Dark Matter and Dark Energy: A Challenge for Modern Cosmology

Cover......Page 1
Astrophysics and Space Science Library 370......Page 3
Dark Matter and Dark Energy......Page 4
ISBN 9789048186846......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
The dark side of the Universe......Page 12
Outline of the book......Page 13
II Dark Matter......Page 14
III Dark Energy......Page 15
Part I: Cosmology......Page 17
1.1 Introduction......Page 19
1.2 Essentials of Friedmann–Lemaître Models......Page 20
1.2.1 Friedmann–Lemaître Spacetimes......Page 21
1.2.2 Thermal History Below 100 MeV......Page 29
1.2.3 Luminosity-Redshift Relation......Page 38
1.3.2 The Horizon Problem and the General Idea of Inflation......Page 43
1.3.3 Scalar Field Models......Page 49
1.4 Cosmological Perturbation Theory......Page 53
1.4.1 Generalities......Page 54
1.4.2 Explicit form of the Energy-Momentum Conservation......Page 64
1.4.3 Einstein Equations......Page 65
1.5 Some Applications of CPT......Page 71
1.5.1 Nonrelativistic Limit......Page 72
1.5.2 Large-Scale Solutions......Page 73
1.5.3 Solution for Dust......Page 75
1.5.4 A Simple Relativistic Example......Page 76
1.6 CPT for Scalar Field Models......Page 77
1.6.1 Basic Perturbation Equations......Page 78
1.6.2 Consequences and Reformulations......Page 81
1.7 Quantization, Primordial Power Spectra......Page 86
1.7.1 Power Spectrum of the Inflaton Field......Page 87
1.7.2 Generation of Gravitational Waves......Page 96
1.7.3 Appendix to Section 1.7: Einstein Tensor for Tensor Perturbations......Page 105
1.8 Tight Coupling Phase......Page 106
1.8.1 Basic Equations......Page 107
1.8.2 Analytical and Numerical Analysis......Page 121
1.9.1 One-Particle Phase Space, Liouville Operator......Page 128
1.9.2 The General Relativistic Boltzmann Equation......Page 132
1.9.4 Liouville Operator in the Longitudinal Gauge......Page 133
1.9.5 Boltzmann Equation for Photons......Page 136
1.9.6 Tensor Contributions to the Boltzmann Equation......Page 141
1.9.7 Collision Integral for Thomson Scattering......Page 142
References......Page 146
2.1 Introduction......Page 149
2.2 Cosmic Microwave Background and Other Data Sets: What have we Learned About Cosmology?......Page 151
2.2.1 Testing Inflation: Status and the Prospects......Page 155
2.2.2 Beyond the Standard Cosmological Model......Page 159
2.3 CMB: How is the Information Extracted?......Page 161
2.3.1 Real-World Effects......Page 162
2.3.2 Beam......Page 163
2.3.4 How Do You Make a CMB Map in the First Place?......Page 164
2.3.5 Foregrounds......Page 166
2.3.7 Likelihoods......Page 169
2.4 The Dark Side of Large-Scale Structures......Page 170
2.4.1 Basic Tools for Large-Scale Structure......Page 171
2.4.2 Window and Selection Function......Page 178
2.4.3 Weighting Schemes to Account for all that and More......Page 179
2.4.4 Redshift-Space Distortions......Page 180
2.4.5 Nonlinearities etc.......Page 182
2.4.6 Baryon Acoustic Oscillations (BAO)......Page 185
References......Page 191
3.1 Introduction......Page 193
3.2.1 The Bend Angle......Page 194
3.2.2 The Lens Equation......Page 195
3.2.3 General Thin Lens Mass Distributions......Page 198
3.3.1 2D Mass Surface Density Reconstruction......Page 201
3.3.2 Testing the Navarro–Frenk–White Profile of CDM......Page 204
3.4 Cosmological Lensing......Page 205
3.4.1 Distortion of Light Bundles......Page 206
3.4.2 Lensing Potential......Page 207
3.4.3 Matter Power Spectrum......Page 210
3.4.4 Intrinsic Alignments......Page 211
3.4.5 E/B Decomposition......Page 212
3.4.6 Results......Page 214
3.5.1 3D Potential and Mass Density Reconstruction......Page 215
3.5.2 Tomography......Page 217
