Data Center Handbook: Plan, Design, Build, and Operations of a Smart Data Center

COVER
TITLE PAGE
COPYRIGHT PAGE
BRIEF CONTENTS
ABOUT THE EDITOR/AUTHOR
TECHNICAL ADVISORY BOARD
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
FOREWORD (1)
FOREWORD (2)
FOREWORD (3)
PREFACE DATA CENTER HANDBOOK (SECOND EDITION, 2021)
PREFACE DATA CENTER HANDBOOK (FIRST EDITION, 2015)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS DATA CENTER HANDBOOK (SECOND EDITION, 2021)
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS DATA CENTER HANDBOOK (FIRST EDITION, 2015)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PART I DATA CENTER OVERVIEW AND STRATEGIC PLANNING
	CHAPTER 1 SUSTAINABLE DATA CENTER: STRATEGIC PLANNING, DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, AND OPERATIONS WITH EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES
		1.1 INTRODUCTION
		1.2 ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES
		1.3 DATA CENTER SYSTEM AND INFRASTRUCTURE ARCHITECTURE
		1.4 STRATEGIC PLANNING
		1.5 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION CONSIDERATIONS
		1.6 OPERATIONS TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
		1.7 BUSINESS CONTINUITY AND DISASTER RECOVERY
		1.8 WORKFORCE DEVELOPMENT AND CERTIFICATION
		1.9 GLOBAL WARMING AND SUSTAINABILITY
		1.10 CONCLUSIONS
		REFERENCES
		FURTHER READING
	CHAPTER 2 GLOBAL DATA CENTER ENERGY DEMAND AND STRATEGIES TO CONSERVE ENERGY
		2.1 INTRODUCTION
		2.2 APPROACHES FOR MODELING DATA CENTER ENERGY USE
		2.3 GLOBAL DATA CENTER ENERGY USE: PAST AND PRESENT
		2.4 GLOBAL DATA CENTER ENERGY USE: FORWARD-LOOKING ANALYSIS
		2.5 DATA CENTERS AND CLIMATE CHANGE
		2.6 OPPORTUNITIES FOR REDUCING ENERGY USE
		2.7 CONCLUSIONS
		REFERENCES
		FURTHER READING
	CHAPTER 3 ENERGY AND SUSTAINABILITY IN DATA CENTERS
		3.1 INTRODUCTION
		3.2 MODULARITY IN DATA CENTERS
		3.3 COOLING A FLEXIBLE FACILITY
		3.4 PROPER OPERATING TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY
		3.5 AVOIDING COMMON PLANNING ERRORS
		3.6 DESIGN CONCEPTS FOR DATA CENTER COOLING SYSTEMS
		3.7 BUILDING ENVELOPE AND ENERGY USE
		3.8 AIR MANAGEMENT AND CONTAINMENT STRATEGIES
		3.9 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM EFFICIENCY
		3.10 ENERGY USE OF IT EQUIPMENT
		3.11 SERVER VIRTUALIZATION
		3.12 INTERDEPENDENCY OF SUPPLY AIR TEMPERATURE AND ITE ENERGY USE
		3.13 IT AND FACILITIES WORKING TOGETHER TO REDUCE ENERGY USE
		3.14 DATA CENTER FACILITIES MUST BE DYNAMIC AND ADAPTABLE
		3.15 SERVER TECHNOLOGY AND STEADY INCREASE OF EFFICIENCY
