Current Perspectives on Centenarians : Introduction to Lifespan and Healthspan

Preface
Contents
Chapter 1: Ageism Revolution and Human Longivity Beyond Age 100
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Illustrative Vignette
	1.3 Defining Ageism
		1.3.1 Three Levels of Ageism
		1.3.2 Potential Causes of Ageism (Theoretical Level)
	1.4 Evolution of Ageism
	1.5 Why Is Ageism Important?
	1.6 Age-Differentiated Behavior
	1.