Deepwater drilling : well planning, design, engineering, operations, and technology application

Cover
DEEPWATER
DRILLING
Well Planning, Design,
Engineering, Operations, and
Technology Application
Copyright
Foreword
Author’s Preface
Part I: Deepwater General
1
Mission, Mission Statement
	Mission
	A Guide to Deepwater Drilling
		General Introduction
		Economic Factors of Deepwater Exploration
		The Purpose of Drilling in Deepwater
		Deepwater Drilling Goals and Objectives
		A Guide to Deepwater Drilling Projects
		Deepwater Drilling Defined
			Deepwater Definition
			Ultradeepwater Definition
	Deepwater Drilling and Operating Environments
		General Introduction
		Brazil Presalt Petroleum Systems
			Brazilian Postsalt Petroleum System
			Deepwater West Africa
				West African Geology
		Deepwater Salt Challenges
	References
2
Deepwater Geology & Geoscience
	Deepwater Geology & Geoscience
		General Introduction
		Deepwater Seismic Interpretation
			Marine Seismic Surveys
			Why 3D–4D?
			Site-Specific Surveys
				Seismic Survey Data Modeling
		Shallow Seismic Systems and Methods for Deepwater
			Traditional Site Survey
			2D High-Resolution Seismic Survey
			Analogue Survey
			Digital Site Survey
			ROV Survey
			3D Deep Seismic
			3D High-Resolution Seismic
			Shallow Hazard Assessment Rules of Thumb & Checklist
			Soil Sampling
		Shallow Hazard and Risk Assessment Guidelines
		Addressing Deepwater Geohazards
			Shallow Flow
			Classifying Shallow Flow
			Hydrate Detection Using Seismic Data
				Base of Gas Hydrate Stability
	Deepwater Geology Principles
		Essential Principles
		How Deepwater Sediments Are Formed
		Deepwater Sedimentary Environments
			General
			Tectonic Content
			Climate
			Depositional Processes
			Deepwater Sedimentary Transportation Agents
				General
				Sedimentary Gravity Flow, Slides and Slumping, and Slope Failure
				Summary of Deepwater Sedimentary Transportation Agents
				Debrite Flow
				Turbidity Currents
					Turbidity Flow
					High-Density Turbidity
					Low-Density Turbidity
			Significance of Turbidity Current and Systems in Oil and Gas
			Resulting Deepwater Sedimentary Environment
	Deepwater Geological Characteristics/Environments
		General Sedimentary Formation Characteristics
			Composition of Offshore Marine Sediments
			Deepwater Mineral Descriptions of Importance
				Conglomerates
				Claystone
				Mudstone
				Siltstone
				Sandstone
				Shale
				Carbonates
				Limestone
				Summary: Deepwater Sediments and Drilling Environments
			Influencing Characteristic of Drilling Deepwater Sediments
				Porosity and Permeability
		Rock Mechanics, Formation “In Situ Stress”
			Rock Mechanics, General
			In Situ (Far-Field) Stress Overview Before Drilling
				Overburden Stress
				Minimum and Maximum Horizontal Stress
				Effective Stress
				Effective Horizontal Stress
			In Situ Stresses After Drilling
				Hoop Stress
					Key Points to Hoop Stress
				Axial Stress
				Radial Stress
			Rock Mechanics and In Situ Stress Key Points
				Wellbore Inclination and Direction
				High Bottom-Hole Temperature Wells
			Rock Mechanics Summary
				Wellbore Stability Failures
		Features of Drilling Deepwater “Shallow” Sediments
			General
				Formation and Filtrate Invasion
			Invasion
			The Importance of Filter Cake
			Elastic Limit and Formation Strength
				Soft Sticky Clays
				Boulders/Cobble Beds
				Unconsolidated Formations (Sands)
				Stringers
		Deepwater Reservoir & Source Rocks
			More Deepwater Oil
			Reservoir Sedimentology
				Reservoir-Making Processes
				Reservoir Trapping
				Reservoir Geometry
				Reservoir Conclusions
			Origins of Source Rocks
			Source Rock Maturity
			Primary Migration
	Reference Standards
	References
3
Deepwater Pressure Management
	Pressure Management
	Pressure Management Studies and Objectives
	Review of Pressure Drilling and Geological Analogues
	Deepwater Studies
	Study Objectives
	Database, Analogue Reviews
		Direct Measurement
		Indirect Measurement
	Pressure Regime Essentials
	Normal Pore Pressure
	Primary Cause of Normal Pressure
	Abnormal and Subnormal Pore Pressure
	What is “Abnormal” Pressure?
