Data Mining Applications with R

Cover......Page 1
 Encyclopedia Of Applied Ethics Second Edition......Page 2
 Copyright......Page 5
 Editor-In-Chief......Page 6
 Section Editors......Page 8
 Editorial Advisory Board......Page 12
 Contributors To Volume 1......Page 14
 Preface......Page 26
 Contents......Page 28
  The Moral Status of the Fetus......Page 38
  The Violinist and Other Analogies......Page 40
  Feminist Approaches to Abortion......Page 41
  Further Reading......Page 42
  Biographical Sketch......Page 43
  Accounting and Its Relationship to Business: A Brief History of Accounting......Page 44
  The Profession of Accounting......Page 45
  Ethics and the Accounting Professions......Page 46
  Critical Ethical Issues Faced by Professional Accountants......Page 48
  Trends in Accounting Ethics Research......Page 51
  Relevant Websites......Page 52
  Biographical Sketch......Page 53
  The Doctrine of Acts and Omissions......Page 54
  Varieties of Omission......Page 55
  The Size of the Evil......Page 56
  Killing and Letting Die: The Case of Euthanasia......Page 57
  Biographical Sketch......Page 58
  Introduction......Page 59
  Defining Addiction......Page 60
  Partisan Responses to Drug Misuse......Page 62
  An Ethical Response to Addiction......Page 64
  Further Reading......Page 66
  Biographical Sketches......Page 67
  Overview of Ethical Issues in Adoption......Page 68
  Self-Determination and Autonomy......Page 69
  Informed Consent......Page 71
  Confidentiality and Privacy versus Secrecy......Page 72
  Paternalism and Coercion......Page 73
  Social and Economic Justice......Page 74
  Relevant Websites......Page 75
  Biographical Sketch......Page 76
  Historical Overview......Page 77
  Moral Justification......Page 78
  Philosophical Remarks......Page 79
  Further Reading......Page 82
  Biographical Sketch......Page 83
  Advertising and Contemporary Society......Page 84
  The Social Consequences of Advertising......Page 85
  Advertising, Manipulation, and Persuasion......Page 87
  Advertising and Deception......Page 90
  Biographical Sketch......Page 92
  Glossary......Page 93
  The Controversy......Page 94
  Affirmative Action as Public Policy......Page 95
  Affirmative Action Abroad......Page 101
  Philosophical Arguments......Page 103
  Conclusion: Future Prospects......Page 107
  Relevant Websites......Page 108
  Introduction......Page 109
  Quality and Access......Page 110
  Making Housing Affordable......Page 111
  Conclusions......Page 114
  Biographical Sketch......Page 115
  Ageism in Employment......Page 116
  Ways of Behaving toward Older People......Page 117
  The Distribution of Resources......Page 118
  Summary......Page 121
  Biographical Sketch......Page 122
  Introduction......Page 123
  Ethical Issues in Agriculture: An Overview......Page 124
  Ethical Analyses of Agriculture: The Ethical Matrix......Page 126
  Case Studies......Page 128
  Relevant Websites......Page 132
  Biographical Sketch......Page 133
  Ethical Issues in Clinical Care......Page 134
  Ethical Issues in Clinical Trials......Page 136
  Disease and Global Justice......Page 138
  The Future of an Epidemic......Page 139
  Further Reading......Page 140
  Biographical Sketch......Page 141
  Clinical Research......Page 142
  Sex Education......Page 143
  Resource Allocation......Page 144
  Further Reading......Page 145
  Introduction......Page 146
  Does Altruism Exist?......Page 147
  Altruism and Evolution......Page 148
  Is More Altruism Preferable to Less?......Page 149
  The Implications of Altruism for the Design of Institutions......Page 151
  Biographical Sketch......Page 152
  Definition and Overview of the Questions......Page 153
  Whether the Dead Can Be Harmed at All......Page 154
  Moral Duties with No Corresponding Interests......Page 156
  Human Dignity and the Treatment of the Dead Body and Dismembered Body Parts......Page 157
  Is It Rational to Care About the Fate of My Dead Body?......Page 161
  The Ethos of Anatomy and Medical Education......Page 162
  Biographical Sketch......Page 163
  Introduction......Page 164
  The Theoretical Basis of Animal Research Ethics......Page 165
  Ethics in Practice: Issues in Research and Regulation......Page 167
  Biographical Sketches......Page 171
  Introduction......Page 173
  The Roots of Anthropocentrism......Page 174
  Similarities between Humans and Other Animals......Page 176
  Human and Nonhuman Rights: Three Possible Positions......Page 177
  Determining the Basis of Moral Rights......Page 178
  Two Arguments for the Rights of Sentient Beings......Page 180
  Biographical Sketch......Page 181
  Anthropocentrism: What is it?......Page 182
  Anthropocentrism as an Environmental Ethic......Page 183
  The Other Lenses: A Wider Moral Community......Page 186
  A Changed Relationship with the Natural World......Page 189
  Why Our Environmental Ethic Matters......Page 191
  Biographical Sketches......Page 192
  Introduction......Page 193
  Appearance Should Not Matter......Page 195
  Enhancement of Appearance Is Morally Wrong or at Least Dubious......Page 196
  Why Not Accept the Way One Looks Rather Than Change?......Page 197
  Autonomous Choices?......Page 198
  The Role of Doctors......Page 201
  Relevant Websites......Page 202
  Biographical Sketches......Page 203
  Applied Ethics, Ethical Skepticism, and Ethical Expertise......Page 204
  Applied Ethics and Ethical Theory......Page 207
  Conclusion: Theory and a Return to Ethical Expertise......Page 209
  Further Reading......Page 210
  Introduction......Page 211
  General Ethical Theory and Principalism......Page 212
  Contextualism and Related Developments......Page 213
  Biographical Sketch......Page 215
  Introduction......Page 216
  A History of Archaeological Ethics......Page 217
  How Do Archaeologists Approach Ethics?......Page 219
  Themes in Archaeological Ethics......Page 221
  Further Reading......Page 224
  Biographical Sketches......Page 225
  Aristotle’s Approach to Ethics......Page 226
  Aristotle’s Method in Ethics......Page 228
  Aristotelian Ethical Theory: Eudaimonia, Human Nature, and Virtue......Page 231
  Prominent Features of Aristotelian Ethical Theory......Page 236
  Aristotelian Ethics and Applied Ethics......Page 237
  Further Reading......Page 240
  Biographical Sketch......Page 241
  The Bad......Page 242
  The Good......Page 247
  Biographical Sketch......Page 249
  Auditors and Corporations......Page 250
  The Role of the Corporate Auditor......Page 251
  Judging the Quality of an Audit......Page 252
  Ethical Influences on Auditor Decisions......Page 253
  The Self-Interested Auditor (a Rational Economic Person)......Page 254
  The Economic Value of a Self-Governing Audit Profession......Page 255
  Analyzing the Ethical Pronouncements of the Auditing Profession......Page 256
  Conclusions......Page 257
  Biographical Sketch......Page 258
  Authority and Society......Page 259
  Authority and Teaching......Page 260
  Authority and the Curriculum......Page 262
  Further Reading......Page 264
  Biographical Sketch......Page 265
  The Historical Development of the Concept of Autonomy......Page 266
  Autonomy in Modern Applied Ethics......Page 267
  Critiques of the Emphasis on Autonomy......Page 271
  See also......Page 272
  Biographical Sketch......Page 273
  Brief History......Page 274
  Legal Instruments......Page 275
  Case Studies......Page 277
  Challenges......Page 280
  Biographical Sketch......Page 282
  Introduction......Page 283
  Consent, Confidentiality, and Access......Page 284
  Return of Results/Recontact/Reconsent......Page 285
  Conclusion......Page 286
  Biographical Sketches......Page 287
  Conflict Resolution Principles......Page 288
  Individualism and Holism......Page 290
  Distinguishing Life That Has Intrinsic Value......Page 292
  Biographical Sketch......Page 294
  Introduction......Page 295
  Valuing Biodiversity......Page 296
  The Ontological Dimension in Valuing Biodiversity......Page 298
  Further Reading......Page 302
  Biographical Sketch......Page 303
  Introduction......Page 304
  Historical Notes on Bioethics......Page 305
  Substantive Issues in Bioethics......Page 306
  Disciplinary Approaches to Bioethics......Page 309
  Foundational Ethical Assumptions in Bioethics - Philosophical/Ethical lsquoSchools’ of Bioethics......Page 311
  References......Page 314
  What is Bioinformatics?......Page 315
  The Idea of Information and the Question of Genetic Essentialism......Page 316
  Ethical Problems in the Big Science: Openness......Page 318
  Bioinformatics and Patents......Page 319
  Further Reading......Page 321
  Biographical Sketch......Page 322
  Overview of Biometrics......Page 323
  Biometrics and Ethics: Historical and International Perspectives......Page 324
  Social Implications of Biometric Technologies......Page 329
  Conclusions......Page 330
  Biographical Sketch......Page 331
  Background: Power and Knowledge......Page 332
  Biopower......Page 334
  Biographical Sketch......Page 336
  Definition and Historical Roots......Page 337
  Contemporary Biotechnology......Page 338
  Goals......Page 340
  Ethical Issues: Failures......Page 341
  Ethical Issues: Successes......Page 342
  Further Reading......Page 344
  Biographical Sketch......Page 345
  Introduction......Page 346
  Biological Weapons History......Page 347
  Dual-Use Research......Page 349
  Public Health Response......Page 350
  Ethical Issues Facing Health Care Workers......Page 351
  Relevant Websites......Page 352
  Biographical Sketch......Page 353
  Introduction......Page 354
  How Many?......Page 355
  Prioritizing Asylum Claims......Page 358
  Adjudicating Asylum Claims......Page 359
  Biographical Sketch......Page 360
  The Harvard Committee’s Proposal and Its Historical Framework......Page 361
  The Cortical Death Theory: A Remedy for the Medical Inconsistence of the BD Definition?......Page 363
  The Defense of the Traditional Definition of Death......Page 364
  BD as a Biopolitical Event......Page 365
  The Present Status of the Debate on the Definition of Death......Page 366
  Further Reading......Page 367
  Biographical Sketch......Page 368
  History......Page 369
  Recent Technological Developments......Page 371
  The Broadcast Journalist......Page 373
  Further Reading......Page 374
  Dharma......Page 375
  Ethics in Early Buddhism......Page 376
  Applied Ethics......Page 379
  Biographical Sketch......Page 381
  Large-Scale Urban Planning Infrastructure Projects and Utilitarian Ethics......Page 382
  Rawls’s Theory of Justice and His Critique of Utilitarianism Justice......Page 384
  Nozick’s Entitlement Theory of Justice, Kantian Ethics, and Urban Planning......Page 385
  Rawls, Nozick, and Kantian Ethics......Page 387
  Virtue Ethics and Professionalism in Urban Planning and Architecture......Page 388
  Conclusion and a Brief Note on Environmental Ethics......Page 389
  Relevant Websites......Page 390
  Introduction......Page 391
  Early Discussions of Gender in Business Ethics......Page 392
  Gender Differences and the Difference That Gender Makes to Business......Page 393
  Globalization and Implications for Gender......Page 394
  Business Ethics and Gender Issues in a Global Context......Page 395
  Biographical Sketch......Page 397
  Ethical Foundations......Page 398
  From Pleasure and Pain to the Quality of Life......Page 399
  Some Problems......Page 400
  Biographical Sketch......Page 401
  Definition of Business Ethics......Page 402
  Integrative Economic Business Ethics......Page 403
  The Values of Business Corporations......Page 404
  Application in the Fields of Business Ethics......Page 405
  International Political and Legal Developments......Page 406
  Corporate Morality: Integrity, Trust, and Legitimacy......Page 407
  Further Reading......Page 408
  Biographical Sketch......Page 409
  Glossary......Page 410
  Virtues and Free Markets......Page 411
  Corporations and the Virtue of Business Leaders......Page 412
  The Virtue and Vices of Consumers......Page 413
  Can Corporations Be Virtuous?......Page 414
  Conclusion: Virtue Ethics and the Current Business Environment......Page 415
  Further Reading......Page 416
  Biographical Sketch......Page 417
  Glossary......Page 418
  Religious versus Secular Argument......Page 419
  The Right to Life......Page 420
  Retributive Justifications......Page 421
  Utilitarian Justifications......Page 422
  See also......Page 425
  Biographical Sketch......Page 426
  The lsquoCare versus Justice’ Debate and Its Roots......Page 427
  The Ethic(s) of Care: Criticism and Misunderstandings......Page 429
  Theoretical Considerations......Page 430
  Implications of a Care Perspective: The Health Care Setting as an Example......Page 431
  Biographical Sketch......Page 433
  The History of Casuistry......Page 434