		3.16 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS FOR ASSESSMENTS
		3.17 PRIVATE INDUSTRY AND GOVERNMENT ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAMS
		3.18 STRATEGIES FOR OPERATIONS OPTIMIZATION
		3.19 UTILITY CUSTOMER-FUNDED PROGRAMS
		REFERENCES
		FURTHER READING
	CHAPTER 4 HOSTING OR COLOCATION DATA CENTERS
		4.1 INTRODUCTION
		4.2 HOSTING
		4.3 COLOCATION (WHOLESALE)
		4.4 TYPES OF DATA CENTERS
		4.5 SCALING DATA CENTERS
		4.6 SELECTING AND EVALUATING DC HOSTING AND WHOLESALE PROVIDERS
		4.7 BUILD VERSUS BUY
		4.8 FUTURE TRENDS
		4.9 CONCLUSION
		REFERENCES
		FURTHER READING
		SOURCES FOR DATA CENTER INDUSTRY NEWS AND TRENDS
	CHAPTER 5 CLOUD AND EDGE COMPUTING
		5.1 INTRODUCTION TO CLOUD AND EDGE COMPUTING
		5.2 IT STACK
		5.3 CLOUD COMPUTING
		5.4 EDGE COMPUTING
		5.5 FUTURE TRENDS
		REFERENCES
		FURTHER READING
	CHAPTER 6 DATA CENTER FINANCIAL ANALYSIS, ROI, AND TCO
		6.1 INTRODUCTION TO FINANCIAL ANALYSIS, RETURN ON INVESTMENT, AND TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP
		6.2 FINANCIAL MEASURES OF COST AND RETURN
		6.3 COMPLICATIONS AND COMMON PROBLEMS
		6.4 A REALISTIC EXAMPLE
		6.5 CHOOSING TO BUILD, REINVEST, LEASE, OR RENT
		FURTHER READING
	CHAPTER 7 MANAGING DATA CENTER RISK
		7.1 INTRODUCTION
		7.2 BACKGROUND
		7.3 REFLECTION: THE BUSINESS CASE
		7.4 KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER 1
		7.5 THEORY: THE DESIGN PHASE
		7.6 KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER 2
		7.7 PRACTICE: THE BUILD PHASE
		7.8 KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER 3: PRACTICAL COMPLETION
		7.9 EXPERIENCE: OPERATION
		7.10 KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER 4
		7.11 CONCLUSIONS
		REFERENCES
PART II PART IIDATA CENTER TECHNOLOGIES
	CHAPTER 8 SOFTWARE-DEFINED ENVIRONMENTS
		8.1 INTRODUCTION
		8.2 SOFTWARE-DEFINED ENVIRONMENTS ARCHITECTURE
		8.3 SOFTWARE-DEFINED ENVIRONMENTS FRAMEWORK
		8.4 CONTINUOUS ASSURANCE ON RESILIENCY
		8.5 COMPOSABLE/DISAGGREGATED DATACENTER ARCHITECTURE
		8.6 SUMMARY
		REFERENCES
	CHAPTER 9 COMPUTING, STORAGE, AND NETWORKING RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN DATA CENTERS
		9.1 INTRODUCTION
		9.2 RESOURCE VIRTUALIZATION AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
		9.3 CLOUD PLATFORM
		9.4 PROGRESS FROM SINGLE-CLOUD TO MULTI-CLOUD
		9.5 RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ARCHITECTURE IN LARGE-SCALE CLUSTERS
		9.6 CONCLUSIONS
		REFERENCES
	CHAPTER 10 WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS TO IMPROVE ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN DATA CENTERS
