Deflagration and Detonation Flame Arresters

Front Matter......Page 1
Acknowledgments......Page 5
Acronyms and Abbreviations......Page 7
Preface......Page 3
Appendices......Page 0
Table of Contents......Page 9
1.2 Why This Book Was Written......Page 15
1.3 What Is Covered in This Book......Page 16
1.5 Units of Measure......Page 17
2.1 Historical Development of Flame Arresters......Page 18
2.2.1 Successful Applications......Page 20
2.2.2 Unsuccessful Applications......Page 21
2.3.1 United States......Page 23
2.3.3 United Kingdom......Page 24
2.3.4 Europe and International......Page 25
2.5 References......Page 26
3.2 Deflagration and Detonation Flame Arresters......Page 29
3.3 Deflagration Venting......Page 40
3.4 Oxidant Concentration Reduction......Page 42
3.5 Combustible Concentration Reduction......Page 47
3.6 Deflagration Suppression......Page 48
3.8 Equipment and Piping Isolation......Page 52
3.9 References......Page 58
4.1 Introduction to the Chemistry and Physics of Flame Propagation......Page 62
4.1.1 Combustion Chemistry and Thermodynamics......Page 63
4.1.2 Flammability Characteristics......Page 67
4.1.3 Decomposition Flames......Page 70
4.2.1 Burning Velocity and Flame Speed......Page 71
4.2.2 Flame Acceleration and Deflagration-to-Detonation Transition (DDT)......Page 75
4.2.3 Detonations......Page 77
4.3 Ignition and Quenching......Page 82
4.5 References......Page 84
5.1 Where Flame Arresters May Be Needed......Page 87
5.2.2 Crimped Metal Ribbon......Page 88
5.2.3 Parallel Plate......Page 91
5.2.4 Expanded Metal Cartridge......Page 92
5.2.5 Perforated Plate......Page 93
5.2.6 Wire Gauze......Page 94
5.2.8 Ceramic Balls......Page 95
5.2.9 Metal Shot......Page 96
5.2.10 Hydraulic (Liquid Seal) Flame Arrester......Page 97
5.2.11 Packed Bed Flame Arrester......Page 105
5.2.12 Velocity Flame Stopper......Page 106
5.2.13 High Velocity Vent Valve......Page 107
5.3.1 Classification According to NEC Groups and MESGs......Page 108
5.3.2 Reactions and Combustion Dynamics of Fast-Burning Gases......Page 114
5.3.4 Quenching Diameter, Quenching Length, and Flame Velocity......Page 115
5.3.5 Burnback Resistance......Page 123
5.3.6 Pressure Drop Limitations......Page 124
5.3.7 Fouling and Plugging Potential and Protection......Page 125
5.3.9 Material Selection Requirements......Page 126
5.3.11 System Constraints......Page 127
5.3.12 Mixture Composition......Page 128
5.3.13 Operating Temperature and Pressure......Page 129
5.3.14 Ignition Location......Page 130
5.3.15 Changes in Pipe Diameter......Page 134
5.3.16 Location and Orientation......Page 135
5.3.17 Reliability......Page 136
5.3.18 Monitoring and Instrumentation......Page 137
5.4 Special Applications......Page 138
5.4.1 Hydrogen......Page 139
5.4.2 Acetylene......Page 140
5.5 Information That Should Be Provided to Manufacturers......Page 141
5.6 References......Page 142
6.1 Design Considerations with Respect to Other System Components......Page 149
6.2 Piping and Flame Arrester System Design Considerations......Page 150
6.4 Optimum Location in System......Page 152
6.5 Supports for Static and Dynamic Forces......Page 153
6.6 References......Page 156
7.2 Mechanical Integrity Issues......Page 157
7.2.1 Inspection......Page 158
7.2.2 Current Maintenance Practices......Page 159
7.4 On-Stream Isolation and Switching of Parallel Spares......Page 160
7.6 References......Page 161
8.1.1 United States......Page 162
8.1.2 Canada......Page 167
8.1.3 United Kingdom......Page 168
8.1.4 Europe and International......Page 169
8.2 Comparison of Various Flame Arrester Standards and Codes......Page 171
8.4 References......Page 174
9.2 Example 1 - Protective Measures for a Vent Manifold System......Page 176
9.3 Example 2 - Sizing of an End-of-Line Deflagration Flame Arrester......Page 178
9.5 Example 4 - Calculation of the LFL and UFL of Mixtures......Page 181
9.6 Example 5 - Calculation of the MESG of Mixtures......Page 182
9.8 Typical Locations in Process Systems......Page 184
9.9 List of Steps in the Selection of a DDA or Other Flame Propagation Control Method......Page 185
9.10 References......Page 186
10.1 Status of DDA Technology......Page 187
10.2 Recommended Practices......Page 189
10.4 Future Technology Development......Page 190
10.5 References......Page 192
Appendix A: Flame Arrester Specification Sheet for Manufacturer Quotation......Page 193
Appendix B: List of Flame Arrester Manufacturers......Page 195
Appendix C: UL and FM Listings and Approvals......Page 199
Appendix D: Suggested Additional Reading......Page 201
B......Page 205
C......Page 206
D......Page 207
E......Page 208
F......Page 209
G......Page 210
I......Page 211
O......Page 212
P......Page 213
S......Page 214
V......Page 215
C......Page 216
D......Page 217
F......Page 218
H......Page 222
I......Page 223
M......Page 224
O......Page 225
R......Page 226
T......Page 227
Z......Page 228