  Common Approaches to Casuistry: Jonsen, Strong, and Brody......Page 436
  Contemporary Casuistry and Ethical Theory......Page 439
  Casuistry and Practical Wisdom: Does Casuistry Always Require lsquoSomething More’?......Page 440
  Casuistry and Professional Ethics......Page 441
  Biographical Sketch......Page 442
  Methods......Page 443
  Pornography......Page 444
  Public Good Defenses......Page 445
  Further Reading......Page 446
  Discovering Child Abuse......Page 447
  Defining Child Abuse......Page 448
  Sexual Abuse of Children by Priests of the Roman Catholic Church......Page 449
  The Wrongs and Legacies of Child Abuse......Page 450
  The Law’s Response Nationally and Internationally......Page 451
  Predicting and Preventing Abuse......Page 452
  Biographical Sketch......Page 453
  Children’s Moral and Legal Standing......Page 454
  Equal Rights......Page 455
  Special Protections and Entitlements......Page 457
  Questions About Rights Approaches......Page 458
  See also......Page 459
  Glossary......Page 460
  Beginnings: The Lutheran Reformation......Page 461
  John Calvin and the Reformed Tradition......Page 462
  Pietism......Page 463
  British Protestantism......Page 464
  Protestant Liberalism......Page 466
  Neo-Orthodoxy and Modern Protestant Theology......Page 467
  Liberation Theology......Page 469
  Further Reading......Page 470
  Historical Overview of Catholic Moral Theology......Page 472
  Vatican II, Humanae Vitae, Revisionism, and Renewal......Page 474
  Fundamental Concepts in Moral Theology......Page 475
  Issues in Moral Theology......Page 478
  Further Reading......Page 480
  Biographical Sketch......Page 481
  Why Citizenship Is Important Today......Page 482
  Elements of Citizenship......Page 484
  Citizenship and the Nation-State......Page 486
  Citizenship as Exclusion......Page 487
  Further Reading......Page 488
  Biographical Sketch......Page 489
  The Nature of Civil Disobedience......Page 490
  The Moral Justifiability of Civil Disobedience......Page 491
  Biographical Sketch......Page 495
  Targeting Civilian Populations in War......Page 496
  Protecting Civilian Populations......Page 498
  Further Reading......Page 502
  Biographical Sketch......Page 503
  Introduction......Page 504
  The Scientific Basis of Climate Change......Page 505
  Mitigation of Climate Change......Page 507
  Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability of Climate Change......Page 509
  See also......Page 511
  Biographical Sketch......Page 512
  Ethical Difficulties in Clinical Medicine......Page 513
  Professional Ethos and Its Scopes......Page 515
  Clinical Ethics as Applied Ethics......Page 517
  Clinical Ethics Support in Health Care Settings......Page 518
  Methods, Processes, and Usefulness......Page 520
  Current Questions......Page 521
  Further Reading......Page 523
  Biographical Sketch......Page 524
  Unnaturalness......Page 525
  Against Dignity......Page 526
  Copies......Page 527
  Harms, Risks, and Research Ethics......Page 528
  Reasons for Cloning......Page 529
  Biographical Sketch......Page 530
  Introduction......Page 531
  Increased Use of Codes......Page 532
  The Functions of Codes......Page 533
  Theoretical Framework of Codes......Page 534
  The Experience of Codes by Different Groups and Conclusions......Page 535
  Relevant Website......Page 536
  Collective Guilt and Moral Responsibility......Page 537
  Collective Guilt and Moral Taint......Page 538
  Collective Guilt in Existentialist Thought......Page 539
  Collective Guilt and Contemporary Society......Page 541
  Biographical Sketch......Page 542
  What Is Communication Ethics?......Page 544
  A Brief History......Page 546
  Categories of Communication Ethics......Page 547
  Current Challenges......Page 550
  Further Reading......Page 551
  Biographical Sketch......Page 552
  Major Varieties of Communitarianism......Page 553
  Responsive Communitarianism: Elements and Applications......Page 555
  Biographical Sketch......Page 558
  Challenge to the Traditional Model of Informed Consent......Page 559
  Defining Community......Page 561
  Community Involvement in the Informed Consent Process......Page 562
  Debate on lsquoCommunity Consent’......Page 563
  Tensions in the Informed Consent Process in Communities with Non-Western Culture......Page 564
  Further Reading......Page 565
  Biographical Sketch......Page 566
  Introduction......Page 567
  Ethical Justifications......Page 568
  CAM: Application to Traditional Principle Ethical Concepts......Page 569
  Ethical Duty to Refer to Medical Doctor......Page 571
  Professional Ethics for CAM Practitioners: Current Situation......Page 572
  Further Reading......Page 573
  Biographical Sketch......Page 574
  Characteristics of Information and Communication Technology......Page 575
  Ethical Foundations of Computer and Information Ethics......Page 576
  Methodological Approaches......Page 577
  Main Fields......Page 578
  Further Reading......Page 582
  Biographical Sketch......Page 583
  Introduction......Page 584
  Obligations to Study Subjects and Patients......Page 585
  Understanding the Types of Security Risks......Page 586
  Sharing of Biomarker Data for Research......Page 588
  Biographical Sketch......Page 589
  Key Concepts: Privacy, Confidentiality, and Privileged Communication......Page 590
  Conceptual Perspectives on Privacy and Confidentiality......Page 591
  Preventing Moral Harm: Protecting Confidentiality and Managing Risk......Page 593
  Relevant Websites......Page 597
  Biographical Sketch......Page 598
  The Meaning of Confidentiality......Page 599
  Practical Issues in Ensuring Confidentiality......Page 601
  Challenges to Confidentiality......Page 603
  Circumstances in Which a Breach of Confidentiality May be Justified......Page 605
  Relevant Websites......Page 606
  Biographical Sketch......Page 607
  What is Conflict of Interest?......Page 608
  What is Wrong with Conflict of Interest?......Page 610
  What Can Be Done About Conflict of Interest?......Page 611
  History of Conflict of Interest......Page 613
  Biographical Sketch......Page 614
  The Place of Qing in Confucian Ethics......Page 615
  The Concept of Qing in Ancient Chinese Thought......Page 616
  The Value and Limitation of Qing......Page 618
  Qing and Virtue in Confucianism......Page 619
  Qing and Moral Codes......Page 620
  Implications for the Nature and Practice of Morality......Page 621
  Conclusions......Page 622
  Biographical Sketches......Page 623
  Body, Identity, and Disability......Page 624
  Separation......Page 625
  Exploitation......Page 629
  Biographical Sketch......Page 630
  Introduction......Page 631
  The Right to Freedom of Conscience......Page 632
  Conscience as a Basis for Excuse or a Plea for Mercy......Page 635
  Further Reading......Page 637
  Biographical Sketches......Page 638
  Introduction......Page 639
  Consequentialism......Page 640
  Deontology......Page 645
  Further Reading......Page 650
  Mass Markets......Page 651
  A Right to Value for Money......Page 652
  The Right to Free Choice in Competitive Markets......Page 653
  A Right to Information in Open Markets......Page 654
  A Right to Fair, Accurate Advertising......Page 655
  A Right to Government Regulations......Page 657
  Biographical Sketch......Page 658
  Glossary......Page 659
  The Sources of Contractarian Ethics......Page 660
  Contemporary Contractarian Ethics......Page 662
  Biographical Sketch......Page 665
  Glossary......Page 666
  The Ethics of Corporate Communication......Page 667
  lsquoDoing Well by Doing Good’......Page 669
  The Politicization of Corporate Reputations......Page 670
  Biographical Sketch......Page 672
  Glossary......Page 673
  The Shareholder Model of Corporate Governance......Page 674
  The Role of Directors and the Chief Executive Officer......Page 678
  Problems with the Shareholder Model......Page 680
  Biographical Sketch......Page 681
  What Does Corporate Responsibility Mean?......Page 682
  Challenges and Unresolved Issues......Page 683
  A Historical Perspective......Page 684
  Activist Stakeholders: Ethical Consumers, Environmentalists, Ethical Investors, Cause-Driven......Page 689
  CR Expectation Standard Setters, Rating, and Audit......Page 690
  Relevant Websites......Page 691
  Biographical Sketch......Page 692
  Corporate Ethics Programs......Page 693
  For and against Corporate Ethics Programs......Page 694
  The Design of Corporate Ethics Programs......Page 697
  Biographical Sketch......Page 703
  Cosmetic Surgery, Plastic Surgery, and Cosmetic Medicine......Page 704
  International Differences......Page 705
  Ethics......Page 706
  Regulation......Page 709
  Biographical Sketch......Page 710
  Glossary......Page 711
  Political Cosmopolitanism......Page 712
  Ethical Cosmopolitanism......Page 714
  Further Reading......Page 718
  Biographical Sketch......Page 719
  Liberalism and the Criminal Law......Page 720
  Why Society Needs a Criminal Law......Page 721
  Criminal Responsibility and Criminal Defenses......Page 725
  Biographical Sketch......Page 727
  Introduction......Page 728
  Adoption......Page 731
  Custody Planning for Terminally Ill Parents......Page 733
  Conclusions......Page 734
  Biographical Sketch......Page 735
  Medicine......Page 736
  Brain-Computer Interfaces......Page 738
  Other......Page 739
  Further Reading......Page 740
  Biographical Sketch......Page 741
  Introduction......Page 742
  Darwin’s Theory of Evolution......Page 743
  Darwinism after Darwin: From Darwin to Modern Biology......Page 745
  Darwinism and Humanities......Page 747
  Biographical Sketch......Page 750
  Introduction......Page 751
  The Origins and Content of the Modern Standards......Page 752
  Challenges to the Prevailing Standards......Page 755
  Biographical Sketch......Page 758
  Philosophical Requirements for a Definition of Death......Page 760
  The Concept, Criteria, and Tests for Death......Page 761
  Roots of Confusion......Page 763
  The Case for a Plurality of Death Concepts......Page 764
  Confusion between the Diagnosis of Death and Criteria for Organ Transplantation......Page 766
  Biographical Sketch......Page 767
  Attitudes toward Death......Page 768
  Religious Conceptions of Death......Page 769
  Critiques of Religious Conceptions......Page 770
  Secular Attitudes......Page 771
  Death and the Clinician......Page 772
  Biographical Sketch......Page 774
  The Basic Tenets of Deep Ecology......Page 775
  The Philosophy of Deep Ecology......Page 777
  Deep Ecology and Social Change......Page 779
  Further Reading......Page 780
  Biographical Sketch......Page 781
  Introduction......Page 782
  Elements of Criminal Offenses......Page 783
  Criminal Defenses......Page 785
  The Rationale of Criminal Defenses......Page 787
  Should New Defenses Be Accepted?......Page 788
  Biographical Sketch......Page 790
  Problems in Democratic Theory......Page 791
  Skeptical Arguments for Democracy......Page 792
  Epistemic Theories of Democracy......Page 793
  Deliberative Theories of Democracy......Page 794
  Democracy and Rights......Page 795
  Representation vs. Direct Democracy......Page 796
  Democracy and Applied Ethics......Page 797
  Biographical Sketch......Page 798
  The Discipline of Dental Ethics......Page 799
  Independent Medical Speciality......Page 800
  The Shift to Elective and Cosmetic Interventions......Page 801
  The Conflict Between Profession and Business......Page 803
  Warranting Patients’ Trust......Page 804
  Availability of and Access to Basic Oral Healthcare......Page 805
  Biographical Sketch......Page 807
  Controversial Perinatal HIV Prevention Trials......Page 808
  Placebo Control Groups......Page 809
  Exploitation......Page 810
  Informed Consent......Page 811
  Drug Development and Intellectual Property......Page 812
  Environmental Ethics......Page 813
  Relevant Websites......Page 814
  Biographical Sketch......Page 815
  What is Development? The Dominant Paradigm......Page 816
  Questioning the Dominant Paradigm......Page 817
  Philosophical Exploration......Page 818
  International Development Issues......Page 821
  Biographical Sketch......Page 825
  Conventional Approaches to Development......Page 826
  Environmental Ethics......Page 827
  Areas of Conflict......Page 828
  Attempts to Integrate the Two Sets of Values......Page 830
  Reasons for Integration......Page 832
  Global Issues......Page 834
  The Evaluative Nature of Development......Page 835
  Biographical Sketch......Page 836
  Introduction......Page 837
  Historical Notes......Page 838
  Human Dignity......Page 839
  A Reconstruction of the Concept of Dignity......Page 840
  Dignity in the Healthcare Context......Page 842
  Biographical Sketch......Page 843
  Introduction......Page 844
  Why Do Definitions of Disability Differ between Legal and General Social Contexts?......Page 845
