Democratic Representation in Europe: Diversity, Change, and Convergence (Comparative Politics)

Contents......Page 6
List of Figures......Page 11
List of Tables......Page 16
Notes on Contributors......Page 19
Preface......Page 23
1.1. A long-term perspective on the democratization of Europe: political representation and the great change of European societies......Page 26
1.2. Research bases......Page 30
1.3. Theoretical perspectives......Page 32
1.4. Previous findings: variations and common trends in the long-term change of European parliamentary recruitment and careers......Page 38
1.5. Mapping differences and similarities: research questions and guidelines for this book......Page 41
1.6. Searching for explanations......Page 47
1.7. The plan of the book, chapters, and their contents......Page 48
Part I. Dimensions of Variation......Page 52
2.1. Introduction......Page 54
2.2. The pre-democratic role of the nobility......Page 58
2.3. The nobility and democratization......Page 63
2.4. Conclusion......Page 73
3.1. Preliminary remarks......Page 76
3.2. Two perspectives for understanding the weight of the étatiste background among parliamentary elites......Page 78
3.3. The variables and data in the DATACUBE......Page 81
3.4. An historical trend......Page 82
3.5. Components of the public service......Page 84
3.6. Variations across countries......Page 86
3.7. Variations across parties......Page 93
3.8. Concluding remarks......Page 99
4.1. Introduction......Page 102
4.2. The concept of gender parity......Page 103
4.3. Research findings from the literature......Page 104
4.4. Hypotheses and methods......Page 109
4.5. Data analysis......Page 111
4.6. Conclusion: why so slow, and why so few? Gender parity in the European Parliaments......Page 126
5. Cultural Capital and Political Selection: Educational Backgrounds of Parliamentarians......Page 131
5.1. Historical transformations of educational backgrounds of parliamentarians......Page 134
5.2. The causes of the elevation of parliamentarians’ education level......Page 148
5.3. Consequences: towards new forms of political professionalization and new channels of representation......Page 156
6.1. Introduction......Page 161
6.2. Parties and ‘party politicians’......Page 162
6.3. Recruitment of party officials......Page 164
6.4. Recruitment of party functionaries......Page 168
6.5. The role of the parties......Page 170
6.6. Concluding analysis and discussion......Page 177
7.1. Geography and recruitment......Page 185
7.2. A conceptual framework......Page 188
7.3. A micro approach......Page 191
7.4. A quick tour of Western Europe......Page 193
7.5. The longitudinal perspective......Page 200
7.6. A two-country exploration: Denmark and Norway......Page 205
7.7. Propositions for future research......Page 212
Part II. Variations across Party Families......Page 216
8.1. Questions, expectations, and rationale of the chapter......Page 218
8.2. The fortunes of conservative parties within European parliaments......Page 221
8.3. The original profile of conservative parliamentary recruitment......Page 223
8.4. Conservative politicians in the age of ‘catch-all parties’: towards a ‘centre-right’ pattern of recruitment?......Page 230
8.5. The recent ‘neoconservative’ elite......Page 235
8.6. Conclusions......Page 239
9. Restructuring of the European Political Centre: Withering Liberal and Persisting Agrarian Party Families......Page 242
9.1. The liberal party family......Page 244
9.2. The agrarian party family......Page 248
9.3. Transformation of the agrarian parties into centre parties......Page 251
9.4. Hypotheses......Page 252
9.5. Education......Page 254
9.6. Occupation......Page 258
9.7. Political experience......Page 266
9.9. Conclusions......Page 273
10.1. Introduction: research questions and structure of the chapter......Page 278
10.2. The emergence of a Christian Democratic parliamentary elite: When and how?......Page 280
10.3. Parliamentary recruitment of the European Christian democratic parties: long-term trends......Page 290
10.4. Recent developments: new types of Christian Democratic representation?......Page 301
10.5. Conclusion: from the multifaceted recruitment patterns of an historical party family to converging but ‘less Christian Democratic’ elites......Page 305
11.1. Framework and hypotheses......Page 309
11.2. The beginning—how to be distinctive......Page 313
11.3. Socialists, communists, and the others......Page 317
11.4. Variations within the party family......Page 334
11.5. Conclusions......Page 338
12.1. Introduction: extremisms on the right......Page 341
12.2. From the late nineteenth century to the Second World War......Page 347
12.3. Post-war extremists and neo-fascists......Page 364
12.4. Conclusions......Page 375
13.1. Anarchists, alternatives, beginners? ‘New politics’ representative elites after 1970......Page 378
13.2. The impact of three ‘new’ party families within parliamentary representation in European countries......Page 381
13.3. How to deal with data on new parties: the small ‘N’ problem and the significance of ‘challengers’ MPs......Page 383
13.4. Working hypotheses and data exploration......Page 385
13.5. Towards a tentative interpretation......Page 405
13.6. Final remarks......Page 412
Part III. Comprehensive Analyses......Page 416
14.1. The cleavage concept and elite theory......Page 418
14.2. Research concepts and methods......Page 422
14.3. Elite structure and cleavage development: France in comparative perspective......Page 426
14.4. Strategies and dynamics of cleavage representations: a comprehensive view......Page 438
15.1. Democratization and the transformation of parliamentary elites......Page 442
15.2. Searching for explanations: some preliminary hypotheses......Page 445
15.3. The dependent variables......Page 449
15.4. The independent variables......Page 454
15.5. What empirical evidence for our hypotheses?......Page 465
15.6. Between discontinuity and adaptation: the effects of regime changes on the European parliamentary elites of the late twentieth century......Page 484
15.7. Conclusions......Page 495
16. Conclusions......Page 499
References......Page 508
B......Page 534
C......Page 535
D......Page 537
E......Page 538
F......Page 539
G......Page 540
I......Page 541
L......Page 542
N......Page 544
P......Page 545
R......Page 548
S......Page 549
W......Page 551
Z......Page 552