Cybersecurity in the Age of Smart Societies: Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Global Security, Safety and Sustainability, London, September 2022

Committee
14th International Conference on Security, Safety and Sustainability, ICGS3-22 Cybersecurity in the Age of Smart Societies 07th and 08th September 22
Contents
Security Risk Management and Cybersecurity: From the Victim or from the Adversary?
	1 Introduction
	2 Dynamics of Cyber Risk. A Challenge from the Uncertain
	3 Security Risk Management and Cybersecurity: From the Victim
	4 Security and Cybersecurity Management: From the Adversary
	5 Security Risk Management and Cybersecurity—Victim and Adversary
	6 Conclusions
	References
Comparison of Cybersecurity Methodologies for the Implementing of a Secure IoT Architecture
	1 Introduction
	2 Analysis of Methodologies
	3 Assurance of Architecture
	4 Case Study
	5 Discussion of Results
	6 Conclusions
	References
A Critical Review into the Digital Transformation of Land Title Management: The Case of Mining in Zimbabwe
	1 Introduction
	2 Deployment of the Cadastre System in Zimbabwe
	3 Blockchain Technology and Its Implications for Land Title Management
	4 The Applicability of Blockchain and SSI Technology to Mining Title Management: Adaptation or Adoption?
	5 Discussion of Applicability of Blockchain and SSI Technology to Mining Title Management
	6 Steps Toward the Creation of a Smart City
	7 How Blockchain-SSI Technology Can Facilitate the Adoption of Transparency and Accountability Initiatives (TAIs)
	8 Conclusions
	References
Harnessing Big Data for Business Innovation and Effective Business Decision Making
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 Unstructured Data and Its Importance
		2.2 Big Data Analytics and Its Various Facets in Business Practice
		2.3 Source of Big Data Analytics and Its Role on Decision Making
		2.4 Evaluation of Data Analytical Tools and Its Implication on Unstructured Data Analysis
	3 Experimentation
	4 Data Analysis and Mining
	5 Discussion and Conclusions
	References
Building a Resilient Cybersecurity Workforce: A Multidisciplinary Solution to the Problem of High Turnover of Cybersecurity Analysts
	1 Introduction
		1.1 People, Process, and Technology
		1.2 Research Aim and Objectives
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 The Need for Security Operations in Contemporary Organisations
		2.2 The Existing Skills Gap Problem in Cybersecurity and SOCs
		2.3 The Current High Turnover Rate of SOC Analyst
		2.4 The Cocktail of Reasons for Employee Turnover
		2.5 The Risk Implications of High Turnover of SOC Analysts on Organisations
		2.6 Finding Solutions to the High Turnover (a Multidisciplinary Approach)
	3 Research Methodology
		3.1 Sample Selection and Data Collection
		3.2 Data Analysis
	4 Data Presentation, Findings and Analysis
		4.1 The Coding Framework
		4.2 Data Coding, Categorisation, and Thematic Analysis
		4.3 Other Emergent Codes from Empirical Data
	5 Discussion
		5.1 There is an Awareness of the Current High Turnover of SOC Analysts and the Potential Risk Implications to organisation’s Security Posture
		5.2 Reasons for the Current High Turnover of SOC Analysts Are Many, Thus, Needing Tactical Solutions, Because There is no ‘One-Size-Fits-All’ Solution
		5.3 The Role of Digital Leaders is Critical to Finding and Implementing Sustainable Solutions to the High Turnover of SOC Analysts
		5.4 Understanding the Needs and Motivation of the New Generation of Employees is Critical in Employee Engagement and Retention
	6 Conclusion and Recommendations
		6.1 Recommendations
		6.2 Further Research
	References
The Reality of Cyber Security in Bangladesh, Relevant Laws, Drawbacks and Challenges
	1 Introduction
	2 Cyber Security in the Global Village
	3 Cyber Violence Against Women in Bangladesh Coontext
		3.1 Effects of Cyber Violence
	4 Challenges to Bangladesh and Bangladesh Government
	5 Existing Acts Related to Cyber Security and Their Limitations
	6 Policy Opinions
		6.1 Reform of the Legal Structure
		6.2 Maintaining Rules of Cyber Security
		6.3 Individual Awareness
	7 Conclusion
	References
Automatic Detection of Cyberbullying: Racism and Sexism on Twitter
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Methodology and Experimental Set-Up
		3.1 Dataset Processing
		3.2 TextCNN Simulation
		3.3 Model Training and Optimisation
		3.4 Model Prediction
		3.5 Presentation and Analysis of Results
	4 Analysis and Evaluation
		4.1 Emotional Disposition Analysis
		4.2 Commentary on Emotional Mining
	5 Conclusions
	References
Spying on Kids’ Smart Devices: Beware of Security Vulnerabilities!
