Delmar's Standard Textbook of Electricity, Fourth Edition

Delmar\'s Standard Textbook of Electricity, 4E......Page 1
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 20
SECTION I: Safety, Basic Electricity, and Ohm\'s Law......Page 25
SAFETY OVERVIEW......Page 26
S–1 General Safety Rules......Page 27
S–2 Effects of Electric Current on the Body......Page 29
S–3 On the Job......Page 30
S–4 Protective Clothing......Page 35
S–5 Ladders and Scaffolds......Page 39
S–6 Fires......Page 42
S–7 Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupters......Page 43
S–8 Grounding......Page 45
UNIT 1 Atomic Structure......Page 51
1–1 Early History of Electricity......Page 52
1–2 Atoms......Page 54
1–3 The Law of Charges......Page 58
1–4 Structure of the Atom......Page 59
1–5 Electron Orbits......Page 61
1–6 Valence Electrons......Page 63
1–7 Electron Flow......Page 64
1–9 Semiconductors......Page 69
1–10 Molecules......Page 70
1–11 Methods of Producing Electricity......Page 71
1–12 Electrical Effects......Page 73
UNIT 2 Electrical Quantities and Ohm\'s Law......Page 76
2–1 The Coulomb......Page 77
2–2 The Ampere......Page 78
2–4 The Conventional Current Flow Theory......Page 79
2–5 Speed of Current......Page 81
2–6 Basic Electric Circuits......Page 84
2–7 The Volt......Page 86
2–8 The Ohm......Page 87
2–9 The Watt......Page 89
2–10 Other Measures of Power......Page 91
2–11 Ohm\'s Law......Page 93
2–12 Metric Prefixes......Page 98
UNIT 3 Static Electricity......Page 104
3–1 Static Electricity......Page 105
3–3 The Electroscope......Page 107
3–4 Static Electricity in Nature......Page 110
3–5 Nuisance Static Charges......Page 113
3–6 Useful Static Charges......Page 114
UNIT 4 Magnetism......Page 119
4–1 The Earth Is a Magnet......Page 120
4–3 The Electron Theory of Magnetism......Page 122
4–4 Magnetic Materials......Page 124
4–5 Magnetic Lines of Force......Page 125
4–6 Electromagnetics......Page 127
4–7 Magnetic Measurement......Page 130
4–9 Demagnetizing......Page 132
4–10 Magnetic Devices......Page 134
UNIT 5 Resistors......Page 137
5–1 Uses of Resistors......Page 138
5–2 Fixed Resistors......Page 140
5–3 Color Code......Page 143
5–4 Standard Resistance Values of Fixed Resistors......Page 149
5–5 Power Ratings......Page 151
5–6 Variable Resistors......Page 152
5–7 Schematic Symbols......Page 156
SECTION II: Basic Electric Circuits......Page 159
UNIT 6 Series Circuits......Page 160
6–1 Series Circuits......Page 161
6–2 Voltage Drops in a Series Circuit......Page 162
6–4 Calculating Series Circuit Values......Page 164
6–5 Solving Circuits......Page 166
6–6 Voltage Dividers......Page 179
6–7 The General Voltage Divider Formula......Page 181
6–8 Voltage Polarity......Page 182
6–9 Using Ground as a Reference......Page 183
UNIT 7 Parallel Circuits......Page 189
7–1 Parallel Circuit Values......Page 190
7–2 Parallel Resistance Formulas......Page 193
UNIT 8 Combination Circuits......Page 215
8–1 Combination Circuits......Page 216
8–2 Solving Combination Circuits......Page 217
8–3 Simplifying the Circuit......Page 218
UNIT 9 Kirchhoff\'s Laws, Thevenin\'s, Norton\'s, and Superposition Theorems......Page 243
9–1 Kirchhoff\'s Laws......Page 244
9–2 Thevenin\'s Theorem......Page 251
9–3 Norton\'s Theorem......Page 255
9–4 The Superposition Theorem......Page 259
SECTION III: Meters and Wire Sizes......Page 273
UNIT 10 Measuring Instruments......Page 274
10–1 Analog Meters......Page 275
10–2 The Voltmeter......Page 277
10–3 Multirange Voltmeters......Page 279
10–4 Reading a Meter......Page 281