	Fracture Pressures and Gradients
	Well Integrity Tests
	Basic Fracture Gradient Theory
	Determining Fracture Pressures
	Fracture Pressure Algorithms
	Main Algorithm in Popular Use
	Pore Pressure-Stress Coupling
	Implications for Drilling
	Drilling Operating Window
	General
	Operating Safety Margins
	Upper Limit
	Lower Limit
	Operating Margins
	Mud Weight (MW) Essentials
	Claystone/Shale, Other Pressure Prediction Methods
		General
		Normal Compaction Behavior
			Normal Compaction Trend Constraints
		Petrophysics Key Analysis Elements
			Log Conditioning
			V-Shale Modeling
		Pore Pressure Prediction Methods
			Eaton Ratio Method
				Resistivity-Based Formula
				Velocity-Based Formula
			Equivalent Depth Method (EDM)
			Bowers Loading Method
			Fluid Retention Depth Analysis
				Fluid Retention Depth Estimation
				Comparison of FRD Analysis With NCT-Derived Clay/Shale Pressures
		Primary Reasons for Abnormal Pressure in Deepwater
			Disequilibrium Compaction
	Other Pressure Mechanisms and Considerations
		Identifying Overpressure Mechanisms
		Uplift
		Centroid or Lateral Transfer Effect
		Hydrocarbon Buoyancy Effect
		Lateral Drainage
			Drilling Risks Associated With Lateral Drainage
	Generalized Basis of Deepwater Pressure Systems
		Fundamentals of Deepwater pressure Systems
		Sedimentation Rate Changes With Water Depth
		Hydraulic Conductivity
		Deepwater Pore Pressure With Water Depth
	Reference Standards
	References
	Further Reading
4
Deepwater Metocean Environments
	Deepwater Metocean Environments
		Metocean Introduction
			Evaluating Metocean Conditions
		Metocean Operating Cause and Effect
			Environmental Forces
		Metocean Hazards
		Managing Deepwater Metocean Environments
			Remote Operating Conditions
			Operating Environments: Probability and Return Period
			Water Depth
			Seabed, Site Surveys
				Site Survey in Deep Water
				Importance of Deepwater Site Surveys
			Visibility
			Wind, Waves, and Tides
				Wind
				Storms
				Cyclones and Hurricanes
			Wind Forecasting
				Vessel Observations
				Hindcast Studies
				Wind Loads
			Waves
				Waves Sources
				Vessel Observations
				Hindcast Studies
			Deepwater Sand Waves
			Solitons
				Solitons, 2017 Research Institute Conclusions
			Tides
				Geographic Effects
			Currents
				Currents—General
				Loop Currents
				High Currents
					High Current Considerations
			Problems Associated With High Currents
			Currents—Vortex Shedding and Vibration
		Environment and Ecosystems
			General
			NDP Environment Project Provision Summary
			Deepwater Environment Project Specific Requirements
		Ice Management
			Iceberg Generation, Management Plan, and Operating Procedures
				Ice-Operating Procedures
	Deepwater, Metocean, Positioning, and Riser management
		Angles and Offsets for Floating Operations
			Vessel Motions
			Response Amplitude Operator
			RAO Calculations
				Summary
		Determining Riser Profile
		Station Keeping
			Station Keeping—Deepwater Moored Vessels
			Station Keeping—Deepwater Dynamic Positioned “DP” Vessels
		Planned and Unplanned Disconnects
			Disconnect Limits and Procedures
				Disconnect Sequence
			Drive-Off and Drift-Off
	Metocean Lost Time analysis
		Why Measure Metocean Lost Time
		Atlantic Margins Case study
		Porcupine Basin and Rockall Trough—Case Studies
		Eastern Canada Harsh Environment—Case study
			Summary and Conclusions
	Referenced Standards
	Reference
	Further Reading
5
Deepwater: Essentials and Differences
	Deepwater Portfolios, Programs, and Projects
		Portfolio
		Deepwater Program
