Current Trends and Future Developments on (Bio-) Membranes: Silica Membranes: Preparation, Modelling, Application, and Commercialization

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Current Trends and Future Developments on
(Bio-) Membranes:
Membrane Applications in
Artificial Organs and Tissue
Engineering
Copyright
Contributors
Preface
1
Artificial kidney: A chemical engineering challenge
	Introduction
	Historical perspective
	Transport properties of membranes for artificial kidney
	Compartmental modeling for artificial kidney
	Membrane modules for renal replacement therapy
	Water quality management in artificial kidney
	The future of renal replacement therapy: Bioartificial kidney and implantable artificial kidney
	Conclusions and future trends
	References
2
Membrane application for liver support devices
	Introduction
	Liver support devices
	Development of blood purification systems
	Artificial devices
		Hemofiltration
		Hemoperfusion
		Reactors with immobilized enzymes
		Plasma exchange
		Hemodiafiltration
		Plasma exchange and continuous hemodiafiltration
		Molecular therapy of the absorbent recirculation system
		Prometheus
	Bioartificial devices
		Cellular sources
		Types of hepatocyte culture systems
		Types of bioreactor
	Tissue engineering
		Implantable engineered tissue for humanized mouse models
		Implantable therapeutic engineered liver tissue
		Design criteria for implantable systems
		Natural scaffold chemistry and modifications
	Conclusion and future trends
	References
3
Membrane bioreactors for (bio-)artificial lung
	Introduction
	Milestones in ECMO development to date
	Limitations of ECMO / ECLS
	Computational fluid dynamics for the optimization of the oxygenator design
	Surface treatments for improving the hemocompatibility of blood contacting surfaces in ECMO circuits
	Biohybrid/bioartificial approaches
	Wearable or implantable artificial lung
	The implantable artificial lung
	The development of microfluidic artificial lungs
	Tissue engineered lungs
	Conclusions and future trends
	References
4
Membrane bioreactors for bio-artificial pancreas
	Introduction: The pancreas
		Anatomy and physiology
		Mechanisms of glycemic regulation
		Physiopathology and treatment
	The concept of bioartificial pancreas
	Overview of the specificities of currently developed BAP
		Number and potential sources of pancreatic islets
		Mass transfer issues in BAP and implantation site
			Intravascular systems combining convection and diffusion
				Design and limits of perfusion chambers
				Direct perfusion of encapsulated islets implanted in vascularized organs
			Diffusion-based extravascular systems
				Omental pouch and intraperitoneal transplantation
				Kidney capsule
				Subcutaneous tissues
	Porous scaffolds—Membranes
	Conclusions and future trends
	References
5
Membrane devices for blood separation and purification
	Introduction
	Requirements for an effective apheresis
	Main differences between centrifugation and filtration systems
		Centrifugal systems
		Membrane systems
		Mixed systems: Membranes and centrifuges
	Discontinuous and continuous flow systems
	Apheresis techniques
		Plasma exchange
		Semiselective plasmas (plasma separation through secondary membranes, or double filtration or cascade filtration)
		Selective plasma tracking (selective absorption)
		Apheresis of lipidic proteins
		Cytoapheresis
		Therapeutic cytoapheresis
	Donations of autologous or allogeneic blood components
	Conclusion and future trends
	References
6
Numerical prediction of blood damage in membrane-based biomedical assist devices
	Introduction
	Properties of red blood cells
		Red blood cell structure
		Mechanical properties
	Phenomenology of hemolysis and blood damage
	Quantification of blood damage
	Experimental data on blood damage
	Current modeling approaches for blood damage prediction
		Stress-based models
			Threshold models
			Continuous models
		Limitations of empirical stress-based models
			Time-variable stresses
			Multicomponent stresses
			Flow in ducts
		Strain-based models
			RBC deformation
			Hemoglobin release
	Conclusions and future trends
		List of acronyms
	List of symbols
		Latin symbols
		Greek symbols
	References
	Further reading
7
Membrane scaffolds for 3D cell culture
	Membrane scaffolds for tissue engineering applications
		Tissue engineering principles
		Application of tissue engineering methods for 3D cell culture
		Prerequisites of membranes for 3D cell culture
		Biomaterials for membranes fabrication
			Natural origin
			Synthetic polymers
	Methods of membranes fabrication
		Conventional techniques
			Freeze drying
			Phase separation
			Particle leaching
		Biofabrication methods for membranes in tissue engineering
			Powder-based 3D printing
			Extrusion techniques
				Direct 3D printing
				Fused deposition modeling
				3D plotting
			Electrospinning
	Use of membranes for cell culture in tissue engineering
		Limits of conventional tissue engineering
		Layer-by-layer bioassembly of cellularized membranes for tissue engineering
	Conclusions and future trends
	References
8
Artificial oxygen carriers
	Introduction
		Oxygen is both: A blessing and a curse
	The role of AOCs in the context of artificial organs and tissue engineering
		Why has evolution developed such strategies?
			Considerations addressing Δ x
			Considerations addressing Δ c
	Relevant types of AOCs
		Hemoglobin-based AOCs
			Peculiarities and principle of oxygen transport
			Limitations
			Stage of development of relevant HBOCs
				Clinical data/clinical trials
				Pipeline (preclinical data)
		Perfluorocarbon-based AOCs
			Peculiarities and principle of oxygen transport
			Limitations
			Stage of development of relevant PFOCs
				Clinical data/clinical trials
				Pipeline (preclinical data)
	Conclusions and future trends
	Conflict of interest
	References
9
Membrane bioreactors for digestive system to study drugs absorption and bioavailability
	Introduction
	Anatomy of the GI tract
	Physiology of the GI tract
		Stomach
		Duodenum
		Jejunum
		Ileum and colon
	Modeling of drugs’ absorption and bioavailability
		Single and two-compartment models
		Five-compartments model
			Parameters and conditions
			Parameter estimation
	Model simulations
	Conclusion and future trends
	References
Index
	A
	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
	G
	H
	I
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	K
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	M
	N
	O
	P
	R
	S
	T
	U
	V
	W
	X
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