Cybersecurity Policy in the EU and South Korea from Consultation to Action: Theoretical and Comparative Perspectives

Foreword
Foreword
Contents
Notes on Contributors
List of Tables
Introduction
	1 Areas for Cyber Cooperation Between the European Union and South Korea
	2 Aim of the Book
	3 Target Audience
	4 Focus and Outline
	5 Outline of the Chapters
Part I: Rationale for Cybersecurity Cooperation Between the EU and South Korea
	EU Cyber Diplomacy: Value- and Interest-Driven Foreign Policy with New Focus on the Indo-Pacific
		1 Introduction
		2 Cybersecurity and Foreign Policy: Cyber Diplomacy
			2.1 Cyber Diplomacy Toolbox
			2.2 Fighting Disinformation
		3 The Security-Technology Nexus
		4 Asia and the Indo-Pacific in the Limelight
		5 Cyber Issues and the Liberal International Order
		6 Conclusions: Upgrading Cyber Diplomacy
		References
	EU-South Korea Cooperation on Cybersecurity, Data Protection and Emerging Technologies
		1 Introduction
		2 The EU’s and South Korea’s Approaches to Cybersecurity, Data Protection and Emerging Technologies
			2.1 The European Union
				2.1.1	 Cybersecurity
				2.1.2	 Data Protection
				2.1.3	 Emerging Technologies
			2.2 South Korea
				2.2.1	 Cybersecurity
				2.2.2	 Data Protection
				2.2.3	 Emerging Technologies
		3 Shared Threats, Common Concerns and Cooperation
			3.1 Cybersecurity
			3.2 Data Protection and Privacy
			3.3 Emerging Technologies
		4 Conclusions
		References
	Cyber Offence Dominance, Regional Dynamics, and Middle Power–led International Cooperation
		1 Introduction
		2 Cyber Threat Overview
		3 The Cyber Offence-Defence Balance
		4 Chainganging and Cyber Conflict Risk in East Asia
		5 Policy Recommendations
			5.1 Bucket 1
			5.2 Bucket 2
			5.3 Bucket 3
		References
	Developing a Collective Retorsion Framework Against Malicious Cyber Operations: Opportunities and Steps for EU-South Korea Cybersecurity Cooperation
		1 Introduction
		2 South Korea’s Challenges in Response to Malicious Cyber Operations
			2.1 Attribution Challenges
			2.2 High Costs of Unilateral Countermeasures by South Korea
		3 The EU Cyber Diplomacy Toolbox: Restrictive Measures
			3.1 The EU Cyber Diplomacy Toolbox
			3.2 Restrictive Measures Under the EU Cyber Diplomacy Toolbox
		4 EU-South Korea Cooperation for Developing a Collective Retorsion Framework
			4.1 Lessons from the EU’s Restrictive Measures for South Korea: Collective Retorsions
			4.2 Opportunities for and Steps Towards EU-South Korea Cooperation for a Collective Retorsion Framework
		5 Conclusion
		References
Part II: Comparisons
	Cyber Arms Control on the Korean Peninsula: Challenges and Opportunities with a View to North Korea’s Asymmetry Strategy
		1 Introduction
		2 The Inner-Korean Conflict and the Role of Cyber-Enabled Strategies
			2.1 Historical Context of North Korea’s Asymmetry Strategy and the Role of Cyber Capabilities
			2.2 North Korea’s Cybercrime and Cyberterror Against South Korea in Peacetime
			2.3 North Korea’s Cyber Strategy During Open Military Conflict
		3 Towards an Inter-Korean Cyber Arms Control Agreement
		4 Conclusions
		References
	Arms Control in the Cyber Domain: A European Approach to Mitigate Digital Threats
		1 Introduction
		2 Contextualising Cyber Threats
		3 European Cybersecurity as Arms Control Mechanisms
			3.1 A European Cyber Arms Control Strategic Framework and Operational Implementation
			3.2 Imposing Restrictive Measures as a Cyber Arms Control Mechanism
		4 Conclusion and Future Outlook into the Field of Artificial Intelligence
		References
	South Korea’s Cyber Defence and Digital Cooperation with the EU
		1 Introduction
		2 Evolving North Korea’s Cyber Threats
			2.1 From a Threatening Weapon to an All-Purpose Sword