  Contributions of the Disability Studies Field to the Legal Definition......Page 846
  Locating Definitions of Disability in the Law......Page 848
  See also......Page 852
  Biographical Sketch......Page 853
  The History and Nature of Disaster Relief......Page 854
  Ethics and Disaster Relief......Page 855
  Government and the Ethics of Disaster Relief......Page 857
  Public Policy and Disaster Planning......Page 858
  Disaster Victims, Disadvantage, and Risk......Page 860
  Further Reading......Page 861
  Biographical Sketch......Page 862
  Justification of Norms......Page 863
  Application......Page 867
  Further Reading......Page 868
  Biographical Sketch......Page 869
  The Rationality of Classification......Page 870
  lsquoDiscrete and Insular Minorities’......Page 872
  Anti-Classification versus Anti-Subordination......Page 874
  Normative Theories: What Makes Discrimination Wrong?......Page 875
  Conclusion......Page 877
  Biographical Sketch......Page 878
  Introduction......Page 879
  Rawls......Page 880
  Nozick......Page 882
  Welfare-Based Theories of Distribution......Page 885
  The Capabilities Approach......Page 886
  Biographical Sketch......Page 887
  Marriage......Page 888
  Divorce......Page 889
  Just Allocations......Page 890
  Ideal Divorce......Page 891
  Fault......Page 893
  Biographical Sketch......Page 895
  Morally Relevant Facts......Page 896
  Ethical Aspects of Do Not Resuscitate......Page 898
  See also......Page 901
  Biographical Sketch......Page 902
  Ethics of Drug Use......Page 903
  Ethics Associated with State Response to Drug Use......Page 908
  Ethics Concerning Empirical Issues Surrounding Drug Use and State Response to It......Page 910
  Relevant Websites......Page 911
  Biographical Sketch......Page 912
  Introduction......Page 913
  Public Perception of Risk......Page 914
  Public Perception of Scientists Engaged in Defense-Related Research......Page 916
  The Ethics of Defense-Related Dual-Use Medical Research......Page 917
  Addressing Concerns Regarding Dual-Use Research......Page 918
  Further Reading......Page 919
  Biographical Sketch......Page 920
 Cover......Page 921
 Encyclopedia Of Applied Ethics Second Edition......Page 922
 Copyright......Page 925
 Editor-In-Chief......Page 926
 Section Editors......Page 928
 Editorial Advisory Board......Page 932
 Contributors To Volume 4......Page 934
 Preface......Page 946
 Contents......Page 948
  Introduction......Page 958
  Historical Conspectus......Page 959
  The Concept of Balance in Ecological Theory......Page 961
  Humans and Ecological Balance......Page 966
  Ecological Balance and Nature Conservation......Page 967
  See also......Page 968
  Further Reading......Page 969
  Economic Ethics as an Ethics of the Economy......Page 970
  Historical Overview......Page 971
  Theoretical Approaches in Economic Ethics......Page 972
  Economic Ethics as an Ethics with Economic Means......Page 974
  Biographical Sketch......Page 975
  Economic Globalization......Page 977
  Dichotomization of Ethico-Political and Economic Rights......Page 978
  The Unifying Principle of the United Nations Declaration of Rights......Page 979
  The Problem of Enforcement of Noncapitalist Economic and Ethico-Political Rights......Page 980
  Bridging Economic and Ethico-Poltical Rights: Possibilities and Conflicts......Page 981
  Economic Absolutism versus Ethico-Political Rights......Page 982
  Biographical Sketch......Page 984
  The Issue of Social Capital......Page 985
  Requirements of Trust Relevant to Economic Relationships......Page 986
  Pathologies of Distrust in Troubled Economies......Page 989
  Biographical Sketch......Page 991
  Development of the Artificial Womb......Page 992
  Ectogenic Research on the Human Fetus: Ethical Concerns......Page 993
  Ectogenesis and Applied Ethics......Page 995
  Biographical Sketch......Page 998
  Moral Education in the Schools......Page 999
  The Beginnings of the Service-Learning Movement......Page 1000
  Making the Case for Civic Engagement......Page 1002
  Defining Civic Engagement......Page 1003
  Public Achievement, a Model Civic Engagement Program for Young People......Page 1005
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1006
  Substantive versus Tautological Psychological Egoism......Page 1008
  Ethical Incompatibility with Psychological Egoism......Page 1009
  Egoism and Morality......Page 1010
  Conclusion......Page 1011
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1012
  How Social Attitudes Set the Stage for Applied Ethics......Page 1013
  Social Attitudes that Affect Thinking about Elderly People and Aging......Page 1015
  Methodological Issues......Page 1016
  Applied Ethics Agendas......Page 1018
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1019
  Fund-Raising and Contributions......Page 1020
  Opposition Research......Page 1025
  Advertisements......Page 1026
  Platforms and Promises......Page 1027
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1028
  The New Surveillance......Page 1029
  Ethics......Page 1030
  Uses of Surveillance Data......Page 1035
  Biographical Sketches......Page 1037
  What Is Embryology?......Page 1038
  What Is the Connection between Embryology and Applied Ethics?......Page 1039
  See also......Page 1043
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1044
  Introduction......Page 1045
  The Optimization Approach to Regulation and Compliance......Page 1046
  Institutional Models for Regulatory Presence......Page 1048
  Beyond Optimization......Page 1049
  Voluntary Standards......Page 1050
  Regulatory Reform and Regulatory Impact Assessment......Page 1051
  See also......Page 1052
  Biographical Sketch ......Page 1053
  Is Preference-Satisfaction an Intrinsic or an Instrumental Good?......Page 1054
  Background Theory......Page 1055
  Market Failure......Page 1056
  Externalities Run Wild......Page 1057
  Cost-Benefit Analysis......Page 1058
  Alternatives to Cost-Benefit Analysis......Page 1059
  Environmental Economics as a Conceptual Framework......Page 1060
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1061
  The Human-Nature Relationship......Page 1062
  Environmental Values......Page 1064
  Rules and Principles......Page 1067
  From Rules to Implications......Page 1069
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1070
  Introduction......Page 1071
  What Is EIA? History and Practice from an Ethical Perspective......Page 1072
  Why EIA Is Important from an Ethical Perspective?......Page 1075
  How Do We Think About (and with) EIA? Ethics and Knowledge......Page 1077
  Further Reading......Page 1079
  Biographical Sketches......Page 1080
  Introduction......Page 1081
  The Environmental Justice Movement......Page 1082
  The Concept of Environmental Justice......Page 1085
  Further Reading......Page 1088
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1089
  Epicurus and Lucretius......Page 1090
  Epicurean Physics and Epistemology......Page 1091
  Epicurean Normative Ethics......Page 1093
  Epicurean Ethics in Practice......Page 1094
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1096
  Egalitarianism in Other Senses......Page 1098
  Equality of What?......Page 1099
  Equality and Responsibility......Page 1100
  Who Should Be Equal?......Page 1101
  Challenges to Egalitarianism......Page 1102
  Challenges to Luck Egalitarianism......Page 1103
  Democratic Equality......Page 1104
  Biographical Sketches......Page 1105
  Problematic Experiments from the Twentieth Century......Page 1106
  Research Ethics......Page 1107
  Research Questions and Applications......Page 1111
  Conclusion......Page 1112
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1113
  Prelude......Page 1114
  The Era of Single-Author Perspectives......Page 1115
  Professionalization of Ethical Deliberation......Page 1116
  Public Participation......Page 1118
  The Era of ELSA or Integrated Research......Page 1119
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1120
  The Policy Turn Itself......Page 1122
  Ethics for Policy......Page 1124
  Policy for Ethics......Page 1125
  Again, the Policy Turn......Page 1127
  Further Reading......Page 1128
  Biographical Sketches......Page 1129
  Status of World Environmental Resources......Page 1130
  Acknowledgment......Page 1133
  Relevant Websites......Page 1134
  Historical Background......Page 1135
  Forms of Ethnocultural Diversity......Page 1136
  Types of Minority Rights......Page 1139
  Individual and Group Rights......Page 1140
  The Nature and Limits of Tolerance......Page 1141
  Inclusive Citizenship or Ethnic Polarization?......Page 1143
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1144
  Historical Aspects......Page 1146
  Conceptual and Scientific Aspects......Page 1150
  Ethical Issues......Page 1153
  Further Reading......Page 1156
  Empirical Studies of End-of-Life Decisions in the Netherlands......Page 1157
  Arguments Advocating Physician-Assisted Death......Page 1158
  Arguments Against Physician-Assisted Death......Page 1159
  Societal Control......Page 1161
  Conclusion......Page 1163
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1164
  Ethics Demystified......Page 1165
  Everyday Ethics......Page 1166
  Results Lens - Choosing Ethical Goals......Page 1167
  Rights and Responsibility Lens - Following Principles......Page 1169
  Relationship Lens - Seeking Justice......Page 1170
  Reputation Lens - Pursuing Virtue......Page 1171
  The Path of Intention......Page 1172
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1173
  What Is EBM?......Page 1174
  The Ethical Groundings of EBM......Page 1176
  Philosophical Critiques of EBM......Page 1177
  Ethical Critiques of EBM: Issues in the Production of Evidence......Page 1179
  Further Reading......Page 1181
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1182
  The Concept of lsquoEvil’......Page 1183
  The Existence of God and Theodicy......Page 1184
  Moral Evil......Page 1187
  Further Reading......Page 1189
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1190
  Introduction......Page 1191
  Reconciling Evolution and Altruism......Page 1192
  The Relationship between Evolution and Ethics......Page 1194
  Conclusion: Further Issues and Future Directions in Evolutionary Ethics......Page 1198
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1199
  Ethical Problems Concerning Executive Compensation......Page 1200
  Ethical Background......Page 1201
  Bad Arguments for High Executive Compensation......Page 1202
  Refined Arguments for High Executive Compensation......Page 1203
  The Managerial Power Thesis......Page 1204
  Further Reading......Page 1205
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1206
  Introduction......Page 1207
  Kierkegaard......Page 1209
  Dostoevsky......Page 1211
  Nietzsche......Page 1212
  Camus......Page 1214
  Sartre......Page 1216
  De Beauvoir......Page 1217
  Conclusion......Page 1218
  See also......Page 1219
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1220
  Exploitation in the Morally Pejorative Sense versus Exploitation in the Morally Neutral Sense......Page 1221
  Micro-level Exploitation: Exploitative Transactions or Relationships......Page 1222
  Further Reading......Page 1227
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1228
  Glossary......Page 1229
  Historical Perspectives......Page 1230
  Families of Present Times......Page 1231
  Fertility Trends and New Technologies......Page 1235
  The Impact of Twentieth-Century Ideologies......Page 1236
  Adults’ Values and Children’s Needs......Page 1237
  The Family: Toward the Third Millennium......Page 1239
  Further Reading......Page 1241
  Introduction......Page 1242
  Health Hazards of Female Genital Mutilation......Page 1243
  Assessing Reasons for Female Genital Mutilation......Page 1244
  The Debate over Ethical Relativism and Cross-Cultural Moral Authority......Page 1246
  Conclusion......Page 1250
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1251
  Introduction......Page 1252
  Care-Focused Feminist Ethics......Page 1253
  Power-Focused Feminist Ethics......Page 1254
  Applications of Feminist Ethics......Page 1256
  Further Reading......Page 1259
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1260
  Types of Fetal Research......Page 1261
  Status of the Fetus: Fetal Research and Abortion......Page 1263
  The Politics of Fetal Research......Page 1264
  The Controversy over Fetal Tissue Transplantation......Page 1266
  Ethical Issues in Fetal Tissue Research and Transplantation......Page 1267
  Further Reading......Page 1269
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1270
  Individual and Personal Status of the Fetus......Page 1271
  Moral Respect Due to the Fetus......Page 1272