10–5 The Ammeter......Page 285
10–6 Ammeter Shunts......Page 286
10–8 The Ayrton Shunt......Page 289
10–9 AC Ammeters......Page 294
10–10 Clamp-On Ammeters......Page 298
10–11 DC-AC Clamp-On Ammeters......Page 301
10–12 The Ohmmeter......Page 304
10–13 Shunt-Type Ohmmeters......Page 306
10–14 Digital Meters......Page 307
10–15 The Low-Impedance Voltage Tester......Page 311
10–16 The Oscilloscope......Page 313
10–17 The Wattmeter......Page 324
10–18 Recording Meters......Page 326
10–19 Bridge Circuits......Page 328
UNIT 11 Using Wire Tables and Determining Conductor Sizes......Page 334
11–1 Using the NEC® Charts......Page 335
11–2 Factors That Determine Ampacity......Page 339
11–3 Correction Factors......Page 340
11–4 Computing Conductor Sizes and Resistance......Page 346
11–5 Computing Voltage Drop......Page 357
11–6 Parallel Conductors......Page 358
11–7 Testing Wire Installations......Page 361
SECTION IV: Small Sources of Electricity......Page 369
UNIT 12 Conduction in Liquids and Gases......Page 370
12–1 The Ionization Process: Magnesium and Chlorine......Page 371
12–2 Other Types of Ions......Page 373
12–3 Electroplating......Page 375
12–5 Conduction in Gases......Page 376
12–6 Ionization in Nature......Page 381
UNIT 13 Batteries and Other Sources of Electricity......Page 384
13–1 History of the Battery......Page 385
13–2 Cells......Page 387
13–3 Cell Voltage......Page 388
13–4 Primary Cells......Page 389
13–5 Secondary Cells: Lead-Acid Batteries......Page 398
13–6 Other Secondary Cells......Page 404
13–7 Series and Parallel Battery Connections......Page 407
13–8 Other Small Sources of Electricity......Page 409
UNIT 14 Magnetic Induction......Page 419
14–1 Electromagnetic Induction......Page 420
14–2 Fleming\'s Left-Hand Generator Rule......Page 423
14–4 Determining the Amount of Induced Voltage......Page 424
14–5 Lenz\'s Law......Page 425
14–6 Rise Time of Current in an Inductor......Page 428
14–7 The Exponential Curve......Page 430
14–8 Inductance......Page 432
14–9 R-L Time Constants......Page 434
14–10 Induced Voltage Spikes......Page 435
SECTION V: Basics of Alternating Current......Page 443
UNIT 15 Basic Trigonometry and Vectors......Page 444
15–1 Right Triangles......Page 445
15–2 The Pythagorean Theorem......Page 446
15–3 Sines, Cosines, and Tangents......Page 448
15–5 Practical Application......Page 452
UNIT 16 Alternating Current......Page 465
16–1 Advantages of AC......Page 466
16–2 AC Waveforms......Page 467
16–3 Sine Wave Values......Page 473
16–4 Resistive Loads......Page 481
16–5 Power in an AC Circuit......Page 482
16–6 Skin Effect in AC Circuits......Page 483
SECTION VI: Alternating Current (AC) Circuits Containing Inductance......Page 489
UNIT 17 Inductance in AC Circuits......Page 490
17–1 Inductance......Page 491
17–2 Inductive Reactance......Page 494
17–3 Schematic Symbols......Page 498
17–4 Inductors Connected in Series......Page 499
17–5 Inductors Connected in Parallel......Page 500
17–6 Voltage and Current Relationships in an Inductive Circuit......Page 502
17–7 Power in an Inductive Circuit......Page 504
17–9 Q of an Inductor......Page 505
UNIT 18 Resistive-Inductive Series Circuits......Page 513
18–1 R-L Series Circuits......Page 514
18–2 Impedance......Page 516
18–3 Total Current......Page 518
18–4 Voltage Drop Across the Resistor......Page 519
18–5 Watts......Page 520
18–8 Total Voltage......Page 521
18–10 Computing the Apparent Power......Page 523
18–11 Power Factor......Page 526
18–12 Angle Theta......Page 527
