Delisas Physical Medicine & Rehabilitati

Principles of Assessment and Evaluation
	Clinical Evaluation
		OVERVIEW
		SETTING AND PURPOSE
		PATIENT HISTORY
		PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
		ANATOMICAL INFORMATION REQUIRED TO TEST INDIVIDUAL MUSCLE STRENGTH
		SUMMARY AND PROBLEM LIST
		REFERENCES
		APPENDICES
	The Physical Examination
		EXAMINATION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE
		EXAMINATION OF THE SHOULDER
		EXAMINATION OF THE LUMBAR SPINE
		EXAMINATION OF THE KNEE
		SUMMARY
		REFERENCES
	Assessment of Human Muscle Function
		WHY MUSCLE?
		MUSCLE ACTIONS AND UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
		STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SKELETAL MUSCLE
		STUDIES OF SINGLE MUSCLE FIBERS
		FUNCTIONAL TESTS OF MUSCLE PERFORMANCE
		MUSCLE FUNCTION, EXERCISE TRAINING, AND FUNCTIONAL PERFORMANCE
		CONCLUSION
		REFERENCES
	Electrodiagnostic Evaluation of the Peripheral Nervous System
		INTRODUCTION
		PREPARING FOR THE ELECTRODIAGNOSTIC EXAMINATION
		TYPES OF ELECTRODIAGNOSTIC TESTING
		DISEASE PROCESSES
		REPORT WRITING
		SUMMARY
		ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
		REFERENCES
	Human Walking
		NORMAL HUMAN GAIT
		ENERGY CONSERVATION AND GAIT
		KINETICS
		DEVELOPMENT OF GAIT
		ELECTROMYOGRAPHY IN GAIT ANALYSIS
		ABNORMAL GAIT
		BODY WEIGHT–SUPPORTED TREADMILL TRAINING
		ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
		REFERENCES
	Imaging Techniques Relative to Rehabilitation
		MUSCULOSKELETAL IMAGING
		SHOULDER IMPINGEMENT SYNDROME AND SUPRASPINATUS INJURY
		SHOULDER INSTABILITY AND DISRUPTION OF THE ANTERIOR CAPSULAR MECHANISM
		TENDINITIS OR RUPTURE OF OTHER SHOULDER MUSCLES
		ELBOW
		ISCHEMIC NECROSIS OF THE HUMERAL HEAD
		CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME
		OTHER WRIST ABNORMALITIES
		ISCHEMIC NECROSIS
		FEMOROACETABULAR IMPINGEMENT
		OTHER HIP ABNORMALITIES
		CRUCIATE LIGAMENT INJURIES
		MENISCAL INJURIES
		COLLATERAL LIGAMENT INJURIES
		OTHER KNEE ABNORMALITIES
		LIGAMENT INJURIES
		OTHER ANKLE ABNORMALITIES
		COMMON ARTHRITIDES
		SPINE AND SPINAL CORD IMAGING
		BRAIN IMAGING
		ISCHEMIC STROKE
		HEMORRHAGIC STROKE
		SUBARACHNOID AND INTRAVENTRICULAR HEMORRHAGE
		EPIDURAL HEMATOMA
		SUBDURAL HEMATOMA
		CONTUSIONS AND INTRAPARENCHYMAL HEMORRHAGE
		DIFFUSE BRAIN INJURIES
		WHITE MATTER DISEASES
		PENETRATING TRAUMA
		COMPLICATIONS OF BRAIN INJURY
		GRAY MATTER DISEASES
		EMERGING IMAGING TECHNOLOGIES OF INTEREST TO THE PHYSIATRIST
		MAGNETIC RESONANCE ANGIOGRAPHY
		DIFFUSION-WEIGHTED IMAGING
		FLUID-ATTENUATED INVERSION RECOVERY IMAGING
		IN VIVO MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY IMAGING
		PERFUSION-WEIGHTED IMAGING AND FMRI
		USI OF MUSCLE
		USI OF PERIPHERAL NERVE
		REFERENCES
		USI OF J OINTS
	Diagnostic Ultrasound
		INTRODUCTION
		EXAMPLES OF SHOULDER PATHOLOGY
		EXAMPLES OF ELBOW PATHOLOGY
		EXAMPLES OF KNEE PATHOLOGY
		CONCLUSION
		REFERENCES
	Principles and Applications of Measurement Methods
		PSYCHOMETRIC PARAMETERS USED TO EVALUATE TESTS AND MEASURES
		PRINCIPLES OF EVALUATION, TESTING, AND INTERPRETATION
		CONTEMPORARY MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES
		OBJECTIVE MEASUREMENT WHEN A STANDARDIZED TEST IS NOT AVAILABLE
		SUMMARY
		REFERENCES
	Functional Evaluation and Management of Self-care and Other Activities of Daily Living
		INTRODUCTION