		10.1 INTRODUCTION
		10.2 WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS
		10.3 SENSORS AND ACTUATORS
		10.4 SENSOR ANALYTICS
		10.5 ENERGY SAVINGS
		10.6 CONTROL SYSTEMS
		10.7 QUANTIFIABLE ENERGY SAVINGS POTENTIAL
		10.8 CONCLUSIONS
		REFERENCES
	CHAPTER 11 ASHRAE STANDARDS AND PRACTICESFOR DATA CENTERS
		11.1 INTRODUCTION: ASHRAE AND TECHNICAL COMMITTEE TC 9.9
		11.2 THE GROUNDBREAKING ASHRAE “THERMAL GUIDELINES”
		11.3 THE THERMAL GUIDELINES CHANGE IN HUMIDITY CONTROL
		11.4 A NEW UNDERSTANDING OF HUMIDITY AND STATIC DISCHARGE
		11.5 HIGH HUMIDITY AND POLLUTION
		11.6 THE ASHRAE “DATACOM SERIES”
		11.7 THE ASHRAE HANDBOOK AND TC 9.9 WEBSITE
		11.8 ASHRAE STANDARDS AND CODES
		11.9 ANSI/ASHRAE STANDARD 90.1-2010 AND ITS CONCERNS
		11.10 THE DEVELOPMENT OF ANSI/ASHRAE STANDARD 90.4
		11.11 SUMMARY OF ANSI/ASHRAE STANDARD 90.4
		11.12 ASHRAE BREADTH AND THE ASHRAE JOURNAL
		REFERENCES
		FURTHER READING
	CHAPTER 12 DATA CENTER TELECOMMUNICATIONS CABLING AND TIA STANDARDS
		12.1 WHY USE DATA CENTER TELECOMMUNICATIONS CABLING STANDARDS?
		12.2 TELECOMMUNICATIONS CABLING STANDARDS ORGANIZATIONS
		12.3 DATA CENTER TELECOMMUNICATIONS CABLING INFRASTRUCTURE STANDARDS
		12.4 TELECOMMUNICATIONS SPACES AND REQUIREMENTS
		12.5 STRUCTURED CABLING TOPOLOGY
		12.6 CABLE TYPES AND MAXIMUM CABLE LENGTHS
		12.7 CABINET AND RACK PLACEMENT (HOT AISLES AND COLD AISLES)
		12.8 CABLING AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY
		12.9 CABLE PATHWAYS
		12.10 CABINETS AND RACKS
		12.11 PATCH PANELS AND CABLE MANAGEMENT
		12.12 RELIABILITY RATINGS AND CABLING
		12.13 CONCLUSION AND TRENDS
		FURTHER READING
	CHAPTER 13 AIR-SIDE ECONOMIZER TECHNOLOGIES
		13.1 INTRODUCTION
		13.2 USING PROPERTIES OF AMBIENT AIR TO COOL A DATA CENTER
		13.3 ECONOMIZER THERMODYNAMIC PROCESS AND SCHEMATIC OF EQUIPMENT LAYOUT
		13.4 COMPARATIVE POTENTIAL ENERGY SAVINGS AND REQUIRED TRIM MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION
		13.5 CONVENTIONAL MEANS FOR COOLING DATACOM FACILITIES
		13.6 A NOTE ON LEGIONNAIRES’ DISEASE
		REFERENCES
		FURTHER READING
	CHAPTER 14 RACK-LEVEL COOLING AND SERVER-LEVEL COOLING
		14.1 INTRODUCTION
		14.2 RACK-LEVEL COOLING
		14.3 SERVER-LEVEL COOLING
		14.4 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE TRENDS
		ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
		FURTHER READING
	CHAPTER 15 CORROSION AND CONTAMINATION CONTROL FOR MISSION CRITICAL FACILITIES
		15.1 INTRODUCTION
		15.2 DATA CENTER ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT
		15.3 GUIDELINES AND LIMITS FOR GASEOUS CONTAMINANTS
		15.4 AIR CLEANING TECHNOLOGIES
		15.5 CONTAMINATION CONTROL FOR DATA CENTERS
		15.6 TESTING FOR FILTRATION EFFECTIVENESS AND FILTER LIFE
		15.7 DESIGN/APPLICATION OF DATA CENTER AIR CLEANING