UNIT 19 Resistive-Inductive Parallel Circuits......Page 542
19–1 Resistive-Inductive Parallel Circuits......Page 543
19–2 Computing Circuit Values......Page 544
SECTION VII: AC Circuits Containing Capacitors......Page 563
UNIT 20 Capacitors......Page 564
20–1 Capacitors......Page 565
20–2 Electrostatic Charge......Page 568
20–3 Dielectric Constant......Page 572
20–4 Capacitor Ratings......Page 573
20–5 Capacitors Connected in Parallel......Page 574
20–6 Capacitors Connected in Series......Page 575
20–7 Capacitive Charge and Discharge Rates......Page 576
20–8 RC Time Constants......Page 578
20–10 Nonpolarized Capacitors......Page 580
20–11 Polarized Capacitors......Page 583
20–12 Variable Capacitors......Page 586
20–13 Capacitor Markings......Page 587
20–15 Ceramic Capacitors......Page 589
20–16 Dipped Tantalum Capacitors......Page 590
20–17 Film Capacitors......Page 591
20–18 Testing Capacitors......Page 592
UNIT 21 Capacitance in AC Circuits......Page 599
21–1 Connecting the Capacitor into an AC Circuit......Page 600
21–2 Capacitive Reactance......Page 602
21–3 Computing Capacitance......Page 603
21–4 Voltage and Current Relationships in a Pure Capacitive Circuit......Page 604
21–5 Power in a Pure Capacitive Circuit......Page 606
21–6 Quality of a Capacitor......Page 607
21–7 Capacitor Voltage Rating......Page 608
21–8 Effects of Frequency in a Capacitive Circuit......Page 609
21–9 Series Capacitors......Page 610
21–10 Parallel Capacitors......Page 615
UNIT 22 Resistive-Capacitive Series Circuits......Page 622
22–1 Resistive-Capacitive Series Circuits......Page 623
22–2 Impedance......Page 624
22–3 Total Current......Page 625
22–6 Capacitance......Page 626
22–8 Total Voltage......Page 627
22–10 Apparent Power......Page 628
22–12 Angle Theta......Page 629
UNIT 23 Resistive-Capacitive Parallel Circuits......Page 640
23–1 Operation of RC Parallel Circuits......Page 641
23–2 Computing Circuit Values......Page 642
SECTION VIII: AC Circuits Containing Resistance-Inductance-Capacitance......Page 657
UNIT 24 Resistive-Inductive-Capacitive Series Circuits......Page 658
24–1 RLC Series Circuits......Page 659
24–2 Series Resonant Circuits......Page 670
UNIT 25 Resistive-Inductive-Capacitive Parallel Circuits......Page 679
25–1 RLC Parallel Circuits......Page 680
25–2 Parallel Resonant Circuits......Page 689
UNIT 26 Filters......Page 703
26–1 Broadband Tuning......Page 705
26–2 Low-Pass Filters......Page 706
26–3 High-Pass Filters......Page 708
26–4 Bandpass Filters......Page 711
26–5 Band-Rejection (Notch) Filters......Page 712
26–6 T Filters......Page 714
26–8 Crossover Networks......Page 715
SECTION IX: Three-Phase Power......Page 719
UNIT 27 Three-Phase Circuits......Page 720
27–1 Three-Phase Circuits......Page 721
27–2 Wye Connections......Page 723
27–3 Delta Connections......Page 727
27–4 Three-Phase Power......Page 728
27–5 Watts and VARs......Page 729
27–6 Three-Phase Circuit Calculations......Page 730
27–7 Load 3 Calculations......Page 738
27–8 Load 2 Calculations......Page 739
27–9 Load 1 Calculations......Page 740
27–11 Power Factor Correction......Page 741
SECTION X: Transformers......Page 749
UNIT 28 Single-Phase Transformers......Page 750
28–1 Single-Phase Transformers......Page 751
28–2 Isolation Transformers......Page 753
28–3 Autotransformers......Page 779
28–4 Transformer Polarities......Page 782
28–5 Voltage and Current Relationships in a Transformer......Page 787
28–6 Testing the Transformer......Page 789
28–7 Transformer Nameplates......Page 790