		ISSUES IN ADL EVALUATION
		MANAGEMENT OF BASIC SELF-CARE SKILLS
		AN OVERVIEW OF INTERVENTION APPROACHES
		MAJOR SELF-CARE CONSIDERATIONS BY FUNCTIONAL LIMITATION
		SUMMARY OF REMEDIATION STRATEGIES
		SUMMARY
		ACKNOWLEDGMENT
		REFERENCES
	Disability Determination
		MODELS OF DISABLEMENT
		ICF 2001
		MAJOR U.S. DISABILITY SYSTEMS COMPARED
		PREVALENCE AND COSTS OF DISABILITY
		PHYSICIAN EVALUATING AND REPORTING REQUIREMENTS OF THE INDEPENDENT MEDICAL EXAMINATION
		MEDICAL IMPAIRMENT RATING
		WORK DISABILITY DETERMINATION AND THE AMERICANS WITH DISABILITIES ACT
		TREATING, RATING, AND TERMINATION-OF-CARE ISSUES
		GLOSSARY
		REFERENCES
	Applying the ICF in Rehabilitation Medicine
		INTRODUCTION
		THE ICF
		ICF-BASED CLASSIFICATION AND MEASUREMENT OF FUNCTIONING
		IMPLEMENTATION AND APPLICATION OF THE ICF
		SUMMARY
		ACKNOWLEDGMENT
		REFERENCES
		REFERENCES FOR TABLE 11-2
		REFERENCES FOR TABLE 11-4
	Systematically Assessing and Improving the Quality and Outcomes of Medical Rehabilitation Programs
		INTRODUCTION
		BASIC TERMS AND CONCEPTS
		PROGRAM EVALUATION AND OUTCOMES MANAGEMENT
		QUALITY ASSESSMENT AND IMPROVEMENT
		GUIDELINES AND EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE
		INFORMATION SYSTEMS FOR PERFORMANCE MONITORING
		OTHER APPROACHES TO PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT
		PUBLIC ACCOUNTABILITY AND HEALTH SYSTEMS ISSUES
		SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
		REFERENCES
The Rehabilitation Team: Systems-Based Practice
	Rehabilitation Team Function and Prescriptions, Referrals, and Order Writing
		TEAM DYNAMICS
		CONFLICT AND DISAGREEMENT
		TEAM BUILDING AND DEVELOPMENT
		REHABILITATION TEAM COMMUNICATION METHODOLOGY
		STYLES OF INTERACTIONS
		MULTIPLICITY OF CARE PROVIDERS
		THERAPY REFERRALS AND ORDER WRITING
		WRITTEN PROTOCOLS, PRESCRIPTIONS, ORDERS, AND REFERRALS
		EQUIPMENT PRESCRIPTIONS
		CONCLUSION
		ACKNOWLEDGMENT
		REFERENCES
	Psychological Aspects of Rehabilitation
		REHABILITATION PSYCHOLOGY: HISTORY AND CURRENT STATUS
		DIRECT SERVICES
		INDIRECT SERVICES
		PSYCHOLOGICAL ADJUSTMENT TO DISABILITY
		SUMMARY
		REFERENCES
	Speech, Language, Swallowing, and Auditory Rehabilitation
		INTRODUCTION
		COMMUNICATION
		COMMUNICATION PATHOLOGY
		SPEECH PRODUCTION
		MOTOR SPEECH DISORDERS
		LANGUAGE
		SWALLOWING IMPAIRMENT
		PHYSIOLOGY OF SWALLOWING
		MANAGEMENT OF SWALLOWING IMPAIRMENT
		HEARING
		ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
		REFERENCES
	Sexuality and Disability
		INTRODUCTION
		THE COMPLEXITY OF SEXUAL FUNCTIONING
		SEXUAL NEUROPHYSIOLOGY
		DISABILITY–RELATED DISRUPTIONS TO SEXUAL FUNCTION
		SEXUALITY IN SPECIFIC DISABILITIES
		SEXUAL REHABILITATION FRAMEWORK
		CURRENT THERAPIES FOR SEXUAL DYSFUNCTIONS
		CONCLUSIONS
		ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
		REFERENCES
	Vocational Rehabilitation, Independent Living, and Consumerism
		INTRODUCTION
		PURPOSE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF VR AND IL SERVICES
		LEGISLATIVE HISTORY
		THE CONSUMER MOVEMENT IN REHABILITATION
		VR SERVICE SYSTEMS
		EMPLOYMENT OUTCOMES: A REVIEW OF FINDINGS
		CONCLUSION
		REFERENCES
	Community Participation and the Environment: Theoretical, Assessment and Clinical Implications
		INTRODUCTION
		THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL CONSIDERATIONS
		LINKS BETWEEN THE ENVIRONMENT AND PARTICIPATION: WHAT DOES THE EVIDENCE SHOW?
		CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
		REFERENCES
	Systems-Based Practice of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
		MEANS OF GOVERNMENTAL INFLUENCE OVER PM&R
		MEDICARE STATUTES AND THE RULEMAKING PROCESS
		STATUTORY AND REGULATORY DEVELOPMENTS
		THE PERVASIVE INFLUENCE OF MEDICARE AND MEDICAID
		OTHER GOVERNMENTAL PROGRAMS
		PRIVATE PAYERS OF MEDICAL REHABILITATION SERVICES
		STATE LEGISLATIVE AND REGULATORY ASPECTS OF PM&R PRACTICE
		CRITICAL CURRENT REGULATORY AND LEGISLATIVE ISSUES
		CONCLUSION
		REFERENCES
	Ethical Issues in Rehabilitation Medicine
		HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
		CLINICAL PRACTICE ISSUES
		POLICY ISSUES
		PEDAGOGIC ISSUES
		REFERENCES
		CONCLUSION
	Interactions with the Medicolegal System
		STANDARDS OF CLINICAL PRACTICE FOR MEDICOLEGAL EVALUATIONS
		INDEPENDENT MEDICAL EVALUATION
		DEPOSITION
		EXPERT WITNESS REVIEWS
		REMUNERATION FOR MEDICOLEGAL WORK
		ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS
		PRACTICE STRUCTURE ISSUES
		SUGGESTED READINGS
	International Aspects of the Practice of Rehabilitation Medicine*
		NORTH AMERICA: UNITED STATES AND CANADA
		LATIN AMERICA
		EUROPE
		MEDITERRANEAN, MIDDLE EAST, AND AFRICA
		ASIA AND OCEANIA
		INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGE PROGRAMS
		THE INTERNATIONAL REHABILITATION ORGANIZATIONS
		THE INTERNATIONAL REHABILITATION JOURNALS—PUBLISHING IN PRM JOURNALS
		CONCLUSION
		ACKNOWLEDGMENT
		REFERENCES
Major Conditions
	Stroke Rehabilitation
		INTRODUCTION
		DEFINITION
		EPIDEMIOLOGY
		RISK FACTORS AND PREVENTION
		STROKE IN CHILDREN AND YOUNG ADULTS
		RECOVERY FROM STROKE
		MOTOR RECOVERY
		THERAPY FOR MOBILITY
		OUTCOME AND PROGNOSTICATION IN STROKE REHABILITATION
		MEDICAL MANAGEMENT DURING REHABILITATION
		MUSCULOSKELETAL PAIN AND COMPLEX REGIONAL PAIN SYNDROME
		VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM
		DEPRESSION
		SEXUALITY
		REFERENCES
	Traumatic Brain Injury
		NATURE OF TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY
		EPIDEMIOLOGY OF TBI
		PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF TBI
		OUTCOME AFTER TBI
		THE ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENTPLANNING PROCESS
		SPECIAL SUBPOPULATIONS
		MEDICAL PROBLEMS AFTER TBI
		NEUROCOGNITIVE AND NEUROBEHAVIORAL DEFICITS
		PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
		PARTICIPATION IN COMMUNITY LIFE
		MEDICOLEGAL AND ETHICAL ISSUES
		SUMMARY
		REFERENCES
	Multiple Sclerosis
		DEMOGRAPHICS AND EPIDEMIOLOGY
		ETIOLOGY
		PATHOLOGY, PATHOGENESIS, AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
		PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF MS
		TYPES OF MS
		OTHER ASSOCIATED DEMYELINATING DISORDERS
		DIAGNOSIS OF MS
		MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
		REHABILITATION
		SYMPTOM MANAGEMENT
		SOCIAL, VOCATIONAL, AND FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
		WELLNESS
		CONCLUSION
		REFERENCES
	Rehabilitation of Persons with Parkinson’s Disease and Other Movement Disorders
		INTRODUCTION
		ANATOMY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
		REHABILITATION AND COLLABORATION
		IMPAIRMENTS AND FUNCTIONAL LIMITATION IN PARKINSON’S
		TREATMENT
		THE ROLE OF EXERCISE AND PHYSICAL THERAPY
		OTHER MOVEMENT DISORDERS
		OTHER TREATMENT CONSIDERATIONS
		REFERENCES
	Rehabilitation of Spinal Cord Injury
		EPIDEMIOLOGY OF TRAUMATIC SCI
		ACUTE MEDICAL AND SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
		ANATOMY, NEUROANATOMY, AND VASCULAR SUPPLY
		NEUROLOGICAL ASSESSMENT
		FUNCTIONAL EVALUATION
		PROGNOSTICATING NEUROLOGICAL RECOVERY
		MEDICAL ISSUES AFTER SCI
		PULMONARY SYSTEM
		GU SYSTEM
		PAIN AFTER SCI
		PSYCHOLOGICAL ISSUES
		SEXUALITY AND FERTILITY
		THE FUTURE
		REFERENCES
	Adult Motor Neuron Disease*
		INTRODUCTION
		OVERVIEW OF THE MAJOR ADULT MNDS
		DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION OF MND
		ALS CLINICAL TRIALS
		PHARMACOLOGIC MANAGEMENT OF MND