		Deepwater Projects
	Key Business Drivers
	Essentials and Differences—Introduction
		General Introduction
		Deepwater Vessel Utilization and Development
			Deepwater Convention
		Deepwater Geology and Reservoir Characteristics
		Other Essential Deepwater Differences
	Drilling Deepwater Wells
		Deepwater Drilling—Planning
		Rig Readiness and Mobilization
		Foundation, Conductor, and Surface Wellbore Phases
		Drilling Below Surface Casing Strings
		Well Abandonment
	Key and Essential Differences of Deepwater
		Project, Environment, Practice, and Technical Differences
		Project Metrics Time, Cost, and Quality Assurance
			Deepwater Times
			Deepwater Costs
			Quality Control and Assurance (Deepwater Programs/Well Assurance and Integrity)
	Nonconventional Floating Drilling
		Dual Gradient Drilling (DGD)
		Managed Pressure Drilling (MPD)
		Surface BOP Drilling
		Environmental Aspects of Deepwater Drilling
	Vessel Selection and Rig Utilization
		General
		Deepwater Vessel Selection and “Fitness for Purpose”
		Vessel Selection and Intake Process
			Rig Preliminary Selection
			Rig Audit Plan
			Rig Evaluation Criteria
	7th- and 8th-Generation Ultradeepwater Vessels
		Interventions and Seabed Drilling
		Pipe and Tubular Handling
			Huisman Deepwater Towering Ambitions
			Robotics
	Compensation and Tension Systems in Deepwater
		Compensation Systems
		Crown-Mounted Compensation (CMC)
		Drawworks Traveling Block Compensation (DMC)
		Tensioning Systems
			Wireline Tensioner
			Inline Riser Tensioners
			Guideline Tensioner
	Subsea BOP and Associated Operating Equipment
		Subsea BOP Systems
		Deepwater Diverter Systems
		Marine Riser and Surface Mud Gas Handling (MGS) Systems
		Drilling Riser System
			Deepwater Marine Riser Basics
				Riser System Considerations
				Riser Analysis
		Wellhead Systems
			Subsea Wellhead Systems
		Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROV)
	Station Keeping
		DP Capabilities
		Moored Versus DP
			Mooring Options
		Anchor Handling
			Mooring Capabilities in Deepwater for Moored and DP Vessels
			DP System Classification
			Emergency Disconnects
			Loss of Location
	Supply Chain and Logistics
	Reference Standards
	References
Part II: Deepwater Planning Design and Engineering
6
Deepwater Programs, Safety, and Loss Control
	Deepwater Programs and Projects
		Deepwater Current and Future
		Past Learnings and a New Norm
		Human Factors
			Human Factors—General
			Causes and Dirty Dozen of Human Factors
				Causes
				Dirty Dozen of Human Factors
			Human Factor—Prevention
			Intelligence Trap, Emotional Intelligence, and the Big Crew Change
				The Intelligence Trap
				Emotional Intelligence
				The Big Crew Change
		Triangle of Success
		Managing Successful Programs
			Principles
			Governance Themes
			Transformational Flow Processes
		Deepwater Program and Project Management Essentials
			Project Management Essentials
			Deepwater Strategic Planning
				Successful Strategic Planning
			Deepwater Project Development
			Communication
			Resources
			People
			Standards
				Report Conclusions
				Deepwater Standards
			Risk Management
			Change Management
			Cost Control
		Benchmarking
	Deepwater—Safety and Loss Control
		Deepwater Safety
			Safety—The Control of Loss
			Human Factors View of Deepwater Accident Causation
			The Human Contribution to Deepwater Accidents
			Investigating the Causes of All Accidents (Incidents)
		How to Reduce Deepwater (Accident (Incident)) Loss
			Loss Control—Defined
			The ISMEC Process
			Why Adopt a Loss Control Approach?
