Dairy cattle feeding and nutrition

Front Cover......Page 1
Title Page\r......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Table of Contents......Page 8
Dedication......Page 6
Foreword......Page 14
Preface......Page 16
1.0 Introduction......Page 18
1.1 Digestion in the Ruminant Stomach......Page 24
1.2 Digestion in the Abomasum (True Stomach) and Intestine of Dairy Cattle......Page 30
1.4 Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle......Page 32
1.5 Determination of Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle......Page 34
1.6 Utilization of Nutrients in the Tissues of Dairy Cattle......Page 35
1.7 Excess Nutrients: Economics, Effects on the Animal, Toxicity, and Tolerance......Page 37
References......Page 38
2.1 Measures of Usable Energy for Dairy Cattle......Page 39
2.2 Energy Uses and Requirements......Page 44
2.3 Efficiency of Energy Utilization by Dairy Cattle for Various Functions......Page 49
2.4 Causes and Effects of an Energy Deficiency......Page 50
2.5 Causes and Effects of Excess Energy......Page 52
2.6 Built-in Mechanisms for Controlling Energy Balance in Dairy Cattle (Principle of Homeostasis)......Page 53
References......Page 54
3.0 Introduction......Page 56
3.1 Protein Digestibility and Utilization......Page 58
3.2 Determination of Protein Requirements of Dairy Cattle......Page 60
3.3 Using Protein Requirement Values—Special Considerations......Page 63
3.4 The Protein Requirements of Baby Calves......Page 64
3.5 Protein Requirements of Older Dairy Cattle......Page 65
3.6 Effects of Protein Deficiency......Page 66
3.7 Effects of Excess Protein and Protein Homeostasis......Page 67
3.8 Protein Reserves: Deposition, Mobilization, and Practical Implications......Page 68
3.9 Amino Acid Deficiencies in High-Producing Dairy Cattle; Use of Methionine......Page 69
3.10 Rumen Bypass of Proteins and Amino Acids: Principles, Technology, and Applications......Page 71
3.11 Evaluating Proteins for Dairy Cattle......Page 75
References......Page 76
4.1 Conversion of NPN to Protein in the Rumen; Ammonia, the Common Denominator......Page 79
4.2 Toxicity of Urea and Other NPN Sources; Ammonia Alkalosis or Toxicity......Page 81
4.3 Sources of NPN for Dairy Cattle......Page 83
4.4 Efficient Utilization of Urea (NPN): Important Factors and Limitations......Page 85
4.5 Other Practical Considerations in the Use of NPN......Page 88
References......Page 89
5.2 Classification of Minerals......Page 91
5.3 Mineral Content of Dairy Cattle......Page 93
5.4 Functions of Minerals and Trace Elements (Minerals Cannot Be Synthesized)......Page 94
5.5 Methods of Determining Mineral Content of Feeds......Page 95
5.6 Source of Minerals......Page 97
5.7 Mineral Metabolism in Dairy Cattle......Page 106
5.8 Determination of Mineral Requirements and Tolerances......Page 113
5.10 Toxicity and Tolerances......Page 114
5.12 Importance of Avoiding Borderline Deficiencies and Toxicities......Page 115
5.13 Mineral Interactions......Page 116
5.14 Interactions between Minerals and Organic Dietary Constituents......Page 117
5.15 The Essential Mineral Elements......Page 118
5.16 Calcium......Page 119
5.17 Phosphorus......Page 126
5.18 Magnesium......Page 132
5.19 Sodium and Chlorine (Common Salt)......Page 138
5.20 Potassium......Page 143
5.21 Sulfur......Page 145
5.22 Iron......Page 147
5.23 Zinc......Page 151
5.24 Copper and Molybdenum......Page 159
5.25 Cobalt......Page 166
5.26 Iodine......Page 170
5.27 Selenium......Page 173
5.28 Fluorine......Page 179
5.29 Manganese......Page 185
5.30 Chromium, Silicon, Vanadium, Nickel, and Tin......Page 188
5.31 Toxic Minerals......Page 189
5.32 Cadmium......Page 190
5.33 Lead (Pb)......Page 193
5.34 Mercury......Page 195
References......Page 197
6.0 Introduction......Page 204
6.2 Vitamin A......Page 205
6.3 Vitamin D......Page 210
6.4 Vitamin E......Page 212
6.5 Vitamin K......Page 214
6.6 B Vitamins......Page 215
References......Page 218
7.1 Metabolism of Fats and Fatty Acids by Dairy Cattle......Page 221
7.3 Rumen Bypass of Fats and Lipids......Page 223
7.5 Are Fats or Fatty Acids Essential in the Diet of Dairy Cattle?......Page 224
7.6 Effects of High Levels of Dietary Fat......Page 225
7.7 Water Requirements of Dairy Cattle......Page 226
References......Page 229
8.1 Fiber Components, Types of Fiber......Page 230