  Ethical Issues in Fetal Therapy......Page 1273
  Fetal Research......Page 1277
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1278
  Introduction: The Significance of Food Ethics......Page 1279
  A Framework for Ethical Analysis......Page 1280
  Case Studies......Page 1281
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1287
  The Problem of Forgery and Plagiarism......Page 1288
  Practices of Falsification......Page 1289
  Responses to Forgery and Plagiarism......Page 1291
  At the Margins of Forgery......Page 1293
  The Harm of Forgery and Plagiarism......Page 1294
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1295
  Who Has the Right to Freedom of Expression?......Page 1296
  Justifications for Freedom of Expression......Page 1297
  Major Classifications of Government Acts Implicating Freedom of Expression......Page 1299
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1301
  Freud’s Theory of Mind......Page 1302
  Superego and Morality......Page 1304
  Freudianism and Recent Moral Theory......Page 1305
  Relevant Websites......Page 1308
  Biographical Sketches......Page 1309
  Three Kinds of Friendship......Page 1310
  The Perfection of Companion Friendship......Page 1311
  Conclusion: Friendship and Modernity......Page 1314
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1316
  Introduction......Page 1317
  Regulation of Functional Foods......Page 1318
  Nutrigenomics and Nutrigenetics......Page 1322
  Ethical Issues Concerning Personalized Functional Foods......Page 1323
  Further Reading......Page 1325
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1326
  The Hypothesis and Its History......Page 1327
  Evidence for Lovelock’s Theory......Page 1328
  Geophysiology and Science......Page 1329
  Gaian Ethics......Page 1330
  Further Reading......Page 1331
  Gambling Historically and Universally......Page 1332
  Pro-Gambling Interests......Page 1339
  Anti-Gambling Movements......Page 1340
  Pathological Gambling......Page 1341
  Public Policy and Gambling......Page 1344
  Conclusion......Page 1346
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1347
  Representation of Games......Page 1348
  Two-Person Zero-Sum Games......Page 1349
  General-Sum Noncooperative Games......Page 1350
  n-Person Games......Page 1352
  Applications......Page 1354
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1355
  Introduction: Gender Roles and Sexual Identities Defined......Page 1356
  Gender Socialization......Page 1357
  Gender Socialization in Schools......Page 1358
  Gendered Behavior in the Family and the Workplace......Page 1359
  Gender-Free Socialization......Page 1361
  Conclusion......Page 1362
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1363
  Definitions and Distinctions......Page 1364
  Pragmatic Concerns......Page 1365
  Arguments in Favor of Gene Therapy......Page 1366
  Arguments against Gene Therapy......Page 1367
  Conclusions......Page 1369
  Relevant Websites......Page 1370
  Genetic Ancestry Techniques and Their Limitations......Page 1371
  Further Reading......Page 1375
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1376
  Introduction......Page 1377
  The Scope of Genetic Counseling......Page 1378
  Genetic Testing and Genetic Screening......Page 1379
  The Goals of Genetic Counseling......Page 1385
  Autonomy, Informed Consent, and lsquoNondirectiveness’......Page 1387
  Confidentiality and Genetic Privacy......Page 1388
  Genetic Testing of Children......Page 1390
  Further Reading......Page 1391
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1392
  The Case from Beneficial Consequences......Page 1393
  The Case from Harmful Consequences......Page 1395
  The Case from the Duty to Proceed Cautiously......Page 1398
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1400
 Genetic Exceptionalism......Page 1402
  Arguments Supporting Genetic Exceptionalism......Page 1405
  Arguments Against Genetic Exceptionalism......Page 1406
  Conclusions......Page 1408
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1409
  Introduction......Page 1410
  Historical Background......Page 1411
  Behavior Genetics Today: Aims and Methods......Page 1412
  Research Methods in Human Behavior Genetics......Page 1414
  Criticism of Human Behavior Genetics Research......Page 1415
  Ethics and Human Behavior Genetics......Page 1416
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1418
  The Social and Political Context......Page 1419
  The Evidence from Behavioral Genetics......Page 1420
  How Genetic Information Could Be Obtained and Used......Page 1422
  Responsibility and Justice......Page 1424
  Further Reading......Page 1425
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1426
  Basics of Insurance......Page 1427
  Should Insurers Be Able to Access Genetic Test Results?......Page 1429
  Actuarial Studies of Genetics and Insurance......Page 1431
  Loss Coverage: Adverse Selection Is Not Always Bad......Page 1432
  International Differences in the Regulation of Genetics and Insurance......Page 1434
  Relevant Websites......Page 1435
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1436
  Context and Goals......Page 1437
  For the Benefit of the Participants?......Page 1439
  Free and Informed Consent......Page 1440
  Genetic Screening: An Ongoing Story......Page 1442
  Further Reading......Page 1443
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1444
  Overview......Page 1445
  Background and State-of-the-Science......Page 1446
  Ethical Challenges Presented by Genomic Databases......Page 1448
  Future Directions......Page 1452
  Biographical Sketches......Page 1453
  Access to Knowledge......Page 1454
  The Knowledge Gap......Page 1455
  Open Access......Page 1456
  Consumers International......Page 1458
  See also......Page 1459
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1460
  What Is Global Ethics?......Page 1461
  The Ethics of International Relations......Page 1463
  Varieties of Cosmopolitan Theories......Page 1465
  Assessment of the Relationship Between the Three Approaches......Page 1466
  The Cosmopolitan-Communitarian Contrast......Page 1468
  Relevant Websites......Page 1469
  Global Ethics and Applied Ethics......Page 1471
  The Global Ethics Approach and Methodology......Page 1475
  Further Reading......Page 1478
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1479
  Introduction: The Cosmopolitan Vision......Page 1480
  A Working Definition......Page 1481
  International Trade Law and Global Public Goods......Page 1483
  Conclusion: Global Public Goods and the Sustainability of Human Civilization......Page 1484
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1485
  Early Greek Thought......Page 1486
  Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle......Page 1488
  Hellenistic Philosophy......Page 1490
  Later Antiquity......Page 1492
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1493
  Introduction......Page 1495
  Early Gun Controls......Page 1496
  Modern Gun Controls......Page 1497
  Interest Groups and Gun Control......Page 1499
  The Supreme Court and Gun Rights......Page 1500
  Relevant Websites......Page 1501
  Concepts of Health and Their Impact......Page 1502
  Articulating a Family of Concepts: Constraints and Proposals......Page 1504
  The Issue of Normativism......Page 1505
  Beyond the Issue of Normativism......Page 1506
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1507
  Definitions of Health Impact Assessment......Page 1508
  History of HIA......Page 1509
  Validity of Predictions and Ethical Use of Evidence......Page 1510
  HIA and Health Economic Evaluation......Page 1511
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1512
  Background......Page 1513
  Ethics and Health Technology Assessment: The lsquoThin’ Account......Page 1514
  Ethics and Health Technology Assessment: The lsquoThick’ Account......Page 1517
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1521
  Ancient Hedonism......Page 1523
  Axiological Hedonism......Page 1524
  Psychological Hedonism......Page 1527
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1530
  Hermeneutics as the Methodology of the Humanities......Page 1531
  Philosophical Hermeneutics......Page 1533
  Hermeneutics of Suspicion......Page 1535
  Hermeneutics: Application and Ethics......Page 1536
  Further Reading......Page 1537
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1538
  Wide-Ranging Diversity......Page 1539
  Presumptive Hostility Toward Ethics......Page 1540
  Underlying Cultural Axioms......Page 1541
  The Place of Ahimsa......Page 1543
  Contemporary Issues......Page 1544
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1549
  From the Development of Events to Morality......Page 1550
  From lsquoStories’ to Morality......Page 1553
  Of the Benefit and the Disadvantage of Medical History for Medical Ethics......Page 1555
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1556
  Introduction......Page 1557
  Sustained Profile of the Homeless......Page 1558
  The Moral Status of Homelessness......Page 1560
  Further Reading......Page 1561
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1562
  Introduction......Page 1563
  Criminal Homicide......Page 1564
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1572
  Societal Attitudes, Categories, and Defining Issues......Page 1573
  Origins of Societal Attitudes toward Homosexuality......Page 1574
  Societal Attitudes Expressed and Sustained in Law......Page 1577
  Informal Discrimination, Social Exclusion, and Resistance......Page 1579
  Looking Forward......Page 1582
  Relevant Websites......Page 1583
  Definitions and Associations......Page 1584
  Principalist Approach to Questioning Enhancement......Page 1587
  Contemporary Debate......Page 1590
  Conclusion......Page 1591
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1592
  History......Page 1593
  Related Projects......Page 1595
  Ethical Issues......Page 1596
  Conclusion......Page 1599
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1600
  Some Traditional Assumptions......Page 1601
  The Leviathan or the Ghost in the Machine: Human Nature and Early Modernity......Page 1602
  What Is Bred in the Bone Surfaces in the Flesh: Human Nature, Delinquency, and Eugenics......Page 1604
  The Darwinian Turn......Page 1605
  The Weight of History and Environment......Page 1606
  Some Contemporary Views of Human Nature......Page 1607
  Further Reading......Page 1608
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1609
  Scientific Issues......Page 1610
  Ethical and Social Issues......Page 1615
  See also......Page 1620
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1621
  What Are Human Rights?......Page 1622
  Historical Overview......Page 1623
  Major Issues......Page 1626
  Conclusion......Page 1628
  Relevant Websites......Page 1629
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1630
  Renaissance Humanism......Page 1631
  Humanistic Philosophies Since the Renaissance......Page 1634
  Humanism in Current Ethical Debates......Page 1636
  Conclusions......Page 1638
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1639
  Reviewing the Empirical Theories......Page 1640
  A Model of Imperialism......Page 1644
  Imperialism and International Distributive Justice......Page 1645
  Further Reading......Page 1646
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1647
  Swaying Judgments......Page 1648
  Bribery, Undue Influence, and Extortion......Page 1649
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1652
  Historical Background......Page 1653
  The Nature of Indigenous Rights......Page 1655
  The Philosophical Justification of Indigenous Rights......Page 1657
  Criteria for the Groups Entitled to Indigenous Rights......Page 1658
  Conclusion: Qualified Progress for Indigenous Rights......Page 1659
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1660
  The Ethical Importance of Infectious Diseases......Page 1661
  Duty Not to Infect Others......Page 1663
  Research and Surveillance......Page 1664
  Third-Party Notification......Page 1665
  Coercive Social Distancing Measures: Isolation and Quarantine......Page 1666
  See also......Page 1667
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1668
  Background Data......Page 1669
  Options for Managing Infertility......Page 1670
  Ethical Issues......Page 1672
  Conclusion......Page 1676
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1677
  Sources of the Doctrine......Page 1678
  Historical Aspects......Page 1679
  Structural Features of Informed Consent......Page 1681
  Biomedical Research......Page 1682
  Nonconsensual Interventions......Page 1684
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1686
  Introduction......Page 1688
  Evolution of Innovation and Relation to Bioethical and Human Rights Norms......Page 1689