		How to Implement a Loss Control Program
			Implementing a Loss Control Program
				What Loss Control Improvement Is Not
				Why Is Loss Control Important to Deepwater Programs?
				When Should Loss Control Be Started?
			How to Use Loss Control at Work?
				Where Do Loss Control Opportunities and Ideas Come From?
				Whose Responsibility Is It?
				How Does a Company Organize for Loss Control Implementation?
		How to Investigate and Learn Things That Go Wrong (LCA)
			How to Learn From Things That Go Wrong?
			Learning From Evidence?
				Adopting a Vector Approach to Evidence Gathering
			The Order of Fragility
			What to Do When Things Go Wrong?
			Key Takeaways
	Reference Standards
	References
7
Deepwater Well Planning and Design
	Deepwater Well Planning
		General
			Introduction
			Deepwater Well Planning
		Detailed Well Planning—Workflow Process Map
		Deepwater Planning Key Learnings/Case Studies
			Project Planning Learnings
			Case Study Examples
		Offset Well Study and Analysis
		Preplanning
		Project Organization
			Project Organization—General
			Deepwater Organizations
			Organizational Standards
				Organizational Learning
		Project Delivery (Execution)
		Project Controls
		Post Well Review
	Deepwater Well Design—Essentials
		Deepwater Well Design—Introduction
			Essential Design Differences
		Deepwater Wells and Design Categories
			Deepwater Well Design Methodology
				Deepwater String Classification and Type
			Purpose of Design and Casing Application
				Structural String Design ( Chapter 8)
				Main Well Casing Design ( Chapter 9)
		Deepwater Well Design and Integrity
			Well Design and Integrity Considerations
		Preliminary and Detailed Design
			Deepwater Well Design and Construction Objectives
	Referenced Standards
	Specific References
8
Deepwater Structural Design
	Deepwater Structural String Design
		Introduction
			Function
			Design Method
			Structural Design Verification
			Structural Design Analysis
		Structural Design Capacity
			Axial Loads
			Bending Loads
			Lateral
			Marine Riser Bending Loads
			Wellhead, BOP Stick Up, and Inclination
				Stick Up
				Wellhead and Subsea Inclination
			Soil Strengths Below the Seafloor
				Modeling Soil Resistance to Lateral Loads and Bending
			Load-Bearing Capacity of Clay
		Installation Methods—Design Impact
			Installation Methods
			Wellhead and Axial Structural String Evaluation
	Structural Design Criteria
		Bending Stress
		Axial Stress
		Engineering Line Properties of Line Pipe
			Burst
			Collapse
			Tension (+)/Compression (−)
			Foundation/Conductor Lengths
			Surface Casing Setting Depths
			Load-Bearing Capacity
			Bending Load Rating
		Conductor Analysis Methods
			General
			Axial Capacity for Jetted Conductor Systems
				Immediate Axial Capacity (Qo)
				Time-Dependent Capacity (Qt)
				Factor of Safety
			Worked Examples
				Worked Example 2: Effect of Set Up Time
			Axial Capacity for Drilled and Grouted (Cemented) Systems
				Method
				Drilled and Grouted Surface Casing Axial Capacity Computations
				Factor of Safety
			Loading Stages
				Loading Stage 1: Surface Casing Hang-Off (Jetted Configuration)
				Loading Stage 2: BOP Landed (Jetted Configuration)
				Loading Stage 3: BOP and Capping Stack
			Deepwater Wellheads
			Liner Hanger Subs
			Connectors
			Conductor Section
				Sizing of Foundation and Conductor Line Pipe
				Sizing of Conductor Pipe and Surface Casing
				Jetting Introduction
				Drill-Ahead Tools
				Riserless Drilling
		Structural Design Summary
	Conductor and Conductor Anchor Node “CAN” Behavior
		Synopsis
		Installation Overview
			The Set-Up and Consolidation Effect
		Ultimate Capacity
	Reference Standards
	Reference
	Further Reading
9
