Dark energy

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Contributors......Page 10
Preface......Page 13
Part I Theory......Page 19
1.1.1 Introduction......Page 21
1.1.3 Hypotheses of our cosmological model......Page 22
1.1.4 Copernican principle......Page 23
1.1.5 CDM reference model......Page 24
1.1.6 The cosmological constant problem......Page 25
1.2 Modifying the minimal CDM......Page 27
1.2.1.1 General relativity......Page 28
1.2.1.2 Local experimental constraints......Page 29
1.2.1.3 Universality classes......Page 30
1.2.2.1 In which regime?......Page 33
1.2.2.3 Modifying the Einstein–Hilbert action......Page 35
1.2.2.5 Higher-dimensional theories......Page 37
1.2.3.1 Formulation......Page 40
1.2.3.2 Cosmological signatures......Page 42
1.2.3.3 Note on f(R) models......Page 44
1.2.3.5 Reconstructing theories......Page 45
1.2.4 Beyond the Copernican principle......Page 46
1.2.5 Conclusions......Page 49
1.3.1 Testing the Copernican principle......Page 50
1.3.2.2 Test of the Poisson equation......Page 52
1.3.2.3 Toward a post-lambda CDM formalism......Page 54
1.3.3.1 Distance duality......Page 56
1.3.3.2 Gravity waves......Page 58
1.4 Conclusion......Page 59
References......Page 62
2.1 Introduction......Page 66
2.2.1 Fundamental physical theories......Page 71
2.2.2 Low energy effective theories......Page 74
2.3 General relativistic approaches......Page 77
2.3.1 Dynamical dark energy: quintessence......Page 78
2.3.2 Dynamical dark energy: more general models......Page 79
2.3.3 Dark energy as a nonlinear effect from structure......Page 80
2.4 The modified gravity approach: dark gravity......Page 81
2.4.1 f(R) and scalar–tensor theories......Page 84
2.4.2 Brane-world models......Page 88
2.4.3 Degravitation and normal DGP......Page 98
2.5 Conclusion......Page 103
Acknowledgements......Page 104
References......Page 105
3.1 Introduction......Page 110
3.2 Dark energy......Page 111
3.3.2 Constant…......Page 113
3.3.3 Quintessence......Page 114
3.4 General formalism......Page 115
3.5 Observational constraints......Page 118
3.6 Dark energy models outside general relativity......Page 121
3.6.1 Scalar–tensor DE models......Page 122
3.6.2 f(R) modified gravity DE models......Page 125
3.7.1 Quintessence......Page 128
3.7.2 Scalar–tensor DE models......Page 129
3.8 The linear growth of matter perturbations......Page 131
References......Page 134
4.1 The rise of the dark energy......Page 137
4.2 A first look at the cosmological constant and its problems......Page 139
4.3.1 Conservative explanations of dark energy......Page 142
4.3.2 Dark energy from scalar fields......Page 144
4.4 Cosmological constant as dark energy......Page 146
4.4.1 Area scaling law for energy fluctuations......Page 147
4.5.1 Why do we need a new perspective on gravity?......Page 149
4.5.2 Microstructure of the spacetime......Page 151
4.5.3 Surfaces in spacetime: key to the new paradigm......Page 153
4.5.4 Gravity as a detector of the vacuum fluctuations......Page 157
4.6 Conclusions......Page 159
References......Page 160
Part II Observations......Page 167
5.1 Supernovae and the discovery of the expanding universe......Page 169
5.1.1 Classifying supernovae......Page 171
5.1.2 SN II as cosmological distance indicators......Page 172
5.1.3 Searching for SN Ia for cosmology......Page 174
5.1.4 SN Ia as standard candles – not!......Page 175
5.1.6 Early results......Page 177
5.2.2 Room for doubt?......Page 180
5.2.3.1 Building the high-z sample......Page 182
5.2.3.3 Augmenting the low-z sample......Page 184
5.3 Shifting to the infrared......Page 188
Acknowledgements......Page 190
References......Page 191
6.1 Introduction......Page 195
6.2 SNe Ia and cosmic expansion......Page 196
6.3.1 Overview......Page 197
6.3.2 Results on w......Page 202
6.3.3.1 Dust......Page 203
6.3.3.2 Evolution or population drift......Page 207
6.3.3.4 Gravitational lensing of SNe Ia......Page 208
6.3.3.6 The path towards a unified data set......Page 209
6.4 Testing the adequacy of a FLRW metric......Page 210
6.5 Next decade experiments......Page 211
6.6 Tested dark energy models......Page 213
6.7 Complementarity......Page 215
6.8 Future prospects......Page 216
References......Page 217
7 The future of supernova cosmology......Page 220
7.1 Current results from SN Ia cosmology......Page 221
7.2 Current challenges in SN Ia cosmology......Page 224
7.3 Local inhomogeneities......Page 225
7.4 Future cosmological results from SNe Ia......Page 228
7.5 Final musings......Page 231
References......Page 232
8.1 Introduction......Page 233
8.1.1 Cosmology theory......Page 234
8.1.2 Type Ia supernovae as distance indicators......Page 235
8.1.3 Observing supernovae from space......Page 239
8.2 Connecting supernova measurements to cosmology......Page 240
8.3 Type Ia supernova homogenization and diversity......Page 244
8.4.1 Potential for further discovery......Page 247
8.4.2 Survey resolving power......Page 249
8.4.2.1 Observables and their leverage in constraining dark energy......Page 250
8.4.2.2 Parameter priors......Page 253
8.4.2.3 Data covariance matrix and a survey figure of merit......Page 254
8.5 JDEM candidate supernova missions......Page 258
8.6 Conclusions......Page 260
References......Page 261
9.1.1 A brief history of standard rulers and the BAO......Page 264
9.1.2 Cosmological observables......Page 266
9.1.3 Statistical standard rulers......Page 271
9.1.4 Physics of the BAO......Page 274
9.2.2 Cosmic variance......Page 276
9.2.3 Redshift errors......Page 278
9.3 Nonlinear theory......Page 279
9.3.1 Nonlinear bias......Page 280
9.3.2 Movement and broadening of the peak......Page 281
9.3.3 Reconstruction......Page 283
9.4.1 Luminous red galaxies (LRGs)......Page 286
9.4.3 Lyman break galaxies......Page 287
9.4.4 Lyman emitting galaxies......Page 288
9.4.6 Lyman-alpha forest......Page 289
9.5.1 Spectroscopic......Page 290
9.5.2 Photometric......Page 293
References......Page 294
10.1 Introduction......Page 297
10.2 Sensitivity to dark energy......Page 298
10.3 Gravitational lensing......Page 299
10.3.1 Distortion of light bundles......Page 300
10.3.2 Lensing potential......Page 301
10.3.2.1 Convergence, magnification and shear for general thin lenses......Page 302
10.3.2.2 Relationship to matter density field......Page 303
10.3.3 Three-dimensional potential and mass density reconstruction......Page 304
10.3.3.1 Convergence power spectrum and shear correlation function......Page 306
10.4.1 Estimating the shear field......Page 309
10.4.1.1 Linear estimators......Page 311
10.4.2.1 Point spread function......Page 313
10.4.2.2 Photometric redshift errors......Page 314
10.4.3 Results......Page 317
10.5.1 Tomography......Page 319
10.5.2 The shear ratio test......Page 321
10.5.3 Full 3D analysis of the shear field......Page 322
10.5.4 Parameter forecasts from 3D lensing methods......Page 324
10.6 Testing gravity models......Page 326
10.6.1 Bayesian evidence......Page 327
10.7 The future......Page 333
References......Page 334
Index......Page 337