  Innovation as a Constructive Ambiguity in Bilateral Trade Agreements......Page 1690
  Innovation, Intellectual Property, and Public Health......Page 1691
  Innovation and Sustainability......Page 1692
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1693
  The Moral IPR Rationales......Page 1694
  The Economic IPR Rationales......Page 1695
  The Inherent Limitations of the Moral and Economics IPR Rationales......Page 1696
  The Policy and Regulatory Response to IPR......Page 1697
  The Corporate Response to IPR......Page 1698
  See also......Page 1699
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1700
  The Era of Eugenics......Page 1701
  The Epoch of Psychometrics......Page 1702
  The Age of Environmentalism......Page 1703
  The New Millennium......Page 1705
  Further Reading......Page 1708
  The Internet......Page 1709
  Regulatory Bodies Associated with the Internet and Their Purpose......Page 1710
  The Nature of the Problem......Page 1711
  The Need for Regulation......Page 1712
  The Problem of Censorship......Page 1713
  One Man’s Regulation Is Another Person’s Censorship......Page 1714
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1716
  Glossary......Page 1717
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1725
  Introduction......Page 1726
  The Historical Background......Page 1727
  Applied Ethics in Muslim Thought and Practice......Page 1728
  Applied Muslim Ethics Meet Modernity......Page 1729
  Illustrations of Applied Ethics......Page 1730
  Relevant Websites......Page 1733
  The Growing Difficulty of Ethical Dilemmas......Page 1734
  How to Respond to These Dilemmas?......Page 1735
  Relevant Websites......Page 1741
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1742
  History of Jewish Ethics......Page 1743
  Medical Ethics......Page 1744
  Abortion......Page 1745
  Sexuality......Page 1746
  Economic Justice......Page 1747
  Traditionalism and Its Enemies......Page 1748
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1749
  Introduction......Page 1751
  The Purpose and Nature of Juries......Page 1752
  Ethical Jury Conduct during the Trial......Page 1754
  Ethical Jury Conduct and Ethical Treatment of Jurors after the Trial......Page 1756
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1757
  Historical Background......Page 1758
  Standard Version of Just War Theory......Page 1759
  Using Just War Theory......Page 1763
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1764
  Foci of Concern in International Research......Page 1765
  Justice......Page 1766
  Justice as Mutual Advantage......Page 1767
  Criticisms......Page 1768
  Unmet Obligations within Host Communities......Page 1770
  Taking Basic Interests Seriously......Page 1771
  The Human Development Approach......Page 1772
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1774
  Introduction......Page 1775
  Criminal Responsibility, Criminal Defenses, and Juvenile Crime......Page 1776
  Is Juvenile Crime Reaching Crisis Proportions?......Page 1778
  Legal Responses to Juvenile Crime......Page 1779
  Justifying the Punishment of Juvenile Offenders......Page 1780
  The Limits of Law......Page 1781
  Further Reading......Page 1782
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1783
  The Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals......Page 1784
  Later Moral Works......Page 1789
  Further Reading......Page 1790
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1791
  Land Use Ethics and Property Rights......Page 1792
  Leopold’s Land Ethic......Page 1796
  Bioregionalism: The Application of a Land Ethic......Page 1797
  Conclusion......Page 1798
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1799
  Introduction......Page 1800
  The Need for Ethical Leadership......Page 1801
  The Three Dimensions of Ethical Leadership......Page 1802
  Preparing for Ethical Leadership: Self-Transformation of Leaders and Followers......Page 1808
  Further Reading......Page 1813
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1814
  History of Liberalism......Page 1815
  The Evolution of Liberal Theory......Page 1817
  Current Controversies......Page 1819
  Conclusions......Page 1821
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1822
  Introductory General Distinctions......Page 1823
  Empirical Characteristics of Life......Page 1824
  Problems of an Adequate Definition of lsquoLife’......Page 1825
  Alternative Theories of Life: Vitalism vs. Mechanism......Page 1826
  A Third Theory of Life: Organicism......Page 1827
  Different Levels of Life’s Organization......Page 1828
  Practical Implications......Page 1829
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1833
  Introduction......Page 1834
  Informing about Ethical Principles......Page 1835
  Shaping Professional Values......Page 1837
  Helping to Develop Norms (Principles and Rules)......Page 1838
  Helping Us to See the World’s Ethical Dimension......Page 1839
  Further Reading......Page 1840
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1841
  What Is Loyalty?......Page 1842
  Is Loyalty a Virtue?......Page 1844
  Loyalty and Moral Theory......Page 1846
  See also......Page 1848
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1849
 Cover......Page 1850
 Encyclopedia Of Applied Ethics Second Edition ......Page 1851
 Copyright......Page 1854
 Editor-In-Chief ......Page 1855
 Section Editors ......Page 1857
 Editorial Advisory Board ......Page 1861
 Contributors To Volume 3......Page 1863
 Preface ......Page 1875
 Contents ......Page 1877
  Machiavelli and Machiavellianism in The Prince......Page 1887
  Conflicting Interpretations of Machiavelli and Machiavellianism......Page 1888
  The Dilemma of Dirty Hands in Politics......Page 1890
  Contextualizing the Problem......Page 1892
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1895
  The Problem of Marxism and Ethics......Page 1896
  Philosophical Background......Page 1897
  Materialism and Anti-Moralism......Page 1898
  Marx and Morals......Page 1900
  Marx’s Morality......Page 1901
  What Kind of Morality?......Page 1902
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1903
  Introduction......Page 1904
  The Contemporary Context......Page 1905
  Key Questions......Page 1906
  Evidence about Media Representations......Page 1907
  Key Answers......Page 1913
  Explaining Media Representations......Page 1914
  Prospects for Reform......Page 1916
  Conclusion: The Ethics of Ethnicity......Page 1917
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1918
  Social Institutions......Page 1919
  The Print and Electronic Media as Social Institutions......Page 1921
  Collective Ends of the Media as a Social Institution: Forum, Investigator, and Autonomous Communicator......Page 1923
  Further Reading......Page 1928
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1929
  Bagdikian’s Reckoning......Page 1930
  Media Ownership and Media Control......Page 1931
  Media Control and Media Content......Page 1932
  Media Content and Media Effects......Page 1933
  Agamemnon’s Scepter......Page 1935
  See also......Page 1936
  Further Reading......Page 1937
  Religious and State Medical Oaths......Page 1938
  Self-Regulatory Medical Oaths......Page 1940
  Self-Regulatory Medical Codes......Page 1941
  Critique and Defense of Medical Oaths and Codes......Page 1944
  Further Reading......Page 1945
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1946
  Glossary......Page 1947
  The Invention of Medical Ethics......Page 1948
  The Edinburgh Medical Reformers and the Origins of Modern Medical Ethics......Page 1949
  The Professionalization of Medical Ethics......Page 1950
  Nazi Research and the Nuremberg Trials......Page 1953
  The Birth of American Bioethics......Page 1954
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1955
  The Nature of Empirical Evidence......Page 1956
  The Place of Empirical Evidence in Medical Ethics......Page 1958
  The value of empirical evidence for medical ethics......Page 1960
  Conclusions......Page 1962
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1963
  The Meaning of Medical Futility......Page 1964
  Proposals for Resolving Disputes over Medical Futility......Page 1966
  Underlying Moral Debates about People’s Quality of Life, Suffering, and the Best-Interests Standard......Page 1970
  Further Reading......Page 1974
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1975
  Definition and Scope of Medical Humanities......Page 1976
  Professional Organizations, Academic Centers, and Training Programs......Page 1977
  Philosophy and Medicine......Page 1979
  Literature and Medicine......Page 1980
  History and Medicine......Page 1981
  Role of Medical Humanities......Page 1982
  Relevant Websites......Page 1983
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1984
  Introduction......Page 1985
  Terminology and the Varieties of Mental Disorder......Page 1986
  Models of Mental Disorder: Competing and Complementary......Page 1990
  Models of Disorder and Mental Health Practice......Page 1994
  Models of Mental Disorder and Applied Ethics......Page 1996
  Further Reading......Page 1997
  Biographical Sketch......Page 1998
  Theorizing Forgiveness......Page 1999
  What Is Forgiveness?......Page 2000
  The Value(s) of Forgiveness......Page 2001
  A Moral Framework for Forgiveness......Page 2002
  Complexities of Forgiveness......Page 2003
  Theorizing Mercy......Page 2004
  Conclusions......Page 2005
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2006
  Recruitment......Page 2007
  Procurement......Page 2009
  Deployment......Page 2010
  Discharge......Page 2012
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2013
  Migration: Its Nature and Causes......Page 2014
  Migration and Moral Theory......Page 2015
  Refugees......Page 2016
  The Case for Open Borders......Page 2017
  Arguments for the Restriction of Immigration......Page 2018
  Guest Workers, Undocumented Immigrants, and Other Marginal Cases......Page 2020
  Further Reading......Page 2021
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2022
  Introduction......Page 2023
  Dangers of Transport......Page 2024
  Choice and Responsibility......Page 2026
  Ethics of Transport Policy......Page 2027
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2030
  What Is Moral Development?......Page 2031
  Moral Development in Ancient Philosophy......Page 2032
  Piaget and Kohlberg......Page 2033
  Problems with Kohlberg’s Theory......Page 2035
  Alternatives to Kohlberg: Care and Virtue......Page 2036
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2037
  Overview......Page 2038
  Is a Grasp of Principles Necessary or Sufficient for Judgment?......Page 2039
  What are Moral Principles?......Page 2040
  Arguments for Particularism......Page 2041
  Arguments for Generalism......Page 2042
  Principled Particularism......Page 2043
  Further Reading......Page 2044
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2045
  Relativism and Moral Theory......Page 2046
  What Relativism Is Not......Page 2047
  Crude Relativism: The Group......Page 2049
  Crude Relativism: The Individual......Page 2052
  More Defensible Forms of Relativism......Page 2054
  Further Reading......Page 2057
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2058
  Ethics in the Social World......Page 2059
  Understanding Humanity......Page 2062
  Explaining Ethics......Page 2064
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2067
  What Is Nanotechnology?......Page 2068
  Safety......Page 2069
  Conclusion......Page 2070
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2071
  The Question of Origins......Page 2072
  The Sources of Our Understanding of Amerindian Ethics......Page 2073
  Ritual as Applied Ethics......Page 2074
  Eco-ethics and Amerindian Culture......Page 2075
  War and Peace in Amerindian Ethics......Page 2076
  Amerindian Applied Ethics and Their Implications for Political Philosophy......Page 2077
  Recent Developments......Page 2079
  Further Reading......Page 2081
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2082
  The Nature-Nurture Debate......Page 2083
  The Nature-Nurture Controversy from Ancient Times to the Nineteenth Century......Page 2084
  The Nature-Nurture Controversy in the Nineteenth Century......Page 2085
  Nature-Nurture Arguments in the Twentieth Century: Genetics and Eugenics......Page 2087
  The Nature-Nurture Controversy since World War II......Page 2088
  Biological Aspects of Nature-Nurture (Gene-Environment) Interaction......Page 2090
  Conclusion......Page 2092
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2093
  Fundamental versus Instrumental Needs......Page 2094
  Needs versus Desires......Page 2095
  Theories of Harm......Page 2096
  Other Kinds of Theories of Need......Page 2097