28–8 Determining Maximum Current......Page 791
28–9 Transformer Impedance......Page 792
UNIT 29 Three-Phase Transformers......Page 799
29–1 Three-Phase Transformers......Page 800
29–2 Closing a Delta......Page 805
29–3 Three-Phase Transformer Calculations......Page 806
29–4 Open-Delta Connection......Page 812
29–5 Single-Phase Loads......Page 813
29–6 Closed Delta with Center Tap......Page 817
29–7 Closed Delta without Center Tap......Page 818
29–8 Delta-Wye Connection with Neutral......Page 819
29–9 T-Connected Transformers......Page 820
29–11 Zig-Zag Connection......Page 823
29–12 Harmonics......Page 825
SECTION XI: DC Machines......Page 839
UNIT 30 DC Generators......Page 840
30–1 What Is a Generator?......Page 841
30–2 Armature Windings......Page 851
30–4 Pole Pieces......Page 853
30–5 Field Windings......Page 854
30–6 Series Generators......Page 855
30–7 Shunt Generators......Page 859
30–8 Compound Generators......Page 865
30–9 Compounding......Page 866
30–10 Countertorque......Page 869
30–11 Armature Reaction......Page 870
30–12 Setting the Neutral Plane......Page 873
30–13 Paralleling Generators......Page 874
UNIT 31 DC Motors......Page 880
31–1 DC Motor Principles......Page 881
31–2 Shunt Motors......Page 884
31–3 Series Motors......Page 887
31–4 Compound Motors......Page 889
31–5 Terminal Identification for DC Motors......Page 891
31–6 Determining the Direction of Rotation of a DC Motor......Page 892
31–7 Speed Control......Page 895
31–8 The Field-Loss Relay......Page 897
31–9 Horsepower......Page 898
31–10 Brushless DC Motors......Page 901
31–11 Converters......Page 904
31–12 Permanent Magnet Motors......Page 905
31–13 The Right-Hand Motor Rule......Page 913
SECTION XII: AC Machines......Page 917
UNIT 32 Three-Phase Alternators......Page 918
32–1 Three-Phase Alternators......Page 919
32–3 The Brushless Exciter......Page 923
32–4 Alternator Cooling......Page 926
32–5 Frequency......Page 927
32–6 Output Voltage......Page 928
32–7 Paralleling Alternators......Page 929
32–9 Field-Discharge Protection......Page 932
UNIT 33 Three-Phase Motors......Page 936
33–1 Three-Phase Motors......Page 937
33–2 The Rotating Magnetic Field......Page 938
33–3 Connecting Dual-Voltage Three-Phase Motors......Page 950
33–4 Squirrel-Cage Induction Motors......Page 956
33–5 Wound-Rotor Induction Motors......Page 975
33–6 Synchronous Motors......Page 978
33–7 Selsyn Motors......Page 985
UNIT 34 Single-Phase Motors......Page 992
34–2 Split-Phase Motors......Page 993
34–3 Resistance-Start Induction-Run Motors......Page 997
34–4 Capacitor-Start Induction-Run Motors......Page 1005
34–5 Dual-Voltage Split-Phase Motors......Page 1007
34–6 Determining the Direction of Rotation for Split-Phase Motors......Page 1010
34–7 Capacitor-Start Capacitor-Run Motors......Page 1011
34–8 Shaded-Pole Induction Motors......Page 1014
34–9 Multispeed Motors......Page 1018
34–11 Construction of Repulsion Motors......Page 1020
34–12 Repulsion-Start Induction-Run Motors......Page 1024
34–13 Repulsion-Induction Motors......Page 1026
34–14 Single-Phase Synchronous Motors......Page 1027
34–15 Stepping Motors......Page 1030
34–16 Universal Motors......Page 1038
Appendix A: Identifying the Leads of a Three-Phase, Wye-Connected, Dual-Voltage Motor......Page 1047
Appendix B: AC Formulas......Page 1051
Appendix C: Greek Alphabet......Page 1063
Appendix D: Metals......Page 1064
Appendix E: Scientific Notation......Page 1066
Appendix F: Answers to Practice Problems......Page 1070
Glossary......Page 1088
Index......Page 1105