		REHABILITATION AND PALLIATIVE CARE
		REFERENCES
	Peripheral Neuropathy
		INCIDENCE, PREVALENCE, DISABILITY, AND COST
		PERIPHERAL NEUROANATOMY AND NEUROPHYSIOLOGY
		CLASSIFICATION OF PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY
		TRAUMATIC PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY AND SUBSEQUENT DEGENERATION AND REGENERATION
		NONTRAUMATIC PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHIES
		HEREDITARY PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHIES
		IMMUNE-MEDIATED PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHIES
		TOXIC, NUTRITIONAL, METABOLIC, AND ENDOCRINE PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHIES
		DIABETIC PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY
		INFECTIOUS PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY
		NERVE ENTRAPMENT/COMPRESSION SYNDROMES
		TUMORS OF THE PERIPHERAL NERVE SHEATH
		DIAGNOSIS OF PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY
		TREATMENT STRATEGIES FOR PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY
		PERIPHERAL NERVE REPAIR FOLLOWING TRAUMA
		REFERENCES
		DEFINITION AND CATEGORIES OF MYOPATHY
	Myopathy
		EVALUATION OF THE PATIENT WITH SUSPECTED MYOPATHY
		CLINICAL FEATURES OF SPECIFIC MYOPATHIC DISORDERS
		ACQUIRED MYOPATHIES
		REHABILITATION CONCERNS AND STRATEGIES IN MYOPATHIC DISORDERS
		CONCLUSION
		ACKNOWLEDGMENT
		REFERENCES
		INTRODUCTION
		PATHOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
	Osteoarthritis
		EPIDEMIOLOGY
		RISK FACTORS
		JOINT BIOMECHANICS
		SYNOVIAL JOINTS
		INTRODUCTION TO NONPHARMACOLOGIC TREATMENT
		PHARMACOTHERAPY OVERVIEW
		REFERENCES
		ANATOMY AND BIOMECHANICS
	Disorders of the Cervical Spine
		AXIAL PAIN AND SYMPTOM REFERRAL
		RADICULOPATHY
		MYELOPATHY
		RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
		MECHANICAL INTERVENTION, THERAPEUTIC EXERCISE, AND MODALITIES IN THE TREATMENT OF CERVICAL AXIAL AND RADICULAR PAIN
		REFERENCES
		INTRODUCTION
	Rehabilitation of Lumbar Spine Disorders: An Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Approach
		ASSESSMENT, DECISION-MAKING PROCESS, AND REHABILITATON TREATMENT TOOLS
		CONCLUSION
		REFERENCES
		DEFINITION
		WHAT IS A PATHOLOGICAL CURVE?
		EPIDEMIOLOGY
	Scoliosis and Other Spinal Deformities
		SPINAL ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
		CLINICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE PATIENTS WITH SPINAL DEFORMITY
		RADIOGRAPHIC ASSESSMENT OF THE SPINE
		THE IMPACT OF SCOLIOSIS ON LIFE FUNCTION (SECONDARY MORBIDITIES)
		PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF SCOLIOSIS
		SCOLIOSIS DUE TO BONY DYSFUNCTION
		SCOLIOSIS DUE TO ELASTIC TISSUE DYSFUNCTION
		SCOLIOSIS DUE TO NEUROMUSCULAR DYSFUNCTION
		IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS
		DEVELOPING A PHYSIATRIC TREATMENT PLAN
		SURGICAL TREATMENT OPTIONS
		POSTOPERATIVE REHABILITATION
		CONCLUSION
		REFERENCES
	Upper Extremity Soft-Tissue Injuries
		SOFT-TISSUE INJURIES OF THE SHOULDER
		SOFT-TISSUE INJURIES OF THE ELBOW
		PERIPHERAL NERVE SYNDROMES
		REFERENCES
		EPIDEMIOLOGY AND ECONOMIC COSTS
		PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
		PSYCHOSOCIAL
	Cumulative Trauma Disorders
		ERGONOMICS
		CUMULATIVE TRAUMA DISORDERS
		NERVE ENTRAPMENT SYNDROMES
		CONCLUSION
		REFERENCES
		CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME
	Hand Disorders
		ULNAR NEUROPATHY
		THUMB CARPOMETACARPAL OSTEOARTHRITIS
		de QUERVAIN’S TENOSYNOVITIS
		TRIGGER FINGER “STENOSING TENOSYNOVITIS”
		FINGER SPRAINS AND STRAINS
		KIENBÖCK’S DISEASE
		DUPUYTREN’S DISEASE
		COMPLEX REGIONAL PAIN SYNDROME
		FOCAL DYSTONIA
		REFERENCES
		INTRODUCTION
		EXAMINATION
		ANATOMY
	Foot Disorders
		DIAGNOSTIC TESTING
		BIOMECHANICS
		MECHANICAL DYSFUNCTION
		FRACTURES
		LISFRANC’S JOINT INJURIES
		FOOT PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH DIABETES
		DIABETIC FOOT ULCERS
		REFERENCES
		DEFINITION
	The Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis
		EPIDEMIOLOGY
		ETIOLOGY AND RISK FACTORS
		PATHOGENESIS
		CLINICAL EVALUATION FOR OSTEOPOROSIS
		PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES FOR PATIENTS AT RISK
		PHARMACOLOGIC AGENTS
		REHABILITATION MANAGEMENT POST-FRACTURE
		FEMALE ATHLETE TRIAD
		ELECTRONIC MEDICAL RECORD SYSTEMS COORDINATION
		SUMMARY
		REFERENCES
		ARTHRITIC DISEASES
	Rehabilitation of the Patient with Rheumatic Diseases
		PATIENT EVALUATION
		TREATMENT
		REHABILITATION INTERVENTIONS
		REFERENCES
		EPIDEMIOLOGY OF HEART DISEASE
	Cardiac Rehabilitation
		REVIEW OF INDIVIDUAL RISK FACTORS
		AN OVERVIEW OF CARDIAC REHABILITATION
		PRIMARY PREVENTION
		REVIEW OF CORONARY ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
		AEROBIC CAPACITY
		AEROBIC TRAINING
		ABNORMAL PHYSIOLOGY
		CARDIAC REHABILITATION
		CARDIAC REHABILITATION OF THE POST-MI PATIENT
		CARDIAC REHABILITATION PROGRAMS IN SPECIAL CONDITIONS
		REFERENCES
		REHABILITATION OF PATIENTS WITH OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE
	Rehabilitation of the Patient with Respiratory Dysfunction
		PHYSICAL MEDICINE AND HABILITATION OF PATIENTS WITH PARALYTIC AND NEUROMUSCULAR IMPAIRMENTS
		REFERENCES
		INTRODUCTION
		EPIDEMIOLOGY
		PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
	Burn Rehabilitation
		ACUTE MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
		REHABILITATION
		SURGICAL RECONSTRUCTION
		COMPLICATIONS
		NEUROLOGIC INJURIES
		BONE AND JOINT CHANGES
		PAIN COMPLICATIONS
		SKIN COMPLICATIONS
		METABOLIC COMPLICATIONS
		PSYCHOSOCIAL ISSUES
		SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS
		FACIAL BURNS
		CONCLUSION
		REFERENCES
		GENERAL ASPECTS OF REHABILITATION FOR CANCER PATIENTS
		CANCER REHABILITATION SERVICE DELIVERY
	Rehabilitation for Patients with Cancer Diagnoses
		CANCER-RELATED PAIN
		BONY METASTATIC DISEASE
		CANCER-RELATED FATIGUE (CRF)
		EXERCISE FOR THE CANCER PATIENT
		NEUROLOGIC COMPLICATIONS OF CANCER
		RADIATION-INDUCED TISSUE DAMAGE
		LYMPHEDEMA
		IMPACT OF CANCER AND CANCER TREATMENTS ON NUTRITION
		CANCER-RELATED SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION
		RETURN TO WORK AFTER CANCER
		SPECIFIC TUMORS AND THEIR REHABILITATION NEEDS
		CONCLUSION
		REFERENCES
		VASCULAR DIAGNOSTIC TESTING
	Vascular Diseases
		ARTERIAL DISEASES
		VENOUS DISEASE
		LYMPHATIC DISEASE
		CONCLUSION
		REFERENCES
		INTRODUCTION
		ISSUES RELATED TO TRANSPLANTATION
	Transplantation Medicine: A Rehabilitation Perspective
		INFECTION
		REJECTION
		MALIGNANCY
		SOLID ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION
		REHABILITATION ISSUES
		QUALITY OF LIFE ISSUES
		NOVEL CONCEPTS
		CONCLUSION
		REFERENCES
		INTRODUCTION
		HIV-RELATED DISABILITY
		NATURAL HISTORY OF HIV
	Rehabilitation of the Individual with HIV
		CLINICAL EVALUATION OF HIV
		TREATMENT STRATEGIES IN AIDS
		COMMON CAUSES OF DEBILITY
		PEDIATRIC HIV
		PSYCHOSOCIAL AND VOCATIONAL ISSUES
		THE FUTURE OF HIV REHABILITATION
		REFERENCES
Secondary Conditions and Complications
	Physical Inactivity: Physiological and Functional Impairments and Their Treatment
		MUSCULOSKELETAL EFFECTS OF IMMOBILITY AND INACTIVITY
		INACTIVITY OF SKELETAL MUSCLE
		JOINT CONTRACTURE
		DISUSE OSTEOPOROSIS
		EFFECTS OF INACTIVITY ON CARDIOPULMONARY FUNCTIONS
		GENITOURINARY AND GASTROINTESTINAL SIDE EFFECTS
		METABOLISM AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEM ALTERATIONS
		IMMUNE SYSTEM ALTERATION
		THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND IMMOBILITY
		CONCLUSION
		REFERENCES
	Treatment of the Patient with Chronic Pain
		EPIDEMIOLOGY
		ETIOLOGY
		SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS IN CHRONIC PAIN
		COMPLICATIONS OF CHRONIC PAIN
		ANATOMY OF PAIN
		DIAGNOSTIC AND CLINICAL EVALUATION
		DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES
		CLINICAL MANAGEMENT
		COMMON PAIN SYNDROMES: DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT
		CONCLUSIONS
		REFERENCES