3.5.3 The Shear Ratio Test......Page 219
3.5.4 Full 3D Analysis of the Shear Field......Page 220
3.5.5 Dark Energy with 3D Lensing Methods......Page 222
3.6 Dark Gravity......Page 224
3.6.1 Growth Rate......Page 226
3.7 The Future......Page 227
3.8.1 The Geodesic Equation......Page 228
References......Page 230
4.1 Introduction......Page 233
4.2.1 The Model Equations......Page 234
4.2.2 The Particle–Particle (PP) Method......Page 235
4.2.3 The Particle–Mesh (PM) Method......Page 237
4.2.4 Tree Codes......Page 240
4.2.5 Hybrid Methods......Page 241
4.2.6 Initial Conditions and Simulation Setup......Page 242
4.2.7 Code Comparison......Page 243
4.3.1 The Model Equations......Page 244
4.3.2 Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH)......Page 245
4.3.3 Eulerian Methods......Page 249
4.3.5 Extra Gas Physics......Page 250
References......Page 252
Part II: Dark Matter......Page 255
5.1 Introduction......Page 257
5.2.1 Galactic Rotation Curves......Page 258
5.2.2 Galaxy Clusters......Page 260
5.2.3 Cosmic Microwave Background and Large-Scale Structure......Page 263
5.3 Basic Properties of Dark Matter......Page 264
5.4.1 WIMP Freezeout in Early Universe......Page 266
5.4.2 Direct Detection......Page 269
5.4.3 Energetic ν’s from the Sun......Page 271
5.4.4 Cosmic Rays from DM Annihilation......Page 272
5.5.1 Enhanced Relic Abundance......Page 277
5.5.3 Particle Decay and Suppression of Small-Scale Power......Page 278
5.5.5 Gravitational Constraints......Page 280
5.6 Some Other Particle Dark-Matter Candidates......Page 282
5.6.1 Sterile Neutrinos......Page 283
5.6.2 Axions......Page 284
References......Page 286
6.1 Introduction......Page 289
6.2 The Standard Model of Particle Physics......Page 292
6.2.1 The Higgs Mechanism and Vector Boson Masses......Page 294
6.2.2 Fermion Masses......Page 295
6.2.3 Successes and Difficulties of the SM......Page 296
6.3 The DM Problem: Experimental Evidence......Page 297
6.4.1 Neutrino Masses in the SM and Beyond......Page 298
6.4.2 Thermal History of Neutrinos......Page 299
6.5.1 Neutralinos as the LSP in SUSY Models......Page 301
6.5.2 Neutralinos in the Minimal SUSY Standard Model......Page 302
6.6 Changing the Expansion Rate in the Past......Page 304
6.6.1 GR as a Fixed Point......Page 306
References......Page 308
7.1 Introduction......Page 311
7.1.2 The Nature of Dark Matter......Page 312
7.2.1 Rate and Features of the WIMP-Nucleus Interactions......Page 317
7.2.2 Status of the Experimental Search for WIMPs......Page 322
7.3 Indirect Detection via Annihilation of Dark Matter Particles......Page 333
7.3.1 Introduction to Annihilation Mechanisms and Products......Page 335
7.3.2 Indirect Search Exploiting the Antimatter Component in Cosmic Rays......Page 337
7.3.3 Indirect Search with γ -rays and Neutrinos......Page 338
7.4 Conclusions......Page 342
References......Page 343
Part III: Dark Energy......Page 345
8.1 Introduction......Page 347
8.2.1 Supernovae Ia Observations......Page 349
8.2.2 CMB......Page 354
8.2.3 BAO......Page 357
8.3 Cosmological Constant......Page 358
8.4.1 Quintessence......Page 362
8.4.2 k-Essence......Page 367
8.4.3 Coupled Dark Energy......Page 370
8.4.4 Unified Models of Dark Energy and Dark Matter......Page 380
8.5.1 f (R) Gravity......Page 382
8.5.2 Gauss–Bonnet Dark Energy Models......Page 391
8.5.3 Scalar-Tensor Theories......Page 393
8.5.4 DGP Model......Page 397
8.6 Cosmic Acceleration without Dark Energy......Page 400
8.6.1 Inhomogeneous LTB Model......Page 401
8.6.2 Backreaction of Cosmological Perturbations......Page 403
8.7 Conclusions......Page 404
References......Page 406
Index......Page 419