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ویرایش: Bilingual edition نویسندگان: Alexis de Tocqueville, Edited by Eduardo Nolla, Translated from the French by James T. Schleifer سری: ISBN (شابک) : 0865977194, 9780865977198 ناشر: Liberty Fund Inc. سال نشر: 2010 تعداد صفحات: 1693 زبان: English فرمت فایل : PDF (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود) حجم فایل: 6 مگابایت
در صورت تبدیل فایل کتاب Democracy in America: Historical-Critical Edition of De la democratie en Amerique (4 volume set) به فرمت های PDF، EPUB، AZW3، MOBI و یا DJVU می توانید به پشتیبان اطلاع دهید تا فایل مورد نظر را تبدیل نمایند.
توجه داشته باشید کتاب دموکراسی در آمریکا: نسخه تاریخی- انتقادی De la Democratie en Amerique (مجموعه 4 جلدی) نسخه زبان اصلی می باشد و کتاب ترجمه شده به فارسی نمی باشد. وبسایت اینترنشنال لایبرری ارائه دهنده کتاب های زبان اصلی می باشد و هیچ گونه کتاب ترجمه شده یا نوشته شده به فارسی را ارائه نمی دهد.
در سال 1831، الکسیس دو توکویل و دوستش گوستاو دوبومونت از طرف دولت فرانسه از ایالات متحده دیدن کردند تا در مورد زندان های آمریکا مطالعه کنند. در نه ماه اقامت خود در ایالات متحده، آنها نه تنها سیستم زندان، بلکه تمام جنبه های زندگی آمریکایی، عمومی و خصوصی را مطالعه کردند - زندگی سیاسی، اقتصادی، مذهبی، فرهنگی و مهمتر از همه زندگی اجتماعی ملت جوان. از یادداشتهای فراوان توکویل از آنچه دیده و شنیده بود، متن کلاسیک De la Démocratie en Amérique در دو جلد بزرگ منتشر شد، اولی در 1835، دومی در 1840. جلد اول عمدتاً بر جامعه سیاسی متمرکز بود. دوم، در مورد جامعه مدنی. هدف توکویل از سفرها و ماجراجوییهای این دو فرانسوی، افشای حقیقت در مورد آمریکا بود، نه تنها برای تمجید از نقاط قوت کشور جدید، بلکه برای نقد کاستیهای آن، در حالی که همه اینها برای چشمهای بیرونی بیش از حد آشکار بود. برای توکویل، تقریباً همه جنبهها. جمهوری جدید بسیار جذاب بود: قوانین و آداب و رسوم، آداب و رسوم مردمی بسیار متفاوت از جمعیت پادشاهی های اروپا. او به ویژه به موفقیت دموکراسی در آمریکا، به ویژه دموکراسی نمایندگی جمهوری خواه، علاقه مند بود، که به نظر می رسید در جاهای دیگر شکست خورده است، به ویژه در فرانسه انقلابی. شاید به این دلیل که توکویل، اشراف زاده، به هیچ وجه با دموکراسی «ناب»، که به نظر می رسید با ارتباط آن با وحشت انقلاب فرانسه آلوده شده بود، موافق نبود، دموکراسی آمریکایی را با دقتی بررسی کرد که قبلاً هرگز دیده نشده بود. از آن زمان به ندرت توکویل تمایل دموکراسی را به انحطاط یا به استبداد اکثریت یا آنچه او استبداد نرم میخواند، میدانست، قدرتی حاکمیتی که «آغوش خود را بر کل جامعه دراز میکند». سطح جامعه را با شبکه ای از قوانین کوچک، پیچیده، دقیق و یکسان می پوشاند. . . ظلم نمی کند، مانع می شود، سرکوب می کند، روحیه می بخشد، خاموش می کند، حماقت می کند و سرانجام هر ملتی را به گله ای از حیوانات ترسو و زحمتکش که دولت چوپان آن است، تقلیل می دهد. (کتاب چهارم، فصل 6). او به دور از اعتراض به این وضعیت، مشاهده کرد که آمریکاییها این نابسامانی را کاملاً رضایتبخش میدانستند، برخلاف فرانسه، با تضاد آشکار آن بین مذهبیهای آشکار و حامیان دموکراسی. صندوق آزادی دوزبانه دموکراسی در آمریکا شامل نسخه تاریخی-انتقادی ادواردو نولا است متن و یادداشت های فرانسوی در صفحات سمت چپ و ترجمه انگلیسی جیمز شلیفر در سمت راست. این کاملترین نسخه تاریخی-انتقادی دموکراسی است و یادداشتها مجموعه گستردهای از طرحهای اولیه، پیشنویسها، انواع نسخههای خطی، حاشیهها، قطعات منتشر نشده و سایر مطالب را ارائه میدهند. از پیشگفتار تا نسخه فرانسوی: این دموکراسی جدید نه تنها آن چیزی است که توکویل به خواننده سال 1835، سپس به خواننده 1840 ارائه کرد. این دموکراسی با مجموعه ای از متون بزرگ شده است. . . . خواننده خواهد دید که چگونه توکویل با شرح و بسط ایده های اصلی کتاب خود پیش رفت. او با دوستش گوستاو بومونت نه ماه را در آمریکا گذراند و با او مطالعهای درباره نظام جزایی آمریکا و کاربرد آن در فرانسه منتشر کرد. شهرت توکویل با کتاب De la Démocratie en Amérique که در دو جلد در سالهای 1835 و 1840 منتشر شد، تثبیت شد. وزیر امور خارجه در سال 1849 و در سال 1851 به دلیل مخالفت با کودتای لویی ناپلئون به زندان افتاد. در او