Deepwater Well Design
	Well Design—Essentials
		Introduction
		Deepwater Well Design
			General
			Well Design Problems and Complexities
			Deepwater Well Design: Guidelines
			Pressure Management and Design
				Pore Pressure
				Fracture Gradient and Overburden
		Concept to Basis of Design Process
			Outline
	Deepwater Design Methodology
		Design Methods
		Deepwater Loads Theory and Application
			Deepwater Design Strategy
				Preliminary Design
				Detailed Design
			Additional Aspects of Design
			Shoe Depth Preliminary Selection
			Typical Deepwater Casing Program
		Maximum Anticipated Wellhead Pressure “MAWP” Method
			Definitions
			MAWP for Drilling Strings
				MAWP Assumptions
					Fracture Gradient Method Example
			Bottom Hole/Pore Pressure Method
			Subsea MASP
			MAWP Production Strings
				MAWP Assumptions
			MAWP Calculation Methodology
				MAWP Deepwater Calculation Example
		Well Integrity/Pressure Testing
		External Loads
			Collapse Design
			Point Loading
			Burst Design
		Fatigue Analysis Method
		STRESSCHECK Design Methodology
			General
			STRESSCHECK Design Method
			Load Cases, Safety, and Design Factors
				Load Cases and Safety Factors
				Design Factors
			STRESSCHECK Deepwater Worked Example
				Graphs of Burst Load Cases
				Graphs of Collapse Load Cases Expressed as Pressure Profiles
				Graphs of Axial Loads (Fig. 9.25)
		Advanced Deepwater Casing Design
			Salt Loading on Well Casings
				General
				Casing Design Perspectives
				What Makes a Problem Salt?
				Issues in Deepwater Wells
				Salt Mechanics Summary
				Salt Composition in Deepwater GOM
				Salt Loading on Deepwater Casings Conclusions
			Annular Pressure Build Up
				Deepwater Annular Pressures
				Trapped Annulus Pressure
				Design Considerations
				APB Mitigations
	Standards Reference
	Design References
10
Operating: Key Aspects of Deepwater Planning and Project Implementation
	Regulations Project Standards and Guidelines
		Licensing and Legislation
		Safety Cases and Project Risk Management
		Safety Case Requirements (Nonproduction Installation)
		Well Verification Scheme
			Objective and Scope
		Provision of a Well Verification Scheme
			Well Verification Process
			Roles and Responsibilities
			Well Verification—Design Operations
			Well Verification—Well Construction and Operations
			Well Verification, End-of-Operations Reports
			Well Verification Scheme Review
	Hazard, Risk, and Change Management in Deepwater Wells
		Meticulous Hazard and Risk Assessment
		General Guidance for Project Risk Assessment
			Bow-Tie Diagrams
			Hazards, Risk, and Uncertainties
			Relationships With Risk to Safety Management Systems
			Identification of Potential Risk Reduction
			Operating Relationship With Third Parties Employed to Carry Out Hazard and Risk Assessment
			Unscheduled Work
		Management of Change
			Material Change
			Direct effects
			Indirect effects
	Well Programs and Safe Operations Management
		Deepwater Programs
		Consequence Considerations
			Personal Responsibilities
			Program Change
		Interface “Bridging” Documents
			Interface Organization Chart
			Company Roles and Responsibilities
		Interface “Bridging” and Control Documents
		Well Control Bridging Document
		Service Company Interfaces
		Communication
		Monitoring, Reviewing, and Auditing Process
			Monitoring
			Reviewing
			Auditing
	Emergency Response Planning
		Accident /Incident/Loss Reporting
		ERP Organization
			Primacy
		ERP: Communications
			ERP: Notification
			Other ERP Issues to Deal With
		Oil Spill Response Planning
	Specific References
Part III: Deepwater Drilling Operations
11
Readiness to Drill
	Deepwater Operational Planning
		General
			Murphy’s Law
			Is Planning Worth the Trouble?