			2.2 A Role of the Reconnaissance General Bureau (RGB)
			2.3 North Korea’s Cyber Footprints
		3 Cyber Cooperation Between South Korea and the EU
			3.1 South Korea’s Cyber Strategy
			3.2 South Korea-EU’s Strategic Partnership in the Cyber Sector
		4 Conclusion: Policy Recommendations
		References
	Building Cyber Resilience: The Defensive Shield for the EU
		1 Introduction
		2 Bolstering Cyber Resilience
			2.1 Resilience and Technological Sovereignty
			2.2 Operational Capacity to Prevent, Deter, and Respond
			2.3 Cyber Defence and Disruptive Technologies
		3 Global Resilience Through Cooperation
		4 Conclusion
		References
	Enhancing Cooperation Between South Korea and the EU in the Fight Against Cybercrime
		1 Introduction
		2 South Korea’s International Cooperation Framework on Cybercrime
			2.1 The Change of South Korea’s Cybercrime Investigation Authority from the Prosecutor’s Office to the KNPA
			2.2 Progress to Join the Convention on Cybercrime
			2.3 Supporting Capacity Building in Global Cybercrime Investigations
			2.4 International Cooperation with Major Powers Including the US and the EU
		3 Measures to Enhance International Cybercrime Cooperation: Focus on the EU
			3.1 Swiftly Joining the Convention on Cybercrime
			3.2 Establishing a Working Group on Joint Investigation in Cybercrime Between the EU and South Korea
			3.3 Delivering Cybercrime Capacity Building Projects in Developing Countries
			3.4 Expanding Cooperation on Digital Forensic Technology
			3.5 Signing an Executive Agreement of the CLOUD Act
		4 Conclusion
		References
	The EU and Access to Electronic Evidence: Privatisation of Law Enforcement?
		1 Introduction
		2 The EU Approach to E-evidence: Mechanisms and Challenges
		3 US CLOUD Act
		4 EU E-Evidence Proposals
		5 Second Additional Protocol to the Budapest Convention
		6 Conclusion
		References
Part III: International Order and Cross-Cutting Issues
	Recent Trends in UN Cybersecurity Governance and South Korea-EU Cooperation
		1 Introduction
		2 Discussions on Cybersecurity Norms and Laws
		3 Future Format of Cybersecurity Governance
		4 South Korea-EU Cooperation in the Context of Cyber Diplomacy
			4.1 South Korea’s International Cooperation
			4.2 EU-South Korea Strategic Partnership and Shared Interests in Cyber Resilience
			4.3 South Korea’s Cyber Policy Cooperation with the EU
		5 Conclusion
		References
	The International Cybersecurity Cooperation Dilemma and Implications for EU-South Korea Relations
		1 Introduction
		2 Models of International Cybersecurity Cooperation
		3 Problems in International Cybersecurity Cooperation
			3.1 Mechanism Fragmentation
			3.2 Poor Effectiveness
				3.2.1	 Substantive Content/Whether It Serves and Promotes Cooperation
				3.2.2	 Regulatory Constraints/Whether It Regulates and Restricts
				3.2.3	 Accountability/Whether It Punishes Non-cooperative Behavior
			3.3 Confrontation Between Camps
		4 Reasons for International Cybersecurity Cooperation Dilemma
			4.1 Realist Perspective
				4.1.1	 Different Interests to Cooperate Caused by Gaps in National Power
				4.1.2	 The Game of Cost Allocation and Benefit Distribution
				4.1.3	 Technical Uncertainties
			4.2 Constructivist Perspective
				4.2.1	 Perceptions Caused by Stereotype Thinking
				4.2.2	 Features of Cyberspace Magnifying Perceptions
		5 A Primer on the Predicament of International Cybersecurity Cooperation in EU-South Korea Relations
		6 Conclusion
		References
	Conclusion: From Words to Deeds
		1 Key Rationales for Cybersecurity Cooperation Between the EU and South Korea
		2 Cybersecurity Policy Development in the EU and South Korea
		3 Towards EU-South Korea Cybersecurity Cooperation Through Action
		4 The EU, South Korea, and Multilateral Cybersecurity Cooperation
Index