		15.8 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
		15.9 APPENDIX 1: ADDITIONAL DATA CENTER SERVICES
		15.11 APPENDIX 3: REACTIVITY MONITORING DATA EXAMPLES: SAMPLE CORROSION MONITORING REPORT
		15.12 APPENDIX 4: DATA CENTER CASE STUDY
		FURTHER READING
	CHAPTER 16 RACK PDU FOR GREEN DATA CENTERS
		16.1 INTRODUCTION
		16.2 FUNDAMENTALS AND PRINCIPLES
		16.3 ELEMENTS OF THE SYSTEM
		16.4 CONSIDERATIONS FOR PLANNING AND SELECTING RACK PDUs
		16.5 FUTURE TRENDS FOR RACK PDUs
		FURTHER READING
	CHAPTER 17 FIBER CABLING FUNDAMENTALS, INSTALLATION, AND MAINTENANCE
		17.1 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE AND THE “STRUCTURED CABLING MODEL” FOR FIBER CABLING
		17.2 DEVELOPMENT OF FIBER TRANSPORT SERVICES (FTS) BY IBM
		17.3 ARCHITECTURE STANDARDS
		17.4 DEFINITION OF CHANNEL vs. LINK
		17.5 NETWORK/CABLING ELEMENTS
		17.6 PLANNING FOR FIBER-OPTIC NETWORKS
		17.7 LINK POWER BUDGETS AND APPLICATION STANDARDS
		17.8 LINK COMMISSIONING
		17.9 TROUBLESHOOTING, REMEDIATION, AND OPERATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE FIBER CABLE PLANT
		17.10 CONCLUSION
		REFERENCE
		FURTHER READING
		BOOKS
		PAPERS
		WEB
	CHAPTER 18 DESIGN OF ENERGY-EFFICIENT IT EQUIPMENT
		18.1 INTRODUCTION
		18.2 ENERGY-EFFICIENT EQUIPMENT
		18.3 HIGH-EFFICIENT COMPUTE SERVER CLUSTER
		18.4 PROCESS TO DESIGN ENERGY-EFFICIENT SERVERS
		18.5 CONCLUSION
		ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
		REFERENCES
		FURTHER READING
		PERFORMANCE STANDARD
		PSU 80 PLUS
		WATER COOLING SEVERS
	CHAPTER 19 ENERGY-SAVING TECHNOLOGIES OF SERVERSIN DATA CENTERS
		19.1 INTRODUCTION
		19.2 ENERGY CONSUMPTION MODELING OF SERVERS IN DATA CENTERS
		19.3 ENERGY-SAVING TECHNOLOGIES OF SERVERS
		19.4 CONCLUSIONS
		ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
		REFERENCES
	CHAPTER 20 CYBERSECURITY AND DATA CENTERS
		20.1 INTRODUCTION
		20.2 BACKGROUND OF OT CONNECTIVITY IN DATA CENTERS
		20.3 VULNERABILITIES AND THREATS TO OT SYSTEMS
		20.4 LEGISLATION COVERING OT SYSTEM SECURITY
		20.5 CYBER INCIDENTS INVOLVING DATA CENTER OT SYSTEMS
		20.6 CYBERATTACKS TARGETING OT SYSTEMS
		20.7 PROTECTING OT SYSTEMS FROM CYBER COMPROMISE
		20.8 CONCLUSION
		REFERENCES
	CHAPTER 21 CONSIDERATION OF MICROGRIDS FOR DATA CENTERS
		21.1 INTRODUCTION
		21.2 DESCRIPTION OF MICROGRIDS
		21.3 CONSIDERING MICROGRIDS FOR DATA CENTERS
		21.4 U.S. MICROGRID MARKET
		21.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS
		REFERENCES
		FURTHER READING
PART III DATA CENTER DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION
	CHAPTER 22 DATA CENTER SITE SEARCH AND SELECTION
		22.1 INTRODUCTION
		22.2 SITE SEARCHES VERSUS FACILITY SEARCHES
		22.3 GLOBALIZATION AND THE SPEED OF LIGHT
		22.4 THE SITE SELECTION PROCESS
		22.5 INDUSTRY TRENDS AFFECTING SITE SELECTION
		ACKNOWLEDGMENT