		Value of Operational Planning
		Drilling Operations Planning Checklist
	Readiness to Drill
		Well-Specific Site Survey
			Management and Control of Site Survey Operations
			Site Survey Assessment
			Management of Site Survey Operations
			Bathymetry Survey
			Geophysical and Geotechnical Site Survey Requirements
			Geotechnical Data for Conductor Analysis
		Equipment and Operations Prior to Mobilization
			Prior to Establishing Location
		Rig Move Plan
		Establishing Well Location
			Rig Move and Arriving on Location
				Surveying Rig on to Location
				Taking the Final Rig and Well Position
			Deepwater Moored (Anchoring) Operations
		Prespud Readiness
			Establish Water Depth
		Health, Safety, and Environmental Information
		Changes to Project Work Program Plans
		Execution of Work Programs
			Operational Procedures
			Permit to Work (PTW) System
			Crewing Manning Levels and Training
			Deepwater Equipment Assurance “Fitness for Purpose”
				Plan and Deepwater Equipment Construction Standards
				Deepwater Modification Control Procedures
				Maintenance
				Materials
			Third-Party Equipment Standards
			Management of Change
			Marine Procedures
			Lost Time Event Reporting and Investigation
			Contingency and Emergency Procedures
			Deepwater Work Programs and Standard Operating Procedures
			Well Plan
			Changes to Work Program
			Execution of Work Program
		Notification of Well Operations Example
		Well Verification Construction Sheets
	Operational Emergency Procedures
		Capping and Relief Well Intervention
		Well Control Assurance Strategy
		Well Control Emergency Response “WCERP” and Blowout Contingency Plan “BCP”
			Blowout Contingency Plan “BCP”
			Capping Versus Relief Well Discussion
				Basis of Design
			No Go Exclusion Zones/Plume Behavior
			Well Control Emergency Scenarios
				Well Release Conditions
				Plume Behavior Importance
			Relief Well Phases
		Well Control Complications/Emergency Response Considerations
		Oil Spill Contingency Plans Generic Outline
			General
			OSCP Structure
	Reference Standards
	Specific References
12
Deepwater “Riserless” Drilling
	Geology, Geoscience, and Pressure Management
		General
		The Riserless Phases
		Riserless “Deepwater” Subsurface Operating Characteristics
		Boundary Limits of Deepwater Riserless Drilling
		Importance of Pressure While Drilling Tools
		Riserless “Clay” and “Sand” Engineering Illustrative Example
			Riserless Drilling Conclusions
		Shallow Pressure Prediction
			Problems Arising From Overpressure
			Accurately Determining Pressures
				Determine If Overpressure Is Present
			Sedimentation Rules of Thumb
			Fracture Gradient Prediction
			2D & 3D Seismic Interpretation
			Seismic Rules of Thumb
	Deepwater “Riserless Drilling”
	Industry Standard and Practices
		General
		Riserless Hazard and Risk Mitigation
			Pump and Dump Case Study 1
				Planning Objectives
				Essentials
			Pump and Dump Case Study 2
			Dual Gradient Drilling
		Riserless Technology Application
		Well Inclination
	Riserless Barriers
	Standard Deepwater Loss
		Deep “Open Water” Loss
		Key Open-Water “Loss” Subject Areas
			Why Is Open Water Loss More Exclusive in Deepwater?
		Wellbore Condition Lost Time
		Waiting Lost Time
		Equipment Lost time
		Case Study: First Deepwater Norway Wells Campaign, 1995–99
	Specific References
13
Deepwater Riserless Best Practice
	Top and Surface Hole Objectives
	Pilot-Hole Objective
	Top and Surface Hole Objective
	Hazards and Risks
	Hazard Operating Strategies
	Avoid Well-Developed Hazards
	Set Casing Above the Hazard
	Tag the Hazard
	Maintain Primary Control Within the Hazard
	Training of Personnel
	Regulations & Vessel Aspects
	Shallow (Water) Flow
	Shallow Flow Operating Methods
	Remedial Shallow Flow Concerns
	Shallow Gas
	Shallow Gas Defined
	Shallow Gas Origins
	Shallow Gas Interpretation
	Shallow Gas Detection
	Case Study Shallow Gas Flow
	Riserless” Stuck Pipe Prevention