In 1831, Alexis de Tocqueville and his friend Gustave de Beaumont visited the United States on behalf of the French government to study American prisons. In their nine months in the U.S. they studied not just the prison system but every aspect of American life, public and privatethe political, economic, religious, cultural, and above all social life of the young nation. From Tocqueville's copious notes of what he had seen and heard came the classic text De la Démocratie en Amérique, published in two large volumes, the first in 1835, the second in 1840. The first volume focused primarily on political society; the second, on civil society. Tocqueville's account of the travels and adventures of the two Frenchmen aimed to get down the truth about America, not only to praise the new country's strengths but also to critique its shortcomings when these were all too evident to outside eyes.For Tocqueville, virtually every aspect of the new republic was fascinating: the laws and the customs, the manners and the mores of a people so very different from the populations of the kingdoms of Europe. He was particularly interested in the success of democracy in America, specifically of republican representative democracy, which seemed to have failed elsewhere, most conspicuously in revolutionary France. Perhaps because Tocqueville, an aristocrat, was by no means sympathetic to "pure" democracy, which seemed tainted by its associations with the Terror of the French Revolution, he examined American democracy with a thoroughness such as had never been seen before, and seldom if ever since. Tocqueville considered the tendency of democracy to degenerate into either the tyranny of the majority or what he called soft despotism, a sovereign power that extends its arms over the entire society; it covers the surface of society with a network of small, complicated, minute, and uniform rules. . . .it does not tyrannize, it hinders, it represses, it enervates, it extinguishes, it stupifies, and finally it reduces each nation to being nothing more than a flock of timid and industrious animals, of which the government is the shepherd.” (Book IV, chapter 6.)Tocqueville noted that religion played a leading role in American life in the 1830s, due to its being constitutionally separated from government. Far from objecting to this situation, he observed that Americans found this disestablishment quite satisfactory, in contrast to France, with its outright antagonism between avowedly religious people and supporters of democracy.The Liberty Fund bilingual Democracy in America includes Eduardo Nolla's historical-critical edition of the French text and notes on the lefthand pages and James Schleifer's English translation on the right. This is the fullest historical-critical edition of the Democracy, and the notes offer an extensive selection of early outlines, drafts, manuscript variants, marginalia, unpublished fragments, and other materials. From the foreword to the French edition: This new Democracy is not only the one that Tocqueville presented to the reader of 1835, then to the reader of 1840. It is enlarged, amplified by a body of texts. . . . the reader will see how Tocqueville proceeded with the elaboration of the main ideas of his book.”Alexis de Tocqueville (18051859) was a French writer and politician. With his friend Gustave Beaumont he spent nine months in America and with him published a study of the American penal system and its applicability to France. Tocqueville's fame was established by his De la Démocratie en Amérique, published in two volumes in 1835 and 1840. He was elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 1839, was a member of the Constituent Assembly in 1848 and of the Legislative Assembly in 1849, was minister of foreign affairs in 1849, and was imprisoned in 1851 for his opposition to the coup d’état of Louis-Napoléon. At his
Tocqueville - Democracy in America Tocqueville - Democracy in America 1.pdf Tocqueville, Democracy in America, vol. 1 (LF ed. 2010) Front Matter Title page Contents, p. viii Translator’s Note, p. xxi Key Terms, p. xxvi Foreword, p. xxviii Note on the Manuscripts, p. xlii Acknowledgments, p. xliv Editor’s Introduction, p. xlvii I. Legacies, p. xlviii II. To Understand the Revolution, p. cvi Volume I (1835) Part I. Introduction, p. 3 Chapter 1. Exterior Configuration of North America, p. 33 Chapter 2. Of the Point of Departure and Its Importance for the Future of the Anglo-Americans, p. 45 Chapter 3. Social State of the Anglo-Americans, p. 74 Chapter 4. Of the Principle of the Sovereignty of the People in America, p. 91 Chapter 5. Necessity of Studying What Happens in the Individual States before Speaking about the Government of the Union, p. 98 Chapter 6. Of the