  Need-Based Theories of Justice......Page 2098
  Theories of Justice......Page 2099
  Further Reading......Page 2100
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2101
  Introduction......Page 2102
  Brain Imaging Techniques......Page 2103
  Predictive Neuroimaging......Page 2104
  Incidental Findings......Page 2106
  Criminal Responsibility and Brain Fingerprinting......Page 2107
  Conclusions......Page 2109
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2110
  Introduction......Page 2111
  Normative Coherence between Domestic Law and International Human Rights......Page 2112
  Normative Coherence in the Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights......Page 2113
  A Case Study: The Duty to Rescue People and the Environment......Page 2114
  Further Reading......Page 2115
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2116
  Introduction......Page 2117
  Nuclear War......Page 2118
  Nuclear Deterrence......Page 2120
  Further Reading......Page 2124
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2125
  Is the Use of Nuclear Weapons Permissible?......Page 2126
  Further Reading......Page 2128
  Nuclear Weaponry......Page 2129
  Strategy and Deployment......Page 2130
  Moral Paradoxes of Nuclear Deterrence......Page 2132
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2137
  The Development of Nursing Ethics......Page 2138
  Approaches to Philosophical Nursing Ethics......Page 2140
  A Rights-Based Approach......Page 2141
  Virtue-Based Ethics......Page 2142
  Regulative Nursing Ethics......Page 2143
  Conclusions......Page 2144
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2145
  A Field in Development......Page 2146
  Data Sharing and the Risk to Privacy......Page 2147
  Direct-to-Consumer Nutritional Genomics......Page 2148
  Further Reading......Page 2149
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2150
  Introduction......Page 2151
  Facts......Page 2153
  Four Moral Reasons to Combat and Prevent Obesity......Page 2154
  See also......Page 2158
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2159
  Philosophical and Scientific Objectivity......Page 2160
  Objectivity in Journalism: History and Criticism......Page 2161
  Reconstruction of Objectivity as a Norm of Journalism......Page 2162
  Conclusion......Page 2165
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2166
  History of Open Source......Page 2167
  Well-Known Open Source Projects......Page 2168
  Commercial Aspects of Open Source......Page 2171
  Conclusions......Page 2172
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2173
  Deceased Organ Donation......Page 2174
  Xenotransplantation......Page 2175
  The Gift of Life......Page 2176
  Opt-Out Systems of Organ Donation......Page 2177
  Organ Donor Exchange......Page 2178
  Conditional Organ Donation......Page 2179
  Conclusion......Page 2180
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2181
  International Organizations......Page 2183
  Standard Setting......Page 2187
  Different Types of Normative Documents......Page 2188
  Toward Global Bioethics......Page 2190
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2191
  Glossary......Page 2193
  Justifications......Page 2194
  Justifications That Accept the Framework of the State System......Page 2196
  Justifications That Challenge the Legitimacy of the Sovereign State......Page 2200
  Further Reading......Page 2206
  Introduction......Page 2207
  The Advantages and Disadvantages of Rights Theory......Page 2209
  Painism......Page 2210
  The Implications of Painism......Page 2212
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2213
  Definition of Palliative Care......Page 2214
  Ethical Principles in Palliative Care......Page 2216
  Ethical Issues in Palliative Care......Page 2220
  Relevant Websites......Page 2222
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2223
  Introduction......Page 2224
  Corruption......Page 2225
  Conflicts of Interests......Page 2227
  Use of Government Resources......Page 2229
  Ministerial Responsibility and Cabinet Confidentiality......Page 2230
  The Duty to Make Evidence-Based Decisions......Page 2231
  Deception and Misinformation......Page 2232
  Relevant Websites......Page 2233
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2234
  Overview and Basic Concepts......Page 2235
  Criteria of Patentability......Page 2237
  Philosophical Issues......Page 2240
  See also......Page 2243
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2244
  Historical Overview......Page 2245
  Paternalistic Actions and Paternalistic Reasons......Page 2246
  Interference......Page 2247
  Consent......Page 2248
  Benevolence......Page 2249
  Voluntariness......Page 2251
  Anti-Paternalism......Page 2252
  Legal Paternalism......Page 2253
  Further Reading......Page 2254
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2255
  The Origin of Patients’ Rights......Page 2256
  The Function of Patients’ Rights......Page 2257
  Ethical Orientations to Patients’ Rights......Page 2258
  Ethical Principles......Page 2261
  Levels of Ethical Analysis......Page 2262
  The Right to Become a Patient......Page 2264
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2265
  Paying Research Subjects: A Contextual Background......Page 2266
  Payment, Autonomy, and Commercialization of Research......Page 2267
  Assessing Autonomy......Page 2268
  Reasons for Giving Payment......Page 2269
  Payment Models for Research Participation......Page 2270
  Ethics Review Committees and the Consequences of Payment for Participation......Page 2272
  Further Reading......Page 2273
  Biographical Sketches......Page 2274
  The Nature of Pedophilia......Page 2275
  The Moral Status of Pedophilia......Page 2276
  Further Reading......Page 2279
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2280
  Introduction......Page 2281
  Meta-Ethics of Perfectionism......Page 2282
  Individualistic Perfectionism......Page 2283
  The Role of Practical Wisdom......Page 2284
  Perfectionism and Political Philosophy......Page 2286
  Ontological and Epistemological Presuppositions......Page 2287
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2288
  Introduction......Page 2290
  Relations with Nonacquaintances......Page 2291
  Relations with Close Acquaintances......Page 2294
  Relations with Intimate Acquaintances......Page 2296
  Conclusions......Page 2298
  Further Reading......Page 2299
  Introduction......Page 2300
  Moral Theories as Part of an Ethical Reflection Process......Page 2301
  Personalism as a Teleological Model......Page 2302
  The Fundamental Disposition: The Relational Foundation......Page 2303
  Personalism as an Ethical Frame of Reference for Ethical Decision Making......Page 2304
  Further Reading......Page 2306
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2307
  The Rise of Personalized Medicine......Page 2308
  The Promissory Science of Personalized Medicine......Page 2310
  The Promise and Controversy of Personal Genomics......Page 2311
  Three Domains of Ethical Evaluation......Page 2312
  Other Domains......Page 2314
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2316
  Introduction......Page 2317
  Mediated Intentionality......Page 2318
  Autonomy and Moral Agency......Page 2319
  The Ethics of Designing Behavior......Page 2320
  Conclusion......Page 2322
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2323
  Treatment Scenarios......Page 2324
  Drug Resuscitation......Page 2325
  Ethical Principles......Page 2326
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2327
  Glossary......Page 2329
  Overview of Ethical Issues That Characterize Physiotherapy Practice......Page 2330
  Fundamentals of Moral Decision Making......Page 2331
  Substantive Issues in Physiotherapy......Page 2332
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2338
  Introduction......Page 2339
  Psychosomatic Context of Placebos......Page 2340
  Placebos as Therapy......Page 2342
  Placebos and the Doctor-Patient Relationship......Page 2345
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2346
  Goods and Excellence......Page 2347
  The Unity of Virtue as Knowledge......Page 2348
  Socratic Ignorance and Cross-examination......Page 2349
  Justice in the Republic......Page 2350
  Knowledge and Forms......Page 2351
  Implications for Applied Ethics......Page 2352
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2353
  Secular and Religious Applications......Page 2354
  Applications in Bioethics......Page 2355
  Applications in Genetics......Page 2356
  Conclusion......Page 2358
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2359
  The Nature of Police Accountability......Page 2360
  The Value of Police Accountability......Page 2366
  Trends in Police Accountability......Page 2367
  Relevant Websites......Page 2370
  Relationships between Ethnic Minorities and the Police......Page 2371
  Measures to Address Problematic Relationships......Page 2377
  Conclusions......Page 2380
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2381
  The PC Debate......Page 2382
  The Underlying Philosophical Issues......Page 2383
  Political Correctness in the Academy......Page 2385
  Beyond the Academy......Page 2386
  Cultural Change and the Integrity of Language......Page 2388
  Knowledge and Power in the Age of Information......Page 2389
  Further Reading......Page 2390
  The Emergence and Development of Political Ecology......Page 2391
  Conservative Environmentalism......Page 2392
  Natural Capitalism......Page 2393
  Liberal Environmentalism......Page 2394
  Ecosocialism......Page 2395
  Ecoanarchism......Page 2397
  Ecofeminism......Page 2398
  Bioregionalism......Page 2399
  Postmodern Political Ecology......Page 2400
  The Future of Political Ecology......Page 2401
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2402
  The Concept Political Obligation......Page 2403
  Theories of Political Obligation......Page 2404
  Anarchist Theories......Page 2410
  See also......Page 2411
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2412
  Definitions......Page 2413
  Data Sources......Page 2414
  Data Anonymity......Page 2417
  Data Handling......Page 2419
  Obligations of the Researcher, Data User, End User, and Citizen as Data Subject......Page 2420
  Appropriate Professional Environments......Page 2421
  Further Reading......Page 2422
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2423
  Defining Pornography......Page 2424
  Regulating Pornography......Page 2425
  Defending Pornography......Page 2426
  Pornography and Free Speech......Page 2427
  Proving Harm......Page 2429
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2431
  What Is Poststructuralism?......Page 2432
  Post-Structuralist Views of Morality and Ethics......Page 2435
  Post-Structuralist Morality......Page 2436
  Political Implications......Page 2438
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2439
  The Nature of Poverty......Page 2440
  Poverty in Different Societies......Page 2441
  Responsibility for Poverty......Page 2442
  The Moral Condemnation of Poverty......Page 2443
  Causes of Poverty......Page 2444
  Further Reading......Page 2445
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2446
  Common Themes and the Origins of Pragmatism......Page 2447
  Charles Peirce on Ethics......Page 2448
  William James’s Reflections on Morals and Ethics......Page 2450
  The Ethical Theory of John Dewey......Page 2451
  Richard Rorty’s Ethics without Principles......Page 2453
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2454
  The PP and Vorsorgeprinzip......Page 2455
  The PP and Postmodern Threats......Page 2456
  Critique......Page 2458
  Biographical Sketches......Page 2461
  The Medical Model......Page 2462
  The Indirectly Medical Model......Page 2465
  Genetic Screening by Means of Microarrays......Page 2467
  Biographical Sketches......Page 2468
  Defining Preventive Medicine......Page 2470
  The Ethical Dimensions of Preventive Medicine......Page 2471
  Target Groups of Preventive Medicine......Page 2473
  Prevention and Health Communication......Page 2474
  Biographical Sketches......Page 2475
  Introduction......Page 2476
  The Emergence of Principlism......Page 2477
  The Reception of Principlism......Page 2478
  Beauchamp and Childress’s Account of Principlism......Page 2479
  See also......Page 2483
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2484
  Privacy in the Twenty-First Century: Identity, Data, and Databases......Page 2485
  Privacy as a Fundamental Right: Legal Approaches and Data Protection......Page 2486
  Ethical Issues and Aspects of Privacy......Page 2487
  Conceptualizations of Privacy: Approaches and Theories......Page 2490
  Further Reading......Page 2493
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2494
