Deep Eutectic Solvents: Properties, Applications and Toxicity

Cover
Title page
Copyright
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1
A Mini-Review of Deep Eutectic Solvents
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Physicochemical Properties of the Deep Eutectic Solvent, DES
		Phase Behaviour
		Viscosity
		Density
		Surface Tension
		Ionic Conductivity
		Hydrogen Bonding
		pH
	Selected Applications of Deep Eutectic Solvents
		DESs in Organic Chemistry
		DESs in Electrodeposition
		Gas Adsorption in DESs
		DES in Desulfurization Mechanism
		Biomass Processing
	Toxicity of DESs
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 2
Exploring the Role of Natural Deep
Eutectic Solvents (NADES) Towards the
Valorization of Food Processing Industry Waste
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Valorization of Food By-Products
		Bioactive Phytochemicals
		Green Extraction Procedures and NADES as Extraction Solvents
		Valorization of Agro-Based by-Products
			Onion and Garlic-Based Waste
			Olive Oil Processing Waste
			Winemaking and Brewing Process Waste
			Coffee and Cocoa-Process Waste
			Fruit Processing Waste
			Nut Processing Waste
		Valorization of Marine and Animal Processing Waste
		Bioactivity and Toxicity of NADES
		In silico Tools for the Prediction of NADES Toxicity
		Examples of NADES Products Launched in the Market
	Future Perspectives
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 3
Deep Eutectic Solvents and Their Role in Bioprocesses:
A Greener Pathway to Biotransformations
	Abstract
	Introduction
		DES as Pretreatment Solvents
		DES as Extraction Solvents
		DES as Reaction Media and/or as Catalysts
		Process Integration and Solvent Circularity
		Scale-Up of DES-Based Processes – Is It Truly Feasible?
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 4
Use of Deep Eutectic Solvents in Samples Preparation
	Abstract
	Introduction
		Sample Preparation: General Considerations
		Use of Deep Eutectic Solvents in Sample Preparation
		Deep Eutectic Solvents and Analytical Techniques: Factors that Influence  the Robustness of the Analysis
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 5
From Biocompatibility to Challenges: A Complete
View of Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES) Boosting
Extraction Processes
	Abstract
	Introduction
		Phenolic Compounds
		Carotenoids
		Alkaloids
		Proteins
	DES Applicability for Extracting Different Classes of Biomolecules
		Extraction of Phenolic Compounds
		Extraction of Carotenoids
		Extraction of Alkaloids
		Extraction of Proteins
			The Role of the DES on the Stability of the Extracted Compounds
			Theoretical Models that can be Applied to Assist the Solvent Choice Previously to the Practical Approach
	Perspective and Future Challenges Concerning DES-Based Extraction
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 6
Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES) as the Extraction
Media for Antioxidants from Various Food Sources
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Effects of DES Characteristics on Extraction Performance
	Extraction of Antioxidants
		Phenolic Acids and Flavonoids
		Anthocyanins
		Alkaloids
		Pigment
		Carotenoids
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 7
Extraction of Carotenoids from Rhodotorula mucilaginosa
Using Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES) Focusing on
Cytotoxicity
	Abstract
	Introduction
		Carotenoids: Chemical Aspect, Classification, Natural Occurrence, and Biosynthesis by Yeasts
		Recovery of Oleaginous Biomolecules from Microorganisms:  Solid-Liquid Extraction and Main Alternatives
		Use of DES to Enhance the Carotenoids Recovery from Rhodotorula Genus  Yeast Cells
		Antioxidant Activity and Cytotoxicity of Eutectic Extract Obtained  from Rhodotorula mucilaginosa DES Treatment
	Future Perspectives
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 8
Use of Deep Eutectic Solvents for the Recovery of
Carotenoids from Microalgal Biomass
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Overview
		A Brief Review on Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs)
		Microalgae
		Carotenoids from Microalgae
		Carotenoid Extraction
		Pretreatment
	Use of DES: Extraction Process
		DES as Pretreatment Step
		DES as Extractive Solvent
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 9
Biocompounds Obtained by Using Eutectic
Solvents as an Extractor
	Abstract
	Introduction
		Literature Review
	Method
		Preparation of NADES
		Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Disposal Material Using NADES
		Experimental Design and Statistical Analysis
		Antioxidant Activity Assays
	Results and Discussion
		Physicochemical Characteristics of NADES for Biocompounds Extraction
		Antioxidant Activity
		Final Considerations
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 10
Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES) and Their Use in the Formation of Aqueous Biphasic Systems (ABS):  From Fundamentals to Applications
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Deep Eutectic Solvents and Their Use in The Formation of Aqueous  Biphasic Systems
		A Brief Literature Review
		Thermodynamic Perspective
		DES-Based ABS: Quaternary and Ternary-Like Systems
	DES-Based ABS: Characterization of Phase Diagrams and Determination of Phases’ Composition
		Mathematical Approach
		Analytical Methods
			Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)
			Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
			Ions’ Analysis
		Thermodynamic Modeling
	The Applicability of the DES-Based ABS and Future Challenges
		Separation of Amino Acids, Phenolics, and Alkaloids
		Extraction of Proteins
		Dyes and Pigments’ Partition
		Perspectives for the Application of DES-Based ABS
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 11
Use of Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES)-Based Aqueous  Two-Phase System for Recovery and Partial Purification of β-Galactosidase Produced by Kluyveromyces lactis
	Abstract
	Introduction
		Brief Literature Review
			β-Galactosidase Enzyme
			β-Galactosidase from K. lactis
			Purification
			Aqueous Two-Phase Systems
			Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs)
	Method
		Materials
			Chemicals
			Microorganism
			β-Galactosidase Production
		Methods
			Extraction of Intracellular β-Galactosidase
			Synthesis of DESs
			Binodal Curve
			Purification
			Analytical Methods
	Results and Discussion
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 12
Deep Eutectic Solvents Based Aqueous
Two-Phase Systems: Progress and Challenges
	Abstract
	Introduction
	DES for Separation Processes
	DES-Based ATPS
	HBA:HBD Complex in ATPS
	Final Considerations
	References
Chapter 13
Deep Eutectic Solvents for Carbon Capture
and Utilization: A Review
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Deep Eutectic Solvents for CO2 Capture
		General CO2 Capture Mechanisms
			Physical Absorption of CO2
			Chemical and Mixed Absorption of CO2
			Additional Factors Influencing the Equilibrium and Kinetic of CO2 Absorption by DES
			Comparison of CO2 Solubilities and Regeneration Heats
	Deep Eutectic Solvents for CO2 Utilization
		Application of DESs in the Synthesis of Carbonates from CO2 and Epoxides
	Conclusion
	References
Chapoter 14
Deep Eutectic Solvents as Versatile Media for the Electrochemical Synthesis of Electrocatalysts
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Electrodeposition of Electrocatalytic Coatings Based on Noble Metals
	Electrodeposition of Electrocatalytic Coatings Based on Iron, Nickel  and Cobalt
	Electrodeposition of Other Types of Electrocatalytic Coatings
	Conclusion and Possible Directions of Future Research
	References
Editors Contact Information
Index