	Spasticity and Muscle Overactivity as Components of the Upper Motor Neuron Syndrome
		EPIDEMIOLOGY OF SPASTICITY
		NORMAL MOTOR FUNCTION AND CONTROL
		PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF SPASTICITY
		MANAGEMENT OF SPASTICITY AND THE UMNS
		CONCLUSION
		REFERENCES
	Neurogenic Bladder and Bowel
		ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE UPPER AND LOWER URINARY TRACTS
		STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE MALE AND FEMALE CONTINENCE MECHANISM
		NEUROANATOMY OF THE LOWER URINARY TRACT
		CLASSIFICATION OF VOIDING DYSFUNCTION
		VOIDING DYSFUNCTIONS FOUND IN COMMON NEUROLOGIC DISORDERS
		COMPREHENSIVE EVALUATION OF VOIDING DYSFUNCTION
		UROLOGIC ASSESSMENT OF THE UPPER AND LOWER URINARY TRACT
		MANAGEMENT OF VOIDING DYSFUNCTIONS
		COMPLICATIONS OF VOIDING DYSFUNCTIONS
		THE GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM
		EXTRINSIC OR EXTRAINTESTINAL NEURAL REGULATION
		INTRALUMINAL CONTENT
		INTRINSIC OR ENTERIC NEURAL REGULATION
		GASTROINTESTINAL HORMONES
		RECTODYNAMICS
		CLINICAL EVALUATION
		BOWEL EVACUATION MECHANICS
		MANAGEMENT OF THE NEUROGENIC BOWEL
		APPENDIX:SUMMARY OF NEUROGENIC BOWEL MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS
		ASSESSMENT OF THE NEUROGENIC BOWEL
		REFERENCES
	Pressure Ulcers
		SCOPE OF THE PROBLEM
		WOUND HEALING
		ANATOMY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: NORMAL SKIN
		SITES OF PRESSURE ULCERS
		PRESSURE ULCER PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
		RISK FACTOR MEASUREMENT
		ASSESSMENT
		PRINCIPLES OF TREATMENT
		WOUND CARE
		GENERAL DRESSING GUIDELINES
		PROVISION OF APPROPRIATE SEATING SYSTEMS AND MATTRESSES
		SPECIALIZED CLINICS
		SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF PRESSURE ULCERS
		NEW CONCEPTS IN PRESSURE ULCER CARE
		SUMMARY
		REFERENCES
Special Populations
	Sports Medicine
		TEAM APPROACH TO THE INJURED ATHLETE
		BASIC TISSUE PHYSIOLOGY
		BASIC PRINCIPLES OF NONOPERATIVE FUNCTIONAL REHABILITATION
		CARDIOVASCULAR ISSUES IN SPORTS
		CONCUSSION IN SPORTS
		CERVICAL SPINE INJURIES IN SPORTS
		SHOULDER
		ELBOW
		WRIST AND HAND INJURIES IN SPORTS
		DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS FOR LOW BACK PAIN IN ATHLETES
		COMMON LOWER EXTREMITY INJURIES IN SPORTS
		CONCLUSION
		REFERENCES
		TRANSITIONING FROM REHABILITATION TO COMMUNITY-BASED PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
	Physical Activity for People with Disabilities
		RESOURCES IN PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND DISABILITY FOR REHABILITATION PROFESSIONALS
		CONCLUSION
		ACKNOWLEDGMENT
		REFERENCES
	Performing Arts Medicine
		INTRODUCTION
		DANCE MEDICINE
		MUSCULOSKELETAL PROBLEMS IN THE MUSICIAN
		CONCLUSION
		ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
		REFERENCES
	Children with Disabilities
		THE PEDIATRIC PATIENT: DIFFERENCES TO CONSIDER
		COMMON CONCERNS IN TREATING DISABLED CHILDREN
		EVALUATION OF THE CHILD WITH A DISABILITY
		SPECIFIC CLINICAL CONDITIONS
		DISEASE OF OLDER CHILDREN
		CONGENITAL BRACHIAL PLEXUS PALSIES
		CHILDHOOD TORTICOLLIS
		SPINAL CORD DYSFUNCTION
		REFERENCES
	Adults with Childhood-Onset Disabling Conditions
		INTRODUCTION
		SPINAL CORD INJURY
		CEREBRAL PALSY
		SPINA BIFIDA
		NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASE
		OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFECTA
		ACHONDROPLASIA
		CONCLUSION
		REFERENCES
	Empowering Women with Disabilities to be Self-Determining in their Health Care
		INTRODUCTION
		BARRIERS TO HEALTH CARE
		DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS
		HEALTH DISPARITIES
		REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH CARE
		REPRODUCTIVE AND HEALTH ISSUES FOR ADOLESCENT GIRLS AND YOUNG ADULTS
		REPRODUCTIVE AND HEALTH ISSUES FOR WOMEN OF CHILDBEARING AGE
		MOTHERING WITH A DISABILITY
		MENOPAUSE AND AGING WITH A DISABILITY
		DEPRESSION
		VIOLENCE AND ABUSE
		CONCLUSION
		ACKNOWLEDGMENT
		REFERENCES
	Aging and Rehabilitation