  The History of Privacy as a Legal Right......Page 2495
  Privacy as a Right to Self-Determination......Page 2496
  The Right to Control Personal Information: Definitions and Bottlenecks......Page 2497
  Insecurity in the Information Age......Page 2498
  Privacy and the Public Interest, with a Focus on Medical Research......Page 2499
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2501
  The Concept of a Profession......Page 2502
  The Requirement of Good Professional Practice......Page 2503
  Multiprofessional Networks......Page 2506
  The Future......Page 2508
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2509
  The Concept of Property Rights......Page 2510
  Approaches and Justifications......Page 2512
  Property Rights and the Limits of Philosophy......Page 2516
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2517
  What Is Prostitution?......Page 2518
  Prostitution and the Law......Page 2519
  The Morality of Prostitution......Page 2521
  The Politics of Prostitution......Page 2525
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2527
  The Nature of Proteomic Data......Page 2528
  Ethical Considerations......Page 2533
  Summary......Page 2534
  Biographical Sketc......Page 2535
  Madness in History......Page 2536
  Psychiatry and Bioethics......Page 2538
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2543
  Preliminary Issues......Page 2544
  Three Cases......Page 2546
  Respect for the Patient’s Perspective......Page 2550
  Further Reading......Page 2551
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2552
  Historical and Medical Aspects......Page 2553
  Ethical Aspects......Page 2556
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2559
  Introduction......Page 2560
  A Brief History of the Concept of Public Engagement......Page 2561
  What Is Public Engagement?......Page 2562
  Philosophical Grounding of Public Engagement......Page 2565
  Assessing the Quality and Effectiveness of Public Engagement......Page 2566
  Concluding Remarks......Page 2568
  Further Reading......Page 2569
  Biographical Sketches......Page 2570
  Introduction......Page 2571
  Scope, Historical and Systematic Context of Public Health Ethics......Page 2572
  Substantive Issues in Public Health Ethics......Page 2573
  Specific Ethical Issues in Implementing Public Health Policies......Page 2578
  Further Reading......Page 2580
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2581
  Normative Issues......Page 2582
  The Sociology of the Profession......Page 2583
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2584
  Introduction......Page 2585
  The Revival of Race......Page 2586
  The Refashioning of Race......Page 2587
  New Alignments of Race......Page 2588
  Conclusions......Page 2589
  Biographical Sketches......Page 2590
  Conceptions of Racism......Page 2591
  Conceptions of Race......Page 2593
  The Politics of Race......Page 2598
  Further Reading......Page 2601
  Clinical/Randomized Trials......Page 2603
  Basic Ethical Norms of Medical Research on Human Beings......Page 2604
  Distinction between Therapeutic and Nontherapeutic Research......Page 2605
  Different Types of Ethical Approaches in Human Experimentation......Page 2606
  Ethical Issues of Research on Human Subjects......Page 2607
  Relevant Websites......Page 2611
  Political and Social History of Rape......Page 2612
  The Legal History of Rape......Page 2613
  Philosophical Issues in Understanding Rape......Page 2615
  Further Reading......Page 2618
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2619
  Understanding Reality TV......Page 2620
  Reality TV Audiences......Page 2622
  The Dog-Eat-Dog Ethos......Page 2623
  The Ethics of Fame......Page 2624
  Conclusion......Page 2625
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2626
  Introduction......Page 2627
  Regenerative Medicine, Longevity, and Immortality......Page 2628
  Stem Cell Research and the Moral Status of the Embryo......Page 2630
  Ethical Guidelines for Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research......Page 2631
  Conclusion......Page 2632
  Relevant Websites......Page 2633
  Ethical Methodology......Page 2634
  Shared Ethical Insights......Page 2636
  Differing Ethical Outlooks......Page 2638
  Religion and Applied Ethics......Page 2640
  See also......Page 2641
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2642
  Introduction......Page 2643
  Arguments for Religion in Schools......Page 2644
  Challenges to Religion in Schools......Page 2645
  Specific Controversies Regarding Religion in Schools......Page 2646
  Special Considerations for Independent Schools......Page 2650
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2651
  The Arguments for Reproductive Technologies......Page 2652
  The Arguments against RTs......Page 2653
  Particular Ethical Problems......Page 2655
  Further Reading......Page 2659
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2660
  Introduction......Page 2661
  Brief History of the Ethics of Clinical Research......Page 2662
  Evidence and Facts about a Practice in Crisis: A New International Order......Page 2664
  Values and Principles That Should Guide the Practice of Clinical Research......Page 2666
  Prognosis: The Future of Clinical Research......Page 2669
  Further Reading......Page 2670
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2671
  A Theoretical Foundation......Page 2672
  Origins......Page 2673
  Adoption of Research Ethics Committees......Page 2674
  Research Governance......Page 2675
  Functions of Research Ethics Committees......Page 2676
  Quality Assurance......Page 2680
  Relevant Websites......Page 2681
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2682
  The Relationship of Academic Tenure to Academic Freedom......Page 2683
  Origin of the Contemporary Concept of Academic Freedom......Page 2684
  The Nature of the Contemporary Understanding of Academic Freedom......Page 2685
  The Professor and His or Her Employment......Page 2686
  Academic Freedom, Autonomy, and Research Funding......Page 2687
  Solutions to Individual and Institutional Conflict of Interest......Page 2689
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2690
  Governing Individual Scientists’ Behavior......Page 2691
  Protecting Research Participants......Page 2693
  Unresolved Issues in Research Governance......Page 2696
  Conclusion......Page 2697
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2698
  Maximization of Benefit Models......Page 2699
  The Prioritization of Need......Page 2702
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2706
  What Does It Mean to Regard a Person as Responsible?......Page 2707
  Division of Responsibilities......Page 2709
  Responsibility in Different Spheres......Page 2710
  Collective Responsibility......Page 2712
  Conclusions......Page 2713
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2714
  Right to Know, Commercial Genetic Testing, Autonomy, and Paternalism......Page 2715
  Right Not to Know and Autonomy......Page 2716
  Right Not to Know and Paternalism......Page 2717
  Right Not to Know and Other People......Page 2720
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2721
  Rights, Codes, and Declarations: A Brief History......Page 2722
  Distinctions within Rights Theory......Page 2724
  Rights Theory and Moral Traditions......Page 2725
  Recent Rights Issues......Page 2729
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2730
  Glossary......Page 2732
  Scope of the Proposed Framework......Page 2733
  The Risk Governance Framework......Page 2734
  Conclusions......Page 2739
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2740
 Cover......Page 2741
 Encyclopedia Of Applied Ethics Second Edition......Page 2742
 Copyright......Page 2745
 Editor-In-Chief......Page 2746
 Section Editors......Page 2748
 Editorial Advisory Board......Page 2752
 Contributors To Volume 4......Page 2754
 Preface......Page 2766
 Contents......Page 2768
  Introduction......Page 2778
  Hard Paternalistic Justifications......Page 2779
  Assessing Paternalistic Justifications: Safety at Work......Page 2780
  Nonpaternalistic Justifications for Safety Legislation......Page 2782
  Further Reading......Page 2783
  The Logic of the Case......Page 2784
  Means, Mere Means, and Outcomes......Page 2785
  Means, Individuals, and Values......Page 2786
  Three Readings of Kant......Page 2787
  Ends and Means: Two Different Principles?......Page 2788
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2790
  A Review of the Predisposing Salient Events......Page 2791
  Toward a Definition of Science and Engineering Ethics......Page 2795
  A Historical Perspective......Page 2804
  Contemporary Issues......Page 2805
  Further Reading......Page 2807
  The Role of Publications in Science......Page 2809
  Levels of Misconduct......Page 2810
  Further Reading......Page 2816
  Biographical Sketches......Page 2817
  The Ethical Norms of Scientific Conduct......Page 2818
  Scientific Misconduct: Breakdown and Violation of the Norms......Page 2819
  Responding to Misconduct and Remaining Questions......Page 2821
  A Wider Notion of Scientific Responsibility......Page 2822
  Further Reading......Page 2824
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2825
  The Paradoxes of Self-Deception......Page 2826
  Skeptical and Nonskeptical Accounts of Self-Deception......Page 2827
  Sources for Accounts of Self-Deception......Page 2828
  Self-Deception and Responsibility......Page 2829
  The Accusation of Self-Deception......Page 2830
  What, if Anything, is Wrong with Self-Deception?......Page 2831
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2833
  Introduction......Page 2835
  The Basics of the Capabilities Approach: Determinants of the Good Life......Page 2836
  Capabilities and the Good Life as Determinants of Economic Welfare......Page 2839
  The Capabilities Approach and United Nations’ Human Development Index......Page 2842
  Relevant Websites......Page 2843
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2844
  Introduction......Page 2845
  The Meanings of lsquoSex Equality’......Page 2846
  Historical Views on Human Nature, Sex Roles, and Justice......Page 2847
  Equality of Treatment and Equality of Opportunity......Page 2849
  Current Issues: Cultural Equality, Gendered Disadvantage, and Same-Sex Equality......Page 2851
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2852
  Rationales for Sex Selection......Page 2853
  Sex Selection Practices......Page 2854
  The Ethical Context of Sex Selection......Page 2856
  Relevant Websites......Page 2859
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2860
  Two Paradigms......Page 2861
  Issues in the Interpretation of Sexism......Page 2862
  Renegotiating Common Ideals......Page 2866
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2867
  Sexual Content: What Is It?......Page 2868
  The Moral Issues......Page 2869
  Offense......Page 2871
  Restricting Sexual Content......Page 2872
  Further Reading......Page 2873
  What Is a Sexual Orientation?......Page 2874
  Legal Issues......Page 2875
  Naturalness, Morality, and Desirability......Page 2876
  Conclusion......Page 2880
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2881
  Origins......Page 2882
  Textual Sources......Page 2883
  Teleology......Page 2884
  Personal and Social Practices......Page 2887
  Sikh Institutions......Page 2888
  Further Reading......Page 2889
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2890
  Introduction......Page 2891
  Historical Context......Page 2892
  Modern Context......Page 2893
  Contemporary Process of Enslavement......Page 2894
  Social Paradigms: Malevolence and Survival......Page 2895
  Responsibility to Address Modern Slavery......Page 2896
  See also......Page 2897
  Biographical Sketches......Page 2898
  Introduction......Page 2899
  Definition......Page 2900
  Types of Slippery Slope Arguments......Page 2901
  Contexts of Application......Page 2903
  Evaluating Validity and Plausibility......Page 2904
  The Sociological and Psychological Dimension: Perceiving Reality......Page 2907
  A Case Study: Euthanasia in The Netherlands......Page 2908
  Further Reading......Page 2909
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2910
  The Ethics of Social Institutions......Page 2911
  Value Theory and Social Moral Discourse......Page 2916
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2918
  Introduction......Page 2919
  Basics of SRI......Page 2920
  Implementation of SRI......Page 2921
  The Ethics of SRI......Page 2923
  The Costs of SRI......Page 2926
  See also......Page 2927
  Biographical Sketches......Page 2928
  Introduction......Page 2929
  Surveillance......Page 2930
  The lsquoFakester’......Page 2932
  Latent Dangers......Page 2933
