CWNA Certified Wireless Network Administrator Study Guide Exam CWNA-108

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Acknowledgments
About the Authors
About the Technical Editor
Contents at a Glance
Contents
Table of Exercises
Foreword
Introduction
	CWNA Exam (CWNA-108) Objectives
	Assessment Test
	Answers to the Assessment Test
Chapter 1 Overview of Wireless Standards, Organizations, and Fundamentals
	History of Wireless Local Area Networks
	Standards Organizations
		Federal Communications Commission
		International Telecommunication Union Radiocommunication Sector
	Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
		Internet Engineering Task Force
		Wi-Fi Alliance
		International Organization for Standardization
	Core, Distribution, and Access
	Communications Fundamentals
		Communication Terminology
		Understanding Carrier Signals
		Understanding Keying Methods
	Summary
	Exam Essentials
	Review Questions
Chapter 2 IEEE 802.11 Standard and Amendments
	Original IEEE 802.11 Standard
	IEEE 802.11-2020 Ratified Amendments
		802.11a-1999
		802.11b-1999
		802.11d-2001
		802.11e-2005
		802.11g-2003
		802.11h-2003
		802.11i-2004
		802.11j-2004
		802.11k-2008
		802.11n-2009
		802.11p-2010
		802.11r-2008
		802.11s-2011
		802.11u-2011
		802.11v-2011
		802.11w-2009
		802.11y-2008
		802.11z-2010
		802.11aa-2012
		802.11ac-2013
		802.11ad-2012
		802.11ae-2012
		802.11af-2014
		802.11ah-2016
		802.11ai-2016
		802.11aj-2018
		802.11ak-2018
		802.11aq-2018
	IEEE 802.11 Draft Amendments
		802.11ax (High Efficiency)
		802.11ay (Next-Generation 60 GHz)
		802.11az (Next-Generation Positioning)
		802.11ba (Wake-Up Radio)
		802.11bb (Light Communications)
		802.11bc (Enhanced Broadcast Service)
		802.11bd (Enhancements for Next-Generation V2X)
		802.11be (Extremely High Throughput)
	Defunct Amendments
		802.11F
		802.11T
	IEEE Task Group m
	Summary
	Exam Essentials
	Review Questions
Chapter 3 Radio Frequency Fundamentals
	What Is a Radio Frequency Signal?
	Radio Frequency Characteristics
		Wavelength
		Frequency
		Amplitude
		Phase
	Radio Frequency Behaviors
		Wave Propagation
		Absorption
		Reflection
		Scattering
		Refraction
		Diffraction
		Loss (Attenuation)
		Free Space Path Loss
		Multipath
		Gain (Amplification)
		RF Analysis Tools
	Summary
	Exam Essentials
	Review Questions
Chapter 4 Radio Frequency Components, Measurements, and Mathematics
	Components of RF Communications
		Transmitter
		Antenna
		Receiver
		Intentional Radiator
		Equivalent Isotropically Radiated Power
	Units of Power and Comparison
		Watt
		Milliwatt
		Decibel
		Decibels Relative to an Isotropic Radiator (dBi)
		Decibels Relative to a Half-Wave Dipole Antenna (dBd)
		Decibels Relative to 1 Milliwatt (dBm)
		Inverse Square Law
	RF Mathematics
		Rule of 10s and 3s
		RF Math Summary
	Noise Floor
	Signal-to-Noise Ratio
		Signal-to-Interference-Plus-Noise Ratio
	Received Signal Strength Indicator
	Link Budget
		Fade Margin/System Operating Margin
	Summary
	Exam Essentials
	Review Questions
Chapter 5 Radio Frequency Signal and Antenna Concepts
	Azimuth and Elevation Charts (Antenna Radiation Envelopes)
	Interpreting Polar Charts