Judicial Power in the United States and Its Action on Political Society, p. 167 Chapter 7. Of Political Jurisdiction in the United States, p. 179 Chapter 8. Of the Federal Constitution, p. 186 End of the Volume, p. 276 Tocqueville - Democracy in America 2 Part II, p. 277 Chapter 1. How It Can Be Strictly Said That in the United States It Is the People Who Govern, p. 278 Chapter 2. Of Parties in the United States, p. 279 Chapter 3. Of Freedom of the Press in the United States, p. 289 Chapter 4. Of Political Association in the United States, p. 302 Chapter 5. Of the Government of Democracy in America, p. 313 Chapter 6. What Are the Real Advantages That American Society Gains from the Government of Democracy?, p. 375 Chapter 7. Of the Omnipotence of the Majority in the United States and Its Effects, p. 402 Chapter 8. Of What Tempers Tyranny of the Majority in the United States, p. 427 Chapter 9. Of the Principal Causes That Tend to Maintain the Democratic Republic in the United States, p. 451 Chapter 10. Some Considerations on the Present State and Probable Future of the Three Races That Inhabit the Territory of the United States, p. 515 Conclusion, p. 649 Notes, p. 658 End of the Volume, p. 687 Tocqueville - Democracy in America 3 Volume 2 Foreword, p. 690 Part I: Influence of Democracy on the Intellectual Movement in the United States 696 Chapter 1: Of the Philosophical Method of the Americans 697 Chapter 2: Of the Principal Source of Beliefs among Democratic Peoples 711 Chapter 3: Why the Americans Show More Aptitude and Taste for General Ideas than Their Fathers the English 726 Chapter 4: Why the Americans Have Never Been as Passionate as the French about General Ideas in Political Matters 737 Chapter 5: How, in the United States, Religion Knows How to Make Use of Democratic Instincts 742 Chapter 6: Of the Progress of Catholicism in the United States 754 Chapter 7: What Makes the Minds of Democratic Peoples Incline toward Pantheism 757 Chapter 8: How Equality Suggests to the Americans the Idea of the Indefinite Perfectibility of Man 759 Chapter 9: How the Example of the Americans Does Not Prove That a Democratic People Cannot Have Aptitude and Taste for the Sciences, Literature, and the Arts 763 Chapter 10: Why the Americans Are More Attached to the Application of the Sciences than to the Theory 775 Chapter 11: In What Spirit the Americans Cultivate the Arts 788 Chapter 12: Why Americans Erect Such Small and Such Large Monuments at the Same Time 796 Chapter 13: Literary Physiognomy of Democratic Centuries 800 Chapter 14: Of the Literary Industry 813 Chapter 15: Why the Study of Greek and Latin Literature Is Particularly Useful in Democratic Societies 815 Chapter 16: How American Democracy Has Modified the English Language 818 Chapter 17: Of Some Sources of Poetry among Democratic Nations 830 Chapter 18: Why American Writers and Orators Are Often Bombastic 843 Chapter 19: Some Observations on the Theater of Democratic Peoples 845 Chapter 20: Of Some Tendencies Particular to Historians in Democratic Centuries 853 Chapter 21: Of Parliamentary Eloquence in the United States 861 Part II: Influence of Democracy on the Sentiments of the Americans Chapter 1: Why Democratic Peoples Show a More Ardent and More Enduring Love for Equality than for Liberty 872 Chapter 2: Of Individualism in Democratic Countries 881 Chapter 3: How Individualism Is Greater at the End of a Democratic Revolution than at Another Time 885 Chapter 4: How the Americans Combat Individualism with Free Institutions 887 Chapter 5: Of the Use That Americans Make of Association in Civil Life 895 Chapter 6: Of the Relation between Associations and Newspapers 905 Chapter 7: Relations between Civil Associations and Political Associations 911 Chapter 8: How the Americans Combat Individualism by the Doctrine of Interest Well Understood 918 Chapter 9: How the Americans Apply the Doctrine of Interest Well Understood in the Matter of Religion 926 Chapter 10: Of the Taste for MaterialWell-Being in America 930 Chapter 11: Of the Particular Effects Produced by the Love of Material Enjoyments in Democratic Centuries 935 Chapter 12: Why Certain Americans Exhibit So Excited a Spiritualism 939 Chapter 13: Why the Americans Appear So Restless Amid Their Well-Being 