	Rig Site “Stuck Pipe” Best-Practice Precautions
	Excessive Drag
	Unavoidable Deepwater Riserless Hazards
	Penetration Test
	Pilot Holes
	Foundation Conductor and Surface Casing Installation
	Jetting the Structural Casing
	Jetting Guidelines
	Problems and Solutions for Jetting
	Drilling and Cementing Structural Casings
	Drilling the Conductor Wellbore
	Drilling Surface Wellbore Sections
	Running 20" Casing and High Pressure Wellhead Housing
	Surface Casings Prerunning Considerations
	Cementing Surface Structural Casing
	Shallow Flow Cementing
	Cement System to Consider
	Rules of Thumb Shallow Flow Cementing
	Reference Standards
	References
14
Deepwater Subsea BOP and Marine Drilling Riser
	Subsea BOP and Marine Drilling Riser
		Deepwater Reliability
		SSBOP and Marine Drilling Riser Maintenance
			SSBOP Pressure Ratings
			SSBOP Elastomers
		SSBOP Control Systems
			Working Pressure
			Closing Times
			Operating Fluid Volumes
			Subsea Accumulator Requirements
		SSBOP Control Systems and Redundancy
			Electrohydraulic System
			Multiplex System
			Acoustic Controls
			SSBOP Pressure and Temperature Gauges
			Cold Weather Considerations
			Cathodic Protection
			SSBOP, Subsalt Considerations
		ROV Intervention
			ROV Stabs
		Subsea BOP and Marine Riser Preparation and Running
			SSBOP and Marine Drilling Riser deployment and retrieval
			SSBOP Stack Preparation
			SSBOP and Marine Drilling Riser running and landing guideline
			Riser Space Out
	Deepwater Marine Drilling Risers
		Marine Drilling Risers
		Deepwater Riser Analysis
			Water Depth
			Riser Tension
			Criteria That Defines Operating Tensions
			Riser Angle Limits
		Riser Operating Limits
			Riser Analysis—Input data
		Connected Riser
			Wellhead Housing
			Riser Design, Size and Specifications
			Burst and Collapse
			Vessel Motions and Moonpool Dimensions
				Performance Drivers
				Operating Limits
				Tensioner Stroke Telescopic Joint Stroke Limits
				SSBOP, Wellhead, and Conductor Limits
				Typical Operating Recommendations
					Recommended Top Tension vs. Mean Vessel Offset
				Top Tensions for Various Mud Weights
		Disconnected Riser
			Case History of “Drift Running”
			Riser Hang-Off
			Emergency Disconnect Sequence (EDS) /Drift-Off Analysis
				Emergency Disconnect Sequence (EDS)
				Drift-Off During Drilling Operations
				Case Study: EDS/Drift Off Analysis
			EDS/Drift-Off Analysis Technique
				Riser Response Analysis
				Importance of Coupled Riser Analysis
				Importance of Vessel Rotation
			Trends in Analysis Results With Water Depth
			Operational and Analytical Options
		Riser Recoil After EDS
			Definition of Process
			Riser Recoil Analysis
			Allowable Limits
			Operational Issues
	Reference Standards
	References
15
Deepwater Intermediate Wellbores and Pressure Detection
	Intermediate Section Objectives
	Operating Hazards
	Intermediate Section Operating Outline
		Offline Preparations
		Predrilling Operational Sequence
			Conduct Well Integrity Test
			General Drilling Guidelines
	Intermediate Section Case Study and Worked Example
		Intermediate Casing and Cementing Guidelines
			Casing Preparations
			Recover Bore Protector
			Casing Running
		Casing Cementing
			Preparations
			Cement Operations
			Install Wear Busing
		Generic Section Reporting Requirements
	Well Integrity and Barrier Requirements
		Preventative Barriers
		Escalation Barriers
			Number and Types of Well Barriers
		Barrier Standard and Assurance
		Barrier Verification
	Pressure Detection Management—Post Riser Sections
		Deepwater Pressure Detection
			Basic Elements for Detecting Overpressure
				Determining and Detecting Hydrostatic Pressure Requirements
				Minimize Pressure Variations Deviations
				Detect Kicks and Losses
				Control Kicks and Losses
				Continued the Loss/Gain Vicious Circle
		Pressure Detection
		Effective Pressure Transition Management
		Drilling Critical Pressure Zones