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Methodology
		3.1 MITM Attack—Rogue AP
		3.2 Bluetooth Tracking
		3.3 SMS Hacking
	4 Experimental Findings
		4.1 Results of MITM Attack—Rogue AP
		4.2 Results of Bluetooth Attack
		4.3 Results of SMS Hacking
	5 Conclusions
	References
IoT-Penn: A Security Penetration Tester for MQTT in the IoT Environment
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
	3 Problem Statement
	4 Background Knowledge
	5 Research Approach
	6 Experimental Design
		6.1 Designing an MQTT Packet Capturing Tool
		6.2 IoTPenn Application Design
	7 Experimental Execution and Results
		7.1 Attack 1: Packet Sniffing
		7.2 Attack 2: Identity Spoofing
		7.3 Attack 3: Privilege Escalation
		7.4 Attack 4: CONNECT Flood
		7.5 Attack 5: PUBLISH Flood
		7.6 Attack 6: Excessive Payload
	8 Results Interpretation
		8.1 Research Limitations
		8.2 Future Research
	9 Conclusion
	References
An Analysis of Cybersecurity Data Breach in the State of California
	1 Introduction
	2 Aims and Objectives
		2.1 Aim
		2.2 Specific Objectives
		2.3 Research Question
	3 California’s Data Security Breach Reporting Law
	4 Methodology
		4.1 Data Source
		4.2 Data Scraping
		4.3 Data Structure
	5 Presentations of Findings
		5.1 Analysis: Companies
		5.2 Attack Analysis
		5.3 Personal Information Analysis
	6 Discussion of Findings
	7 Limitations
	8 Conclusion
	References
Profiling Cyber Attackers by Classification Techniques; A Case Study on Russian Hackers
	1 Introduction
		1.1 AIMS and Objectives
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 Data Mining
		2.2 Data Mining Techniques
		2.3 Classification in Data Mining
		2.4 Current Literature on Profiling and Data Mining Techniques
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Tools
		3.2 Data Collection
		3.3 Data Categorization
		3.4 Data Analysis Method
	4 Findings
		4.1 Decision Tree Analysis
		4.2 K—Nearest Neighbour Analysis
		4.3 Naïve Bayes Analysis
		4.4 Support Vector Machine Analysis
		4.5 Multilayer Perceptron
	5 Discussion of Findings
	6 Conclusion
		6.1 Contribution to Knowledge
		6.2 Limitaions
		6.3 Future Work
	References
Developing a Novel Digital Forensics Readiness Framework for Wireless Medical Networks Using Specialised Logging
	1 Introduction
	2 Background and Literature Review
		2.1 Evolution of Healthcare Networks
		2.2 The Sensitivity of Healthcare Data
		2.3 Security Challenges of Wireless Medical Networks (WMNs)
		2.4 Digital Forensics Readiness (DFR)
		2.5 Centralised DFR Within Wireless Medical Networks
		2.6 Decentralised DFR Within Wireless Medical Networks
		2.7 Blockchain Technology
	3 A New Framework for DFR in Wireless Medical Networks (WMNs)
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 Data Collection Layer (DCL)
		3.3 Network Layer (NL)
		3.4 Evidence Management Layer (EML)
	4 Digital Forensics Investigation Process Using the Proposed Framework
	5 Evaluation of Proposed Framework
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 Standards-Based Evaluation
		5.3 Scenario-Based Evaluation
	6 Conclusion
	References
Assembly, Deployment and Extension of Blockchain Based Decentralized Autonomous Organizations: A Framework Point of View
	1 Introduction
	2 Features of a DAO
		2.1 Decentralisation
		2.2 Autonomous
		2.3 Transparent
		2.4 Secure
		2.5 Based on Smart Contracts
		2.6 Financing and Tokens
	3 Frameworks
		3.1 Minimum Viable DAO
		3.2 Smart Contracts
		3.3 Shares and Governance
		3.4 Rage Quit
	4 Improved and Alternative DAO Frameworks
		4.1 Future Frameworks
	5 Challenges and Recommendations
		5.1 Voter Apathy
		5.2 Risk of Centralisation
		5.3 Not Everyone is an Expert on Everything
	6 Conclusion
	References
Artificial Intelligence Techniques in Cybersecurity Management
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Surveys on AI in Cybersecurity
	3 AI in Cybersecurity
		3.1 AI as a Tool in Combating Cyberattacks Why Cybersecurity is Essential
		3.2 Why Cybersecurity is Essential
		3.3 AI Algorithms in Cybersecurity
		3.4 Impact of AI in Cybersecurity Management
		3.5 Cybersecurity Frameworks and Solutions
	4 Conclusion
	References
The Role of Blockchain to Reduce the Dissemination of Fake News on Social Media and Messaging Platforms
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 COVID-19, Misinformation, and the Risks
		2.2 Machine Learning
		2.3 Cryptocurrencies
		2.4 The Internet and Other Technologies
		2.5 Blockchain Integration
	3 Research Method
		3.1 Voting Model
		3.2 DeHide
		3.3 Blockchain and Keyed Watermarking-Based Model
	4 Critical Discussion
		4.1 Conclusions and Future Work
	References
Profiling Suspected Chinese Cyber Attacks by Classification Techniques
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 Introduction to Data-Mining
		2.2 Data-Mining Related Works
		2.3 Classification