		AGING—EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY
		IMPACT OF THE ENVIRONMENT ON THE HEALTH OF OLDER ADULTS
		PRINCIPLES OF ASSESSMENT AND REHABILITATIVE MANAGEMENT OF OLDER ADULTS WITH DISABILITY
		REHABILITATION APPROACHES TO COMORBIDITY AND GERIATRIC SYNDROMES
		REHABILITATION INTERVENTIONS FOR COMMON DISABLING CONDITIONS IN OLDER ADULTS
		GERIATRIC REHABILITATION PERSPECTIVES
		REFERENCES
	Primary Care for Persons with Disability
		PRIMARY CARE ISSUES IN GRADUATE MEDICAL EDUCATION
		DEFINITIONS OF PRIMARY CARE
		GENERALIST VERSUS SPECIALIST
		MEETING THE POSTREHABILITATION HEALTH CARE NEEDS OF PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES
		SIX CHARACTERIZATIONS
		IMPACT ON HEALTH CARE UTILIZATION AND EXPENDITURES
		ACCESS TO PRIMARY CARE
		MULTIDIMENSIONAL CHARACTER OF THE ISSUES
		PHYSICAL MEDICINE AND REHABILITATION AS A PRIMARY CARE SPECIALTY
		HEALTH PROMOTION IN PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES
		SPECIFIC GENERAL HEALTH–PROMOTING ACTIVITIES
		PRIMARY MEDICAL CARE IN THE GENERAL POPULATION
		CONCLUSION
		REFERENCES
Management Methods
	Therapeutic Exercise
		METABOLIC FUNDAMENTALS
		MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY
		ACUTE PHYSIOLOGIC RESPONSES TO EXERCISE
		HEALTH BENEFITS DERIVED FROM A REGULAR PROGRAM OF EXERCISE
		AEROBIC EXERCISE
		STRENGTHENING EXERCISE
		FLEXIBILITY
		PROPRIOCEPTION
		THE EXERCISE PRESCRIPTION
		EXERCISE PRESCRIPTION IN SPECIAL POPULATIONS
		REFERENCES
	Aquatic Rehabilitation
		INTRODUCTION AND BRIEF HISTORY
		THE PHYSICS OF WATER AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO AQUATIC REHABILITATION
		BIOLOGIC ASPECTS OF AQUATIC REHABILITATION
		REHABILITATIVE APPLICATIONS
		TECHNICAL ISSUES
		SUMMARY
		REFERENCES
	Therapeutic Physical Agents
		HEAT AND COLD
		ULTRAVIOLET
		ELECTROTHERAPY
		MODALITY CHOICE AND PRESCRIPTION
		REFERENCES
	Manipulation, Massage, and Traction
		MANIPULATION
		MASSAGE
		TRACTION
		REFERENCES
	The Pharmacology of Analgesic Agents
		NONNARCOTIC ANALGESIC AGENTS
		NARCOTIC ANALGESIC AGENTS
		REFERENCES
	Injection Procedures
		Pharmacotherapy of Disability
			ANALGESICS
			ANALGESIC MEDICATIONS
			LOCAL ANESTHETICS—INJECTABLE ANESTHETICS
			MUSCLE RELAXANTS
			LOCAL ANESTHETICS—TOPICAL ANESTHETICS
			LET
			N-METHYL-
			ASPARTATE-RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS
			NONSTEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS
			CYCLOOXYGENASE-II INHIBITORS
			OPIOID ANALGESICS
			OTHER ADJUVANT ANALGESICS
			INDIVIDUAL AGENTS
			MIXED AGONISTS-ANTAGONISTS
			TD AND TOPICAL ANALGESIC MEDICATIONS
			ANTICOAGULANTS
			ANTITHROMBOTICS
			ANTIHYPERLIPIDEMIC MEDICATIONS
			CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICATIONS
			ANTIARRHYTHMIC MEDICATIONS
			GI MEDICATIONS
			HYPNOTICS
			HYPOGLYCEMICS
			RESPIRATORY MEDICATIONS
			TBI MEDICATIONS
			REFERENCES
		HISTORICAL
		GENERAL
		MEDICATIONS
		SIDE EFFECTS AND COMPLICATIONS
		COMMON NERVE BLOCK TECHNIQUES
		SPECIFIC NERVE BLOCKS
		NERVE BLOCKS AT THE KNEE
		NERVE BLOCKS AT THE ANKLE
		COMMON MUSCLE INJECTION TECHNIQUES
		SPECIFIC TRIGGER POINT INJECTIONS
		COMMON JOINT INJECTION TECHNIQUES
		INJECTION OF SPECIFIC SKELETAL STRUCTURES
		CONCLUSION
		REFERENCES
		SUGGESTED READINGS
	Spinal Injection Procedures
		EPIDURAL STEROID INJECTION
		INTERLAMINAR EPIDURAL INJECTION
		TRANSFORAMINAL EPIDURAL INJECTION
		CAUDAL LUMBAR EPIDURAL INJECTIONS
		TIMING, FREQUENCY, DOSE, AND VOLUME OF EPIDURAL INJECTIONS
		FLUOROSCOPIC GUIDANCE AND CONTRAST
		SELECTIVE NERVE ROOT BLOCK
		CONCLUSIONS
		ZYGAPOPHYSEAL JOINT INJECTION AND RADIOFREQUENCY MEDIAL BRANCH NEUROTOMY
		CONCLUSIONS
		SACROILIAC JOINT INJECTION
		CONCLUSIONS
		DISCOGRAPHY (DIAGNOSTIC DISC INJECTION)
		SUMMARY
		COCCYX INJECTIONS
		CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS
		REFERENCES
	Palliative Care Symptom Management
		INTRODUCTION
		SYMPTOM ASSESSMENT
		PAIN
		FATIGUE
		NAUSEA AND VOMITING
		ANOREXIA AND CACHEXIA
		DYSPNEA
		HICCUPS AND COUGH
