite scaffolds
	Requirements of bone tissue engineering
		Use of scaffolds, cells, and bioactive factors
		Advantages of composite scaffolds for alveolar tissue engineering
	Composite materials and scaffolds used for bone graft engineering
		Synthetic polymers
		Biological materials
		Ceramics
		Scaffold fabrication methods
	Composite scaffold design for the reconstruction of alveolar bone
		Monophasic scaffolds
		Biphasic/multiphasic scaffold design
		Gradient scaffold design
	Conclusions and additional considerations
	Acknowledgments
	References
7
Cellular and molecular reactions to dental implants
	Introduction
	Biological events of osseointegration
		Recruitment of macrophages and early inflammation
		Recruitment and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells
		Early coupling of osteoblastic and osteoclastic activities at the interface
	From molecular activities and interactions to the structural and functional connection of bone with the implant
	Molecular mechanisms of importance for the establishment of osseointegration
		Macrophage M1–M2 polarization
		Runx2, the inducer of osteoblast differentiation
		The molecular triad RANK/RANKL/OPG
	The proposed scenario of osseointegration
	Long-term interface maintenance and osteocytes
	Bone compromising conditions and the impact on the molecular events of osseointegration
		The impact of osteoporosis
		The impact of diabetes mellitus
		Acknowledgments
	References
8
Bone regenerative issues related to bone grafting biomaterials
	References
9
Cell-based therapies in bone regeneration
	Introduction
	Identification of adult stem cells
		Bone marrow
		Adipose tissue
		Dental pulp
	Cell preparation
		Isolation
		Expansion
		Seeding
		Differentiation
	Achievements with MSCs in cell-based bone regeneration
		Preclinical studies
		Clinical studies
	Other cell-based approaches for bone regeneration
		SVF
		Angiogenic cells
	Limitations
	Perspectives
	References
10
Pharmacological interventions targeting bone diseases in adjunction with bone grafting
	Introduction
	Bone cells and its microenvironment: Possible targets for bone-targeting agents
	Bone-targeting agents
		Bisphosphonates
		Other phosphonate-containing targeting molecules
		Tetracycline
		Peptides
		Radiopharmaceuticals
		Monoclonal antibodies
	Bone-targeted drug delivery
		Bone-targeting agents conjugated to drugs
		Nanocarriers functionalized with bone-targeting functionalities
		Biocompatible bulk scaffolds as locally applicable drug delivery systems
	Applications of bone-targeting drug delivery system
		Osteoporosis
		Osteomyelitis
		Bone cancer: Bone metastasis and osteosarcoma
	Conclusion and outlook
	References
11
Assessment methods of bone-to-biomaterials regeneration
	Introduction
	X-ray imaging
		The generation of X-radiation
		X-ray computed tomography
	Micro-computed tomography
		Tube-based X-ray micro-computed tomography
		Synchrotron-based X-ray micro-computed tomography
		Micro-CT analysis of biomaterial scaffolds
		Micro-CT analysis in bone tissue research
		Micro-CT analysis in bone tissue engineering
		Micro-CT and contrast agents
	Advances in micro-CT imaging
		X-ray phase contrast micro-CT
			Propagation-based imaging
			Analyzer-based imaging
			X-ray interferometry imaging
			Grating-based imaging
		X-ray scatter contrast micro-CT
		X-ray fluorescence contrast
	Complementary techniques to X-ray imaging
		Magnetic resonance imaging in bone research
		X-ray CT combined with nuclear imaging
			X-ray CT combined with positron emission tomography
			X-ray CT combined with single-photon emission computed tomography
		Advances in hybrid X-ray imaging
	Conclusion
	References
12
Frontiers in research for bone biomaterials
	Introduction
	Surface modification of bone biomaterials with biologics
		Surface modification with growth factors
		Surface modification with peptides
		Surface modification with genetic materials
	Bone biomaterials mimicking the mineralized bone environment
		Calcium phosphate coating on bone biomaterials
		Bio-ceramic scaffolds
		Biomimetic mineralization on bone biomaterials
	Structural modifications of bone biomaterials
		Effect of surface roughness of bone biomaterials on bone regeneration
		Bone biomaterials with nanofibrous structures
		Bone biomaterials with diverse porous structures
	Conclusions
	Acknowledgment
	References
Index
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