  Making the Offline Visible: Identity through Online Branding and Consumerism......Page 2935
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2936
  Introduction......Page 2937
  The Social Responsibility Principle in the UDBHR......Page 2938
  Normative Foundations of the UDBHR Social Responsibility Principle......Page 2939
  The Social Responsibility Principle in Action......Page 2941
  Conclusion: Implications for a World in Peril......Page 2942
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2943
  Social Insurance......Page 2944
  Income Maintenance......Page 2945
  Objections to Social Security......Page 2947
  Universality and Selectivity......Page 2948
  Social Security and Social Policy......Page 2949
  Further Reading......Page 2950
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2951
  Moral Values in Social Services......Page 2952
  Ethical Norms of Social Services......Page 2953
  Good Social Service Practice......Page 2955
  Further Reading......Page 2957
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2958
  The Welfare State......Page 2959
  Sectors of Welfare......Page 2960
  Welfare Pluralism......Page 2963
  Welfare Régimes......Page 2964
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2965
  Social Work: An Overview......Page 2966
  The Emergence of Ethical Issues......Page 2967
  Ethical Issues and Dilemmas......Page 2968
  Ethical Decision Making......Page 2971
  Ethics Risk Management......Page 2972
  Conclusions......Page 2973
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2974
  Introduction......Page 2975
  Solidarity as a Sociological Concept......Page 2976
  Communitarian Notions of Solidarity......Page 2977
  Justice and Solidarity......Page 2978
  Habermas’s Concept of the Life World......Page 2979
  Solidarity: Recognition, Citizenship, and Reflexivity......Page 2980
  Biographical Sketches......Page 2982
  Historical Review......Page 2983
  Themes......Page 2984
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2989
  Historical Background to Speciesism......Page 2990
  Definitions and Uses of Speciesism......Page 2992
  Philosophical Opposition to Speciesism......Page 2994
  Biographical Sketch......Page 2996
  The Relationship of Sport and Morality......Page 2997
  Fair Play......Page 2998
  Two Moral Issues......Page 3001
  Biographical Sketch......Page 3003
  Types of Stem Cells......Page 3004
  General Ethical Issues Surrounding Stem Cell Research......Page 3005
  Ethical Issues Specific to Embryonic Stem Cell Research......Page 3006
  International Perspectives on Stem Cell Research......Page 3009
  Further Reading......Page 3010
  Biographical Sketch......Page 3011
  Easter Island, a Paradigm......Page 3012
  Stewardship and Economics......Page 3013
  The Concept of Stewardship......Page 3014
  An Ethic of Stewardship......Page 3015
  Further Reading......Page 3017
  Natural Impulses and Appropriations......Page 3019
  The Good, the Bad, and the Indifferent......Page 3020
  Proper Actions and Right Actions......Page 3021
  Reason, Goodness, and Virtue......Page 3022
  The End and Happiness......Page 3023
  Emotions......Page 3024
  Applied Ethics......Page 3025
  Biographical Sketch......Page 3026
  The Ethics of Strike Action......Page 3027
  The Right to Strike......Page 3029
  Hard Cases......Page 3030
  Biographical Sketch......Page 3033
  Introduction......Page 3034
  Biology......Page 3035
  Suggestion and Hypnosis......Page 3036
  Some Philosophical Problems......Page 3037
  Placebo......Page 3040
  Psychoanalysis and Other Psychotherapies......Page 3041
  Further Reading......Page 3042
  What Is Suicide?......Page 3043
  How Might Suicide Be Attempted and Achieved?......Page 3044
  Deciding Whether an Act Was Suicide......Page 3045
  Distinguishing between Suicide and Other Acts......Page 3046
  Is Suicide Morally Acceptable?......Page 3047
  See also......Page 3049
  Biographical Sketch......Page 3050
  Underpinning Concepts of Fairness and Justice......Page 3051
  Sustainable Development......Page 3052
  Ecological Sustainability......Page 3055
  Biographical Sketch......Page 3057
  Possible Applications of Synthetic Biology......Page 3058
  Ethical Issues......Page 3060
  Relevant Websites......Page 3064
  Biographical Sketches......Page 3065
  Description of Tabloid Journalism......Page 3066
  Ethical Issues: Institutional......Page 3069
  Ethical Issues: Individual Moral Rights......Page 3071
  See also......Page 3073
  Biographical Sketch......Page 3074
  Early Daoism......Page 3075
  The Practical Tradition......Page 3079
  Contemporary Reception......Page 3080
  Further Reading......Page 3081
  Biographical Sketch......Page 3082
  Introduction......Page 3083
  Classical TA: Informing the Political Debate......Page 3087
  Participatory TA: Broadening the Political Debate......Page 3088
  Argumentative TA: Deepening the Political Debate......Page 3091
  Constructive TA: Broadening the Design Process......Page 3093
  Future Challenges of TA......Page 3095
  Further Reading......Page 3096
  Biographical Sketches......Page 3097
  Approaches to the Ethics of Technology......Page 3098
  Key Themes in the Ethics of Technology......Page 3100
  Relevant Websites......Page 3103
  Biographical Sketches......Page 3104
  Introduction......Page 3105
  The UDBHR and Technology Transfer......Page 3106
  Normative Foundations of Technology Transfer......Page 3108
  Conclusion: A Sustainable Cosmopolitanism?......Page 3109
  Biographical Sketch......Page 3110
  On Defining Terrorism......Page 3111
  Origin of the Concept of Terrorism......Page 3112
  On Terrorism and Legitimate Government......Page 3114
  The Morality of Terrorism......Page 3115
  The Terror and the Fear......Page 3117
  See also......Page 3119
  Religious Ethics......Page 3120
  Virtue Theory......Page 3122
  Utilitarianism......Page 3123
  Kantianism......Page 3124
  Contractarianism......Page 3126
  Intuitionism......Page 3127
  Further Reading......Page 3129
  Biographical Sketch......Page 3130
  Introduction......Page 3131
  The Original Position......Page 3133
  Rawls’s Two Principles of Justice......Page 3135
  Some Critical Perspectives on the Theory......Page 3139
  Political Liberalism......Page 3141
  International Justice and the Law of Peoples......Page 3143
  Biographical Sketch......Page 3145
  Introduction......Page 3146
  Origins of the Concept......Page 3147
  Impact on Informed Consent......Page 3148
  Definitional Issues......Page 3149
  Generally Accepted and Codified Obligations to Dispel Therapeutic Misconception......Page 3151
  Similarity Position versus Difference Position......Page 3152
  Tolerating Therapeutic Misconception......Page 3153
  Biographical Sketch......Page 3154
  Introduction......Page 3155
  Prominent Scholars......Page 3156
  Aristotelian Character......Page 3157
  Ethical Theory......Page 3158
  Metaphysical and Epistemological Presuppositions......Page 3159
  Implications for Community......Page 3160
  Further Reading......Page 3161
  Biographical Sketch......Page 3162
  Dimensions of Tourism......Page 3163
  The Tourism System......Page 3166
  Tourism Impacts......Page 3169
  Alternative Tourism and Sustainability......Page 3176
  Conclusion......Page 3181
  Further Reading......Page 3182
  Biographical Sketch......Page 3183
  Introduction: Trade Law as a Supranational Normative System in a Globalized World......Page 3184
  Impact of Trade Agreements on Globalization’s Broader Normative Framework......Page 3185
  Regional and Bilateral Trade Agreements and Globalization......Page 3187
  Ethical Issues for Trade Agreements and Dispute Resolution......Page 3188
  Biographical Sketch......Page 3190
  Definition and Terminology......Page 3191
  History of Transhumanism......Page 3196
  Moral Arguments Regarding Transhumanism......Page 3197
  Relevant Websites......Page 3198
  Biographical Sketch......Page 3199
  A Brief History of Transsexualism......Page 3200
  Ethical Objections to Transsexualism......Page 3201
  Further Reading......Page 3202
  Introduction......Page 3203
  Trust and Social Life......Page 3204
  Trust and Theories of Rational Action......Page 3205
  Risk and the Distinction between First- and Third-Person Perspectives......Page 3206
  Dialogical Approaches to Psychology and Ethics......Page 3207
  The Philosophy of Emotions......Page 3208
  Epistemology......Page 3209
  The Philosophy of Religion......Page 3210
  Biographical Sketch......Page 3211
  Truth Telling in Journalism History......Page 3212
  Practice and Theory......Page 3213
  Need for Theory......Page 3215
  Pragmatic Truth......Page 3216
  Why Truth Matters......Page 3217
  Biographical Sketch......Page 3218
  Changes in Law Enforcement......Page 3219
  Arguments for and against Undercover Actions......Page 3220
  Some Questions and Criteria to Guide the Ethical Assessment of Undercover Tactics......Page 3226
  Biographical Sketch......Page 3228
  The Defining Characteristics of Utilitarianism......Page 3229
  Variations among Forms of Utilitarianism......Page 3230
  Objections to Utilitarianism......Page 3233
  Applications......Page 3234
  Biographical Sketch......Page 3235
  Hunger......Page 3236
  Animal Suffering......Page 3237
  Further Reading......Page 3238
  Biographical Sketch......Page 3239
  Ethics1 and Ethics2......Page 3240
  Moral Obligations in Veterinary Medicine......Page 3242
  Ethical Theory......Page 3243
  Relevant Websites......Page 3246
  Biographical Sketch......Page 3247
  Problems of Definition......Page 3248
  Theoretical Problems......Page 3249
  Specific Applications......Page 3255
  Biographical Sketch......Page 3259
  Cultural Context......Page 3260
  Psychological Studies of TV Violence and Aggression......Page 3261
  Alternative Paradigms: Perceptions of Violence......Page 3264
  Nonfictional Violence......Page 3266
  Public Attitudes to Violence on Television......Page 3267
  Censorship and Public Policy......Page 3268
  Further Reading......Page 3271
  Introduction......Page 3272
  A Brief History of Virtual Communities......Page 3273
  Selected Issues......Page 3275
  Taxonomy of Ethical Dimensions......Page 3277
  Further Reading......Page 3278
  Biographical Sketch......Page 3279
  Virtue Ethics as a Theory......Page 3280
  The Application Problem......Page 3282
  Applied Virtue Ethics......Page 3284
  Further Reading......Page 3286
  Biographical Sketch......Page 3287
  Introduction......Page 3288
  Conditions of Justified Warfare......Page 3289
  Permissible Conduct in War......Page 3290
  Challenges to Codes of Warfare......Page 3292
  A Contemporary Defense: Walzer on Just and Unjust Wars......Page 3293
  The War on Terror Post-9/11......Page 3294
  Biographical Sketch......Page 3295
  Introduction......Page 3296
  The Meaning of Welfare......Page 3297
  The Residual Welfare State......Page 3298
  Welfare Policies in Europe......Page 3301
  Welfare and the Logic of the Institutional Welfare State......Page 3303
  Health Care and Pensions......Page 3304
  Conclusions......Page 3306
  Relevant Websites......Page 3307
  What Is Whistleblowing?......Page 3308
  What Is Wrong with Whistleblowing?......Page 3309
  Justifications of Whistleblowing......Page 3310
  Relevant Websites......Page 3314
  Biographical Sketch......Page 3315
  The Need for Conservation......Page 3316
  Whose Life Is to Be Conserved and on What Grounds?......Page 3318
  Utilitarian Arguments......Page 3320
  Rights and Wild Things......Page 3322
  Conclusions......Page 3323
  Further Reading......Page 3324
  Introduction......Page 3325
  The State and Types of Women’s Human Rights......Page 3326
  International Women’s Human Rights......Page 3327
  Women’s Rights, Different Natures, and Separate Spheres......Page 3328
  Types of Rights to Education......Page 3329
  Women’s Economic and Social Rights......Page 3331
  Relevant Websites......Page 3334
  Biographical Sketch......Page 3335
  Conceptual Framework......Page 3336
  Practice Issues......Page 3337
  The Common Good......Page 3339
  Biographical Sketch......Page 3340
  Historical Developments......Page 3342
  Medical and Scientific Challenges......Page 3344
  National and International Policies......Page 3346
  Animal Ethics......Page 3347
  Research Ethics: Who Goes First?......Page 3348
  Informed Consent and Patient Monitoring......Page 3349
  Conclusion......Page 3350
  Biographical Sketch......Page 3351
  Glossary......Page 3352
  Introduction......Page 3353
  Ancient Collections and Perspectives......Page 3354
  Menageries, Exploration, and Science......Page 3355
  Zoos as Cultural Institutions......Page 3356
  Conservation Centers and Endangered Species......Page 3357
  Evolving Wildlife Welfare and Conservation Ethics......Page 3358
  Conclusion......Page 3359
  Biographical Sketch......Page 3360
 Subject Index......Page 3362