		REFERENCE
		FURTHER READING
	CHAPTER 23 ARCHITECTURE: DATA CENTER RACK FLOOR PLAN AND FACILITY LAYOUT DESIGN
		23.1 INTRODUCTION
		23.2 FIBER OPTIC NETWORK DESIGN
		23.3 OVERVIEW OF RACK AND CABINET DESIGN
		23.4 SPACE AND POWER DESIGN CRITERIA
		23.5 PATHWAYS
		23.6 COORDINATION WITH OTHER SYSTEMS
		23.7 COMPUTER ROOM DESIGN
		23.8 SCALABLE DESIGN
		23.9 CFD MODELING
		23.10 DATA CENTER SPACE PLANNING
		23.11 CONCLUSION
		FURTHER READING
	CHAPTER 24 MECHANICAL DESIGN IN DATA CENTERS
		24.1 INTRODUCTION
		24.2 KEY DESIGN CRITERIA
		24.3 MECHANICAL DESIGN PROCESS
		24.4 DATA CENTER CONSIDERATIONS IN SELECTING KEY COMPONENTS
		24.5 PRIMARY DESIGN OPTIONS
		24.6 CURRENT BEST PRACTICES
		24.7 FUTURE TRENDS
		ACKNOWLEDGMENT
		REFERENCE
		FURTHER READING
	CHAPTER 25 DATA CENTER ELECTRICAL DESIGN
		25.1 INTRODUCTION
		25.2 DESIGN INPUTS
		25.3 ARCHITECTURE RESILIENCE
		25.4 ELECTRICAL DESIGN CHALLENGES
		25.5 FACEBOOK, INC. ELECTRICAL DESIGN
		FURTHER READING
	CHAPTER 26 ELECTRICAL: UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM
		26.1 INTRODUCTION
		26.2 PRINCIPAL OF UPS AND APPLICATION
		26.3 CONSIDERATIONS IN SELECTING UPS
		26.4 RELIABILITY AND REDUNDANCY
		26.5 ALTERNATE ENERGY SOURCES: ac AND dc
		26.6 UPS PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS
		26.7 UPS MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL
		26.8 CONCLUSION AND TRENDS
		FURTHER READING
	CHAPTER 27 STRUCTURAL DESIGN IN DATA CENTERS: NATURAL DISASTER RESILIENCE
		27.1 INTRODUCTION
		27.2 BUILDING DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
		27.3 EARTHQUAKES
		27.4 HURRICANES, TORNADOES, AND OTHER WINDSTORMS
		27.5 SNOW AND RAIN
		27.6 FLOOD AND TSUNAMI
		27.7 COMPREHENSIVE RESILIENCY STRATEGIES
		REFERENCES
	CHAPTER 28 FIRE PROTECTION AND LIFE SAFETY DESIGN IN DATA CENTERS
		28.1 FIRE PROTECTION FUNDAMENTALS
		28.2 AHJS, CODES, AND STANDARDS
		28.3 LOCAL AUTHORITIES, NATIONAL CODES, AND STANDARDS
		28.4 LIFE SAFETY
		28.5 PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION
		28.6 ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION AND SUPPRESSION
		28.7 DETECTION, ALARM, AND SIGNALING
		28.8 FIRE PROTECTION DESIGN & CONCLUSION
		REFERENCES
	CHAPTER 29 RELIABILITY ENGINEERING FOR DATA CENTER INFRASTRUCTURES
		29.1 INTRODUCTION
		29.2 DEPENDABILITY THEORY
		29.3 SYSTEM DYSFUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS
		29.4 APPLICATION TO DATA CENTER DEPENDABILITY
		REFERENCES
	CHAPTER 30 COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS FOR DATA CENTERS
		30.1 INTRODUCTION
		30.2 FUNDAMENTALS OF CFD
		30.3 APPLICATIONS OF CFD FOR DATA CENTERS
		30.4 MODELING THE DATA CENTER
		30.5 POTENTIAL ADDITIONAL BENEFITS OF A CFD-BASED DIGITAL TWIN
		30.6 THE FUTURE OF CFD-BASED DIGITAL TWINS
		REFERENCES