		HYDRATION AND NUTRITION
		EXERCISE AS PALLIATION
		CONCLUSION
		REFERENCES
	Evolution of Biofeedback in Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
		TRADITIONAL BIOFEEDBACK IN REHABILITATION
		RECENT TASK-ORIENTED BIOFEEDBACK APPLICATION IN REHABILITATION
		REFERENCES
		SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
		ACKNOWLEDGMENT
	Therapeutic Electrical Stimulation in Neurorehabilitation
		INTRODUCTION
		HISTORY
		TENS FOR PAIN
		NMES FOR MOTOR RELEARNING
		SPASTICITY
		BONE DENSITY
		FATIGUE, MUSCLE ATROPHY, AND STRENGTHENING
		TISSUE OXYGENATION AND WOUND HEALING
		CARDIOVASCULAR AND PERIPHERAL HEMODYNAMIC EFFECTS
		DEEP VENOUS THROMBOSIS PROPHYLAXIS
		POSTSTROKE SHOULDER PAIN AND SUBLUXATION
		SPINAL CORD STIMULATION
		DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION
		CORTICAL ELECTRICAL STIMULATION
		CONCLUSION
		ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
		REFERENCES
	Functional Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation
		INTRODUCTION
		PRINCIPLES OF NMES
		CLINICAL APPLICATIONS OF NMES
		ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
		CONCLUSIONS
		REFERENCES
		HISTORICAL BACKGROUND AND PERSPECTIVE ON ASSISTIVE TECHNOLOGY
	Assistive Technology
		AT AND ABANDONMENT
		HUMAN FACTORS AND AT
		AT AND THE INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF FUNCTIONING, DISABILITY, AND HEALTH
		AT FOR MOBILITY IMPAIRMENTS
		AT FOR COMMUNICATION DISORDERS
		AT FOR VISUAL IMPAIRMENTS, INCLUDING BLINDNESS
		AT FOR LEARNING AND COGNITION
		AT FOR HEARING
		AT FOR ERGONOMICS AND PREVENTION OF SECONDARY INJURIES
		ELECTRONIC AIDS TO DAILY LIVING
		TEAMING AND AT
		ASSESSMENT USING A TEAM APPROACH
		FUNDING AT
		MEASURING OUTCOMES IN AT
		THE FUTURE OF ASSISTIVE TECHNOLOGIES
		ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
		REFERENCES
	Upper and Lower Extremity Prosthetics
		INCIDENCE AND ETIOLOGY
		LE AMPUTATION
		UE AMPUTATION
		SPECIAL ISSUES IN THE CARE OF INDIVIDUALS WITH AN AMPUTATION
		PROSTHETIC PRESCRIPTION EXAMPLE CASES
		IN MEMORY OF ANDREW J . GITTER, MD (1957 TO 2003)
		INTERNET RESOURCES
		REFERENCES
	Upper Limb Orthotics
		DEFINITIONS AND NOMENCLATURE
		UPPER LIMB ORTHOTIC GOALS
		BIOMECHANICAL PRINCIPLES
		ANATOMICAL PRINCIPLES
		COMMON UPPER LIMB ORTHOTIC DESIGNS
		SUGGESTED READINGS
		EMERGING TECHNOLOGY
		ROLE AND USE OF ORTHOTICS
		TERMINOLOGY
		MATERIALS
	Lower Extremity Orthotics, Shoes, and Gait Aids
		THE SHOE
		GAIT AIDS
		SUMMARY
		REFERENCES
	Spinal Orthotics
		MECHANISM OF ACTION
		CERVICAL ORTHOSES (COs)
		THORACOLUMBOSACRAL ORTHOSES
		LUMBOSACRAL ORTHOSES
		CLINICAL USES FOR SPINAL ORTHOTICS
		SACROILIAC ORTHOSES
		REFERENCES
	Wheelchairs
		PRESCRIPTION PROCESS
		MANUAL WHEELCHAIRS
		COMPONENTS
		POWER WHEELCHAIRS
		SEATING AND POSITIONING
		PEDIATRICS
		STANDARDS AND DURABILITY
		SECONDARY INJURY/ACCIDENTS
		FUNDING/INSURANCE
		SUMMARY
		FUTURE
		REFERENCES
	Complementary and Alternative Medicine
		WHOLE MEDICAL SYSTEMS
		MIND-BODY INTERVENTIONS
		BIOLOGICAL THERAPIES
		MANIPULATIVE AND BODY-BASED THERAPIES
		ENERGY THERAPIES
		SPECIAL TOPICS: SPORTS MEDICINE, FUNCTIONAL MEDICINE, CAM IN THE INPATIENT SETTING
		CONCLUSIONS
		REFERENCES
Scientific Advances
	Evidence-Based Practice in Rehabilitation (Including Clinical Trials)
		INTRODUCTION
		CONCLUSIONS
		ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
		REFERENCES
	Neural Repair and Plasticity
		STROKE
		MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
		SPINAL CORD INJURY
		TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY
		SUMMARY
		ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
		REFERENCES
	Regenerative Medicine: Implications in Rehabilitation
		INTRODUCTION
		CONCLUSIONS
		REFERENCES
	Rehabilitation Robotics
		INTRODUCTION
		THE PROBLEM
		DIFFERENT ROBOTS: WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES?
		CLINICAL RESULTS
		DISCUSSION
		ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
		REFERENCES