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Data-Mining Tools Used
		3.2 Gathering of Datasets
		3.3 Categorisation of the Dataset
		3.4 Data Pre-Processing Stage
		3.5 Dataset Statistics
		3.6 Ethical Considerations
		3.7 Section Conclusion
	4 Research Findings
		4.1 K-Fold Cross Validation
		4.2 Application of Various Classifiers
		4.3 Section Conclusion
	5 Research Discussions
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 Evaluation of Research Results
		5.3 Section Conclusion
	6 Research Conclusion
		6.1 Contribution to Knowledge
		6.2 Limitations to the Study
		6.3 Recommendations for Future Research Ideas
	References
What Drives Generation Z to Behave Security Compliant? An Extended Analysis Using the Theory of Planned Behaviour
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 Security Awareness
		2.2 Behavioural Economics and Theory of Planned Behaviour
		2.3 Generation Z
	3 Research Methodology
		3.1 First Attribute: Attitude
		3.2 Second Attribute: Subjective Norms
		3.3 Third Attribute: Perceived Behavioural Control
		3.4 Results
	4 Results, Analysis and Evaluation
		4.1 General Discussions
		4.2 Proposal for Implementation
	5 Research Evaluation and Limitations
	References
Cyber Security Compliance Among Remote Workers
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Background
		1.2 Problem Description
		1.3 Significance of the Study
		1.4 Objectives
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 Cybersecurity Compliance Framework
		2.2 Organizational Cybersecurity Culture
		2.3 Cybersecurity Compliance Practices
		2.4 Work Design and Remote Working
	3 Methodology
	4 The Conceptual Framework and Hypothesis Development
	5 Results
	6 Discussion and Recommendations
		6.1 Organizational Cyber Security Compliance Strategies Awareness
		6.2 Cybersecurity Compliance Challenges of Remote Workers
		6.3 Maintaining Trust, Safeguarding, and Reducing Insider Risk/Human Error Through Compliance
		6.4 Recommendations
	7 Conclusion
	References
An Analysis of the Dark Web Challenges to Digital Policing
	1 Introduction
	2 Background and Context
	3 Challenges
		3.1 Technical
		3.2 Legal
		3.3 Ethical
	4 Recommendations
		4.1 Technical
		4.2 Legal
		4.3 Ethical
	5 Discussion
	6 Conclusion
	References
Are Small Medium Enterprises Cyber Aware?
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
		2.1 Interviewees Profiles
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
‘HOAXIMETER’—An Effective Framework for Fake News Detection on the World Wide Web
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Analysis of Previously Proposed Frameworks
		3.2 HOAXIMETER
	4 Conclusion and Future Work
	References
Cyber Resiliency in Electric Power Industry Based on the Maturity Model
	1 Introduction
	2 Cyber Security Model of Smart Power Networks (SGMM)
	3 Eight Aspects of Smart Grid Cyber Security Maturity Model
	4 Levels of the SGMM Model
	5 The Process of Developing a Roadmap for Smart Cyber Security in Energy Distribution and Transmission Companies
	6 Assessment of the Current Situation
		6.1 Organizational Business Goals
		6.2 Awareness of Stakeholder Needs and Regulatory Requirements
		6.3 Smart Cyber Security Outlook
		6.4 Gap Analysis
		6.5 Ideation
	7 Predicting and Prioritizing Actions
	8 Conclusion
	References
Blockchain Technology in Cybersecurity Management
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Research on Blockchain in Cybersecurity Management
	3 The Use of Blockchain to Improve Cybersecurity
	4 Conclusion
	References
The Impact of the Internet on Terrorism and Violent Extremism
	1 Introduction
	2 The Internet as an Attractive Option
	3 The Exploitation of the Internet in Cyberterrorism
	4 Acts of Terrorism Using the Internet
	5 The Use of the Internet to Counter Cyber Threats
	6 Discussion and Concluding Remarks
	References
A Critical Review of Digital Twin Confidentiality in a Smart City
	1 Introduction
	2 Background and Related Work
		2.1 Digital Twin Computing Background
		2.2 Smart City Background and Digital Twin Relevance
		2.3 Digital Twin Integration with Smart Cities
		2.4 Relatable Standards and Guidance for Smart City Digital Twins
		2.5 Legal Requirements to Protect Private Data
	3 Organisations Concerned with the Development of Smart Cities
	4 Current Considerations for Digital Twin Cyber Security
	5 Risks and Architectural Requirements
	6 Conclusion
	References
IoE Security Risk Analysis in a Modern Hospital Ecosystem
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Overview of Cyber-Attacks in the Healthcare Industry
	2 Related Work
	3 Methodology
	4 IT Defense Recommendations for Hospitals
	5 Conclusions
	References
The Future Era of Quantum Computing
	1 Introduction
	2 Encryption and Decryption
	3 Quantum Computing Implementation
	4 E-Commerce and E-Payments
	5 Blockchain
	6 IBM
	7 Conclusion
	8 Future Work
	References