	CHAPTER 31 DATA CENTER PROJECT MANAGEMENT
		31.1 INTRODUCTION
		31.2 PROJECT KICKOFF PLANNING
		31.3 PREPARE PROJECT SCOPE OF WORK
		31.4 ORGANIZE PROJECT TEAM
		31.5 PROJECT SCHEDULE
		31.6 PROJECT COSTS
		31.7 PROJECT MONITORING AND REPORTING
		31.8 PROJECT CLOSEOUT
		31.9 CONCLUSION
		FURTHER READING
PART IV DATA CENTER OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT
	CHAPTER 32 DATA CENTER BENCHMARK METRICS
		32.1 INTRODUCTION
		32.2 THE GREEN GRID’S PUE: A USEFUL METRIC
		32.3 METRICS FOR EXPRESSING PARTIAL ENERGY USE
		32.4 APPLYING PUE IN THE REAL WORLD
		32.5 METRICS USED IN DATA CENTER ASSESSMENTS
		32.6 The GREEN GRIDS XUE METRICS
		32.7 RCI AND RTI
		32.8 ADDITIONAL INDUSTRY METRICS AND STANDARDS
		32.9 EUROPEAN COMMISSION CODE OF CONDUCT
		32.10 CONCLUSION
		FURTHER READING
	CHAPTER 33 DATA CENTER INFRASTRUCTURE MANAGEMENT
		33.1 WHAT IS DATA CENTER INFRASTRUCTURE MANAGEMENT
		33.2 TRIGGERS FOR DCIM ACQUISITION AND DEPLOYMENT
		33.3 WHAT ARE MODULES OF A DCIM SOLUTION
		33.4 THE DCIM SYSTEM ITSELF: WHAT TO EXPECT AND PLAN FOR
		33.5 CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS WHEN IMPLEMENTING A DCIM SYSTEM
		33.6 DCIM AND DIGITAL TWIN
		33.7 FUTURE TRENDS IN DCIM
		33.8 CONCLUSION
		ACKNOWLEDGMENT
		FURTHER READING
	CHAPTER 34 DATA CENTER AIR MANAGEMENT
		34.1 INTRODUCTION
		34.2 COOLING DELIVERY
		34.3 METRICS
		34.4 AIR CONTAINMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON AIR PERFORMANCE
		34.5 IMPROVING AIR PERFORMANCE
		34.6 CONCLUSION
		REFERENCES
	CHAPTER 35 ENERGY EFFICIENCY ASSESSMENT OF DATA CENTERS USING MEASUREMENT AND MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGY
		35.1 INTRODUCTION
		35.2 ENERGY CONSUMPTION TRENDS IN DATA CENTERS
		35.3 COOLING INFRASTRUCTURE IN A DATA CENTER
		35.4 COOLING ENERGY EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENTS
		35.5 MEASUREMENT AND MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGY (MMT)
		35.6 MMT-BASED BEST PRACTICES
		35.7 MEASUREMENT AND METRICS
		35.8 CONCLUSIONS
		REFERENCES
	CHAPTER 36 DRIVE DATA CENTER MANAGEMENT AND BUILD BETTER AI WITH IT DEVICES AS SENSORS
		36.1 INTRODUCTION
		36.2 CURRENT SITUATION OF DATA CENTER MANAGEMENT
		36.3 AI INTRODUCED IN DATA CENTER MANAGEMENT
		36.4 CAPABILITIES OF IT DEVICES USED FOR DATA CENTER MANAGEMENT
		36.5 USAGE MODELS
		36.6 SUMMARY AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
		FURTHER READING
	CHAPTER 37 PREPARING DATA CENTERS FOR NATURAL DISASTERS AND PANDEMICS
		37.1 INTRODUCTION
		37.2 DESIGN FOR BUSINESS CONTINUITY AND DISASTER RECOVERY
		37.3 NATURAL DISASTERS
		37.4 THE 2011 GREAT EAST JAPAN EARTHQUAKE
		37.5 THE 2012 EASTERN U.S. COAST SUPERSTORM SANDY
		37.6 THE 2019 CORONAVIRUS DISEASE (COVID-19) PANDEMIC
		37.7 CONCLUSIONS
		REFERENCES
		FURTHER READING
INDEX
EULA