942 Chapter 14: How the Taste for Material Enjoyment Is United, among the Americans, with the Love of Liberty and Concern for Public Affairs 948 Chapter 15: How from Time to Time Religious Beliefs Divert the Soul of the Americans toward Non-material Enjoyments 954 Chapter 16: How the Excessive Love of Well-Being Can Harm Well-Being 963 Chapter 17: How, in Times of Equality and Doubt, It Is Important to Push Back the Goal of Human Actions 965 Chapter 18: Why, among the Americans, All Honest Professions Are Considered Honorable 969 Chapter 19: What Makes Nearly All Americans Tend toward Industrial Professions 972 Chapter 20: How Aristocracy Could Emerge from Industry 980 End of the Volume, p. 985 Tocqueville - Democracy in America 4 Part III: Influence of Democracy on Mores Properly So Called Chapter 1: How Mores Become Milder as Conditions Become Equal 987 Chapter 2: How Democracy Makes the Habitual Relations of the Americans Simpler and Easier 995 Chapter 3: Why the Americans Have So Little Susceptibility in Their Country and Show Such Susceptibility in Ours 1000 Chapter 4: Consequences of the Three Preceding Chapters 1005 Chapter 5: How Democracy Modifies the Relationships of Servant and Master 1007 Chapter 6: How Democratic Institutions and Mores Tend to Raise the Cost and Shorten the Length of Leases 1020 Chapter 7: Influence of Democracy on Salaries 1025 Chapter 8: Influence of Democracy on the Family 1031 Chapter 9: Education of Young Girls in the United States 1041 Chapter 10: How the Young Girl Is Found Again in the Features of the Wife 1048 Chapter 11: How Equality of Conditions Contributes to Maintaining Good Morals in America 1052 Chapter 12: How the Americans Understand the Equality of Man and of Woman 1062 Chapter 13: How Equality Divides the Americans Naturally into a Multitude of Small Particular Societies 1068 Chapter 14: Some Reflections on American Manners 1071 Chapter 15: Of the Gravity of Americans and Why It Does Not Prevent Them from Often Doing Thoughtless Things 1080 Chapter 16: Why the National Vanity of the Americans Is More Anxious and More Quarrelsome than That of the English 1085 Chapter 17: How the Appearance of Society in the United States Is at the Very Same Time Agitated and Monotonous 1089 Chapter 18: Of Honor in the United States and in Democratic Societies 1093 Chapter 19: Why in the United States You Find So Many Ambitious Men and So Few Great Ambitions 1116 Chapter 20: Of Positions Becoming an Industry among Certain Democratic Nations 1129 Chapter 21: Why Great RevolutionsWill Become Rare 1133 Chapter 22: Why Democratic Peoples Naturally Desire Peace and Democratic Armies Naturally Desire War 1153 Chapter 23: Which Class, in Democratic Armies, Is the Most Warlike and the Most Revolutionary 1165 Chapter 24: What Makes Democratic Armies Weaker than Other Armies while Beginning a Military Campaign and More Formidable When the War Is Prolonged 1170 Chapter 25: Of Discipline in Democratic Armies 1176 Chapter 26: Some Considerations on War in Democratic Societies 1178 Part IV: Of the Influence That Democratic Ideas and Sentiments Exercise on Political Society Chapter 1: Equality Naturally Gives Men the Taste for Free Institutions 1191 Chapter 2: That the Ideas of Democratic Peoples in Matters of Government Naturally Favor the Concentration of Powers 1194 Chapter 3: That the Sentiments of Democratic Peoples Are in Agreement with Their Ideas for Bringing Them to Concentrate Power 1200 Chapter 4: Of Some Particular and Accidental Causes That End Up Leading a Democratic People to Centralize Power or That Turn Them Away from Doing So 1206 Chapter 5: That among the European Nations of Today the Sovereign Power Increases although Sovereigns Are Less Stable 1221 Chapter 6: What Type of Despotism Democratic Nations Have to Fear 1245 Chapter 7: Continuation of the Preceding Chapters 1262 Chapter 8: General View of the Subject 1278 Notes 1286 Appendixes 1295 Appendix 1: Journey to Lake Oneida 1295 Appendix 2: A Fortnight in the Wilderness 1303 Appendix 3: Sects in America 1360 Appendix 4: Political Activity in America 1365 Appendix 5: Letter of Alexis de Tocqueville to Charles Stoffels 1368 Works Used by Tocqueville 1376 Bibliography 1396 Index 1499 End of the Volume, p. 1574