8.3 Products of Fiber Digestion—Volatile Fatty Acids......Page 232
8.5 Effects of Too Much Fiber......Page 235
References......Page 236
9.1 Forages and Roughages—A Major Source of Nutrients for Dairy Cattle......Page 238
9.2 Wide Variations in Nutrient Content and Feeding Value of Forages......Page 239
9.3 Forage Evaluation—A Key Role in Dairy Cattle Feeding......Page 244
9.4 Types of Forages and Roughages......Page 246
9.5 Pastures, the \"Oldest\" Form of Dairy Cattle Feed......Page 247
9.6 Hays—Important on Many Dairy Farms......Page 249
9.7 Silages—The Major Feed on Many Dairy Farms......Page 254
9.8 Chopped Fresh Forage: Green Chop, Soilage......Page 266
9.10 Other Roughages Sometimes Fed to Dairy Cattle......Page 267
9.11 Forage Processing: Special Considerations and Future Possibilities......Page 268
References......Page 269
10.1 Reasons for Feeding Concentrates to Dairy Cattle......Page 271
10.2 Grains for Dairy Cattle......Page 273
10.3 Protein Supplements......Page 275
10.4 By-Product Feed Ingredients......Page 276
10.5 Specialty and Miscellaneous Feeds and Ingredients......Page 279
References......Page 282
11.1 Antibiotics......Page 283
11.3 Thyroprotein......Page 284
11.5 Special Drugs and Chemicals......Page 286
11.6 Mycotoxins and Molds......Page 288
References......Page 289
12.1 Chemical Analyses of Feeds for Gross Composition......Page 290
12.2 Proximate Analysis......Page 291
12.3 Gross Energy; Bomb Calorimetry......Page 293
12.5 The Detergent or Van Soest Methods of Analyses......Page 294
12.6 Chemical and Microbiological Analyses of Individual Nutrients......Page 298
12.8 Digestibility......Page 300
12.9 Balance Studies......Page 301
12.10 Feeding Experiments and Animal Performance......Page 303
12.11 Health-Related Measurements......Page 304
12.13 Specialty and Miscellaneous Feed Evaluation Methods......Page 305
12.15 Forage and Feed Evaluating Programs......Page 306
References......Page 310
13.1 Providing Forage for the Milking Herd......Page 311
13.2 Providing Concentrates and Supplements for the Milking Herd......Page 312
13.3 The Importance of High Production......Page 316
13.4 Understanding the Lactation Curve: Milk Secretion under Hormonal Control......Page 317
13.5 The Importance of Cost Control......Page 318
13.6 Managing the Feeding Program......Page 319
13.7 Preventing and/or Correcting Feeding Problems—Quality Control......Page 321
References......Page 324
14.1 Low Mortality: The Central and Most Important Objective......Page 325
14.2 Milk or Milk Replacer......Page 326
14.3 Calf Starters......Page 332
14.4 Hay, Silage, Pasture, or Roughage......Page 333
14.5 Antibiotics and Vitamins for Calves......Page 334
14.6 Calf Disease and Parasites......Page 335
14.7 Feeding Procedures......Page 337
14.8 Housing and Management of Calves......Page 338
References......Page 340
15.1 Providing the Nutrient Requirements for Dairy Heifers of Different Ages......Page 341
15.2 Feeding Dairy Heifers: Practical Concerns......Page 343
15.3 Feeding and Management of Dry Cows......Page 349
15.4 Feeding and Management of Dairy Bulls......Page 350
References......Page 352
16.1 Feeding Veal Calves......Page 354
16.2 Management of Veal Calves......Page 356
References......Page 357
17.0 Introduction......Page 358
17.1 Characteristics of Dairy-Beef Animals......Page 359
17.3 Feeding the Young Dairy-Beef Calf......Page 360
17.6 Other Special Considerations......Page 361
References......Page 362
18.1 Milk Fever (Parturient Paresis)......Page 363
18.2 Grass Tetany......Page 366
18.3 Bloat......Page 367
18.4 Ketosis (Acetonemia)......Page 371
18.5 Nitrate Toxicity......Page 372
18.6 Displaced Abomasum......Page 374
18.8 Acute Indigestion, Founder, Lactic Acid Acidosis, Laminitis......Page 375
18.10 Depraved Appetite......Page 376
18.12 Fat Cow Syndrome......Page 377
18.13 Other Nutritional and Metabolic Problems of Dairy Cattle......Page 379
References......Page 380
19.1 Choosing Feed To Be Grown on the Farm and That To Be Purchased......Page 381
19.2 Choice of Forages Dependent on Local Conditions......Page 382
19.3 Supplementing Feeds Grown on the Farm......Page 383
19.4 Feeding Systems and Special Concepts......Page 385
19.5 Special Management Tools in Dairy Cattle Feeding......Page 386
Reference......Page 389
Appendix......Page 390
Index......Page 420