			Critical Pressure Zones—General
			Drilling Best-Practice Methods
				Best Practice Drilling Methods—Critical Sections
				Backreaming
				Breaking Circulation and Connections
				Tripping In/Out
			Down Hole Pressure Measurement While Drilling (PWD)
			Reasons and Rationale of Pressure Transition Problems
				Insufficient Mud Weights (Underbalance)
				Excessive Mud Weights (Overbalance)
			Best Practices for Managing Pressure Transition Zones
				Determine Equivalent Mud Weight Requirements
				Minimize EMW Variations
				Detect Kicks and Losses
					Deepwater Lost Circulation Problems
				Control Kicks/Losses
				Best Practices
		Casing Setting Depth Criteria
		Casing Pressure Testing
			Casing Pressure Testing—General
				Casing Pressure Test Summary
				Casing Pressure Tests—Example Calculations
	Reference Standards
	References
16
Production Wellbore Drilling and Well Control Assurance
	Drilling Deepwater Production Sections, Well Control Assurance
		Production String and Liners Objectives
		Generic Operating sequence
			Operating Hazards
			Section Predrilling Preparation
			Drilling Guideline (Success Case)
			Success Case Logging Program
		Liner and Cementing
			Liner Preparation
			Run Liner
			Liner Hanger Setting
			Releasing Running Tool
		Cement the Liner
		Production Section 8 ½ ″ Wellbore Worked Example
		Pressure Management in Transition and Reservoir Zones
			Well Barrier Considerations
				Well Barrier Operational Use and Implication
			Lessons Learned From Well Kick Analysis
			Kick Detection/Behavior
				Kick Detection Focus Area
				Kick Behavior
			Flow Check Strategy
				Flow-Check Guidelines
				Pit Discipline
			Finger Printing in Critical Zones
				Finger Printing Prior to Drilling Out to the Casing Shoe
				Finger Printing When Drilling Critical Zones
			Well Control Equipment
			Kicks in Oil-Based Mud
				Solubility of Gas in Oil-Based Mud Compared With Water-Based Mud
	Deepwater Well Control
		Deepwater Well Control—Introduction
		Deepwater Well Control
			Primary Control
			Secondary Control
			Tertiary Well Control
			Principles of all Well Control
				Balanced Well: Equal Pressure
				Overbalanced (Losses)
				Underbalanced (Kicks)
		Well Control Difference in Deepwater
			MASP and MAWP With Water Depth
			Riser Margin
			Choke Line Friction Loss
			Kick Tolerance Sensitivity
		Well Control Assurance Introduction
		Subsea BOP and Associated Well Control Equipment
		Early Kick Detection
			Kick Alertness Guidelines
				Kick Alertness Level 1
				Kick Alertness Level 2
				Kick Alertness Level 3
		Deepwater Training, Coaching, and Understanding
		Shut-In Methods
		Secondary Control; Kill Methods
			Operating Well Kill Methods and Decision Trees
		Gas Expansion in the Marine Riser
			Gas in Riser Removal Guide
			Subsea BOP Clean Out
		Nonshearable Items Across SSBOP
		Choke Line Friction in Deep Water
		Well Integrity Testing
		Gas Migration During Disconnect
		Deepwater Hydrates
		Improving Deepwater Pressure Outcomes
			Conventional Drilling Controls
			Low-Equivalent Mud Weight Fluids
			Wellbore Strengthening
			Nonconventional Drilling Methods
	Reference Standards
	References
A P P E N D I X
1.
Organizational Learning
	Why Become an Organization That Learns?
		Learning Organizational Checklist
	Organization’s Learning Capabilities
A P P E N D I X
2.
Soil Classification and Testing
	Deepwater Soil Classification and Testing
		Deepwater — General
		Shallow Penetration Geological Surveys and Site Investigations
	Definition of Terms Used to Describe Samples
		Fine-Grained Soils
		Coarse Grained Soils
	Clay Further Classification
	Rock Strength
	Geotechnical Boreholes
		Other In Situ Testing Devices
	Developing a Geotechnical Site Model
	Reference Standards
	Bibliography
Index
	A
	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
	G
	H
	I
	J
	K
	L
	M
	N
	O
	P
	Q
	R
	S
	T
	U
	V
	W
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