	Beamwidth
	Antenna Types
		Omnidirectional Antennas
		Downtilt Omnidirectional Antennas
		Semidirectional Antennas
		Highly Directional Antennas
		Sector Antennas
		Antenna Arrays
	Visual Line of Sight
	RF Line of Sight
	Fresnel Zone
	Earth Bulge
	Antenna Polarization
	Antenna Diversity
	Multiple-Input, Multiple-Output
		MIMO Antennas
	Antenna Connection and Installation
		Voltage Standing Wave Ratio
		Signal Loss
		Antenna Mounting
	Antenna Accessories
		Cables
		Connectors
		Splitters
		Amplifiers
		Attenuators
		Lightning Arrestors
		Grounding Rods and Wires
	Regulatory Compliance
	Summary
	Exam Essentials
	Review Questions
Chapter 6 Wireless Networks and Spread Spectrum Technologies
	Throughput vs. Bandwidth
	Narrowband and Spread Spectrum
		Multipath Interference
	Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrum
		Hopping Sequence
		Dwell Time
		Hop Time
		Modulation
	Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum
		DSSS Data Encoding
		Modulation
		Transmit Spectrum Mask
	Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing
		Convolutional Coding
		Modulation
		Transmit Spectrum Mask
		Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access
	Industrial, Scientific, and Medical Bands
		900 MHz ISM Band
		2.4 GHz ISM Band
		5.8 GHz ISM Band
	5 GHz Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure Bands
		U-NII-1
		U-NII-2A
		U-NII-2C
		U-NII-3
		U-NII-4
	60 GHz for Wi-Fi
	Below 1 GHz
	2.4 GHz Channels
	5 GHz Channels
		Long-Term Evolution in 5 GHz
	6 GHz Channels
		6 GHz Incumbents
		Automated Frequency Coordination
		6 GHz Worldwide
		6 GHz Wi-Fi Considerations
	Summary
	Exam Essentials
	Review Questions
Chapter 7 Wireless LAN Topologies
	Wireless Networking Topologies
		Wireless Wide Area Network
		Wireless Metropolitan Area Network
		Wireless Personal Area Network
		Wireless Local Area Network
	802.11 Stations
		Client Station
		Access Point Station
		Integration Service
		Distribution System
		Wireless Distribution System
	802.11 Service Sets
		Service Set Identifier
		Basic Service Set
		Basic Service Area
		Basic Service Set Identifier
		Multiple Basic Service Set Identifiers
		Extended Service Set
		Independent Basic Service Set
		Personal Basic Service Set
		Mesh Basic Service Set
		QoS Basic Service Set
	802.11 Configuration Modes
		Access Point Modes
		Client Station Modes
	Summary
	Exam Essentials
	Review Questions
Chapter 8 802.11 Medium Access
	CSMA/CA vs. CSMA/CD
	Collision Detection
	Distributed Coordination Function
		Physical Carrier Sense
		Virtual Carrier Sense
		Pseudo-Random Backoff Timer
		Interframe Space
	Hybrid Coordination Function
		Enhanced Distributed Channel Access
		HCF Controlled Channel Access
	Wi-Fi Multimedia
	Airtime Fairness
	Summary
	Exam Essentials
	Review Questions
Chapter 9 802.11 MAC
	Packets, Frames, and Bits
	Data-Link Layer
		MAC Service Data Unit
		MAC Protocol Data Unit
	Physical Layer
		PLCP Service Data Unit
		PLCP Protocol Data Unit
	802.11 and 802.3 Interoperability
	802.11 MAC Header
		Frame Control Field
		Duration/ID Field
		MAC Layer Addressing
		Sequence Control Field
		QoS Control Field
		HT Control Field
	802.11 Frame Body
	802.11 Trailer
	802.11 State Machine
	Management Frames
		Beacon
		Authentication
		Association
		Reassociation
		Disassociation
		Deauthentication
		Action Frame
	Control Frames
		ACK Frame
		Block Acknowledgment
		PS-Poll
		RTS/CTS
		CTS-to-Self
		Protection Mechanisms
	Data Frames
		QoS and Non-QoS Data Frames
		Non-Data Carrying Frames
	Power Management
		Legacy Power Management
		WMM-Power Save and U-APSD
		MIMO Power Management
		802.11ax Power Management
	Summary
	Exam Essentials
	Review Questions
Chapter 10 MIMO Technology: HT and VHT
	MIMO
		Radio Chains
		Spatial Multiplexing
		MIMO versus SISO diversity
		Space-Time Block Coding
		Cyclic Shift Diversity
		Transmit Beamforming
		Explicit Beamforming
	Multi-User MIMO
		Multi-User Beamforming
	Channels
		20 MHz Channels
		40 MHz Channels
		Forty MHz Intolerant
		80 MHz and 160 MHz Channels
	Guard Interval
	256-QAM Modulation
	802.11n/ac PPDUs
		Non-HT
		HT Mixed
		VHT
	802.11n/ac MAC
		A-MSDU
		A-MPDU
		Block Acknowledgment
		Power Management
		Modulation and Coding Scheme
		802.11ac Data Rates
	HT/VHT Protection Mechanisms
		HT Protection Modes (0–3)
	Wi-Fi Alliance Certification
	Summary
	Exam Essentials
	Review Questions
Chapter 11 WLAN Architecture
	WLAN Client Devices
		802.11 Radio Form Factors
		802.11 Radio Chipsets
		Client Utilities
	Management, Control, and Data Planes
		Management Plane
		Control Plane
		Data Plane
	WLAN Architecture
		Autonomous WLAN Architecture
		Centralized Network Management Systems
		Centralized WLAN Architecture
		Distributed WLAN Architecture
		Hybrid WLAN Architecture
	Specialty WLAN Infrastructure
		Enterprise WLAN Branch Routers
		WLAN Mesh Access Points
		WLAN Bridges
		Real-Time Location Systems
		VoWiFi
	Cloud Networking
	Application Programming Interface
		Transport and Data Formats
		WLAN APIs
		Common Applications
	Infrastructure Management
		Protocols for Management
	Summary
	Exam Essentials
	Review Questions
Chapter 12 Power over Ethernet (PoE)
	History of PoE
		Nonstandard PoE
		IEEE 802.3af
		IEEE Std 802.3-2005, Clause 33
		IEEE 802.3at-2009
		IEEE Std 802.3-2018, Clause 33
		IEEE 802.3bt-2018
	PoE Devices
		Powered Device
		Power-Sourcing Equipment
		Endpoint PSE
		Midspan PSE
	Planning and Deploying PoE
		Power Planning
		Redundancy
		Downgrade PoE Capabilities
		802.3bt Power Considerations
	Summary
	Exam Essentials
	Review Questions
Chapter 13 WLAN Design Concepts
	WLAN Coverage Design
		Received Signal
		Signal-to-Noise Ratio
		Dynamic Rate Switching
		Transmit Power
	Roaming Design
		Client-Side Support of 802.11k, 802.11r, and 802.11v Mechanisms
		Primary and Secondary Coverage
		Fast Secure Roaming
		Layer 3 Roaming
	Channel Design
		Adjacent Channel Interference
		2.4 GHz Channel Reuse
		Co-Channel Interference
		5 GHz Channel Reuse
		DFS Channels
		40 MHz Channel Design
		Static Channels and Transmit Power vs. Adaptive RF
		Single-Channel Architecture
	Capacity Design
		High-Density
		Band Steering
		Load Balancing
		Airtime Consumption
	Voice vs. Data
		How Many Simultaneous VoWiFi Calls Can an Access Point Support?
	Dual 5 GHz and Software-Defined Radios
	6 GHz WLAN Design
		Client Considerations
		Coverage Considerations
		6 GHz Channel Reuse
		6 GHz AP Discovery
		6 GHz Wi-Fi Security
	Physical Environment
	Antennas
	Outdoor Design
	Summary
	Exam Essentials
	Review Questions
Chapter 14 Site Survey and Validation
	WLAN Site Survey and Design Interview
		Customer Briefing
		Business Requirements
		Capacity and Coverage Requirements
		Existing Wireless Network
		Upgrading an Existing WLAN
		Infrastructure Connectivity
		Security Expectations
		Guest Access
		Aesthetics
		Outdoor Surveys
	Vertical Market Considerations
		Government
		Education
		Healthcare
		Retail
		Warehouses and Manufacturing
		Multi-Tenant Buildings
	Legacy AP-on-a-Stick Survey
		Spectrum Analysis
		Coverage Analysis
	Hybrid Survey
		Initial Site Visit
		Predictive Design
	Validation Survey
		Capacity and Throughput
		Roaming
		Delay and Jitter
		Connectivity
		Aesthetics
	Site Survey Tools
		Indoor Site Survey Tools
		Outdoor Site Survey Tools
	Documents and Reports
		Forms and Customer Documentation
		Deliverables
		Additional Reports
	Summary
	Exam Essentials
	Review Questions
Chapter 15 WLAN Troubleshooting
	Five Tenets of WLAN Troubleshooting
		Troubleshooting Best Practices
		Troubleshoot the OSI Model
		Most Wi-Fi Problems Are Client Issues
		Proper WLAN Design Reduces Problems
		WLAN Always Gets the Blame
	Layer 1 Troubleshooting
		WLAN Design
		Transmit Power
		RF Interference
		Drivers
		PoE
		Firmware Bugs
	Layer 2 Troubleshooting
		Layer 2 Retransmissions
		RF Interference
		Low SNR
		Adjacent Channel Interference
		Hidden Node
		Mismatched Power
		Multipath
	Security Troubleshooting
		PSK Troubleshooting
		802.1X/EAP Troubleshooting
		VPN Troubleshooting
	Roaming Troubleshooting
	Channel Utilization
	Layers 3–7 Troubleshooting
	WLAN Troubleshooting Tools
		WLAN Discovery Applications
		Spectrum Analyzers
		Protocol Analyzers
		Throughput Test Tools
		Standard IP Network Test Commands
		Secure Shell
	Summary
	Exam Essentials
	Review Questions
Chapter 16 Wireless Attacks, Intrusion Monitoring, and Policy
	Wireless Attacks
		Rogue Wireless Devices
		Peer-to-Peer Attacks
		Eavesdropping
		Encryption Cracking
		KRACK Attack
		Kr00k Vulnerability
		Authentication Attacks
		MAC Spoofing
		Management Interface Exploits
		Wireless Hijacking
		Denial-of-Service Attacks
		Vendor-Specific Attacks
		Social Engineering
	Intrusion Monitoring
		Wireless Intrusion Prevention System
		Rogue Detection and Mitigation
		Spectrum Analyzers
	Wireless Security Policies
		General Security Policies
		Functional Security Policies
		Legislative Compliance
		802.11 Wireless Policy Recommendations
	Summary
	Exam Essentials
	Review Questions
Chapter 17 802.11 Network Security Architecture
	802.11 Security Basics
		Data Privacy and Integrity
		Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting
		Segmentation
		Monitoring and Policy
	Legacy 802.11 Security
		Legacy Authentication
		Static WEP Encryption
		MAC Filters
		SSID Cloaking
	Robust Security
		Robust Security Network
		Authentication and Authorization
		PSK Authentication
		Proprietary PSK Authentication
		Simultaneous Authentication of Equals
		802.1X/EAP Framework
		EAP Types
		Dynamic Encryption-Key Generation
		4-Way Handshake
		WLAN Encryption
		TKIP Encryption
		CCMP Encryption
		GCMP Encryption
	Management Frame Protection
	WPA2
	WPA3
		WPA3-Personal
		WPA3-Enterprise
	Enhanced Open
	6 GHz Wi-Fi Security
	Traffic Segmentation
		VLANs
		RBAC
	VPN Wireless Security
		VPN 101
		Layer 3 VPNs
		SSL VPNs
		VPN Deployment
	Summary
	Exam Essentials
	Review Questions
Chapter 18 Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) and Guest Access
	Mobile Device Management
	Company-Issued Devices vs. Personal Devices
		MDM Architecture
		MDM Enrollment
		MDM Profiles
		MDM Agent Software
		Over-the-Air Management
		Application Management
	Self-Service Device Onboarding for Employees
		Dual-SSID Onboarding
		Single-SSID Onboarding
		MDM vs. Self-Service Onboarding
	Guest WLAN Access
		Guest SSID
		Guest VLAN
		Guest Firewall Policy
		Captive Web Portals
		Client Isolation, Rate Limiting, and Web Content Filtering
		Guest Management
		Guest Self-Registration
		Employee Sponsorship
		Social Login
		Encrypted Guest Access
	Hotspot 2.0 and Passpoint
		Access Network Query Protocol
		Hotspot 2.0 Architecture
		802.1X/EAP and Hotspot 2.0
		Online Sign-Up
		Roaming Agreements
	Network Access Control
		Posture
		OS Fingerprinting
		AAA
		RADIUS Change of Authorization
		Single Sign-On
	Summary
	Exam Essentials
	Review Questions
Chapter 19 802.11ax: High Efficiency (HE)
	802.11ax = Wi-Fi 6
	Wi-Fi Traffic Congestion
	HE Overview
	Multi-User
	OFDMA
		Subcarriers
		Resource Units
		Trigger Frames
		Downlink OFDMA
		Uplink OFDMA
		Buffer Status Reports
		Operating Mode Indication
	MU-MIMO
	BSS Color and Spatial Reuse
		OBSS
		BSS Color
		Spatial Reuse Operation
	Target Wake Time
	Additional 802.11ax PHY and MAC Capabilities
		1024-QAM
		Long Symbol Time and Guard Intervals
		802.11ax PHY headers
		20 MHz–Only
		Multi-TID AMPDU
	Wi-Fi 6 Key Questions
		Clients
		Multi-Gig Ethernet
		Power over Ethernet
		4×4:4 vs. 8×8:8
		80 MHz and 160 MHz Channels
	Wi-Fi CERTIFIED 6
	Summary
	Review Questions
Chapter 20 WLAN Deployment and Vertical Markets
	Deployment Considerations for Commonly Supported WLAN Applications and Devices
		Data
		Voice
		Video
		Real-Time Location Services
		iBeacon Proximity
		Mobile Devices
	Corporate Data Access and End-User Mobility
	Network Extension to Remote Areas
	Bridging: Building-to-Building Connectivity
	Wireless ISP: Last-Mile Data Delivery
	Small Office/Home Office
	Temporary Office Networking
	Branch Offices
	Teleworker Wi-Fi
	Educational/Classroom Use
	Industrial: Warehousing and Manufacturing
	Retail
	Healthcare
	Municipal Networks
	Hotspots: Public Network Access
	Stadium Networks
	Transportation Networks
	Law Enforcement Networks
	First-Responder Networks
	Managed Service Providers
	Fixed Mobile Convergence
	WLAN and Health
	Internet of Things
	WLAN Vendors
	Summary
	Exam Essentials
	Review Questions
Appendix A Answers to Review Questions
	Chapter 1: Overview of Wireless Standards, Organizations, and Fundamentals
	Chapter 2: IEEE 802.11 Standard and Amendments
	Chapter 3: Radio Frequency Fundamentals
	Chapter 4: Radio Frequency Components, Measurements, and Mathematics
	Chapter 5: Radio Frequency Signal and Antenna Concepts
	Chapter 6: Wireless Networks and Spread Spectrum Technologies
	Chapter 7: Wireless LAN Topologies
	Chapter 8: 802.11 Medium Access
	Chapter 9: 802.11 MAC
	Chapter 10: MIMO Technology: HT and VHT
	Chapter 11: WLAN Architecture
	Chapter 12: Power over Ethernet (PoE)
	Chapter 13: WLAN Design Concepts
	Chapter 14: Site Survey and Validation
	Chapter 15: WLAN Troubleshooting
	Chapter 16: Wireless Attacks, Intrusion Monitoring, and Policy
	Chapter 17: 802.11 Network Security Architecture
	Chapter 18: Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) and Guest Access
	Chapter 19: 802.11ax: High Efficiency (HE)
	Chapter 20: WLAN Deployment and Vertical Markets
Appendix B Abbreviations and Acronyms
	Certifications
	Organizations and Regulations
	Measurements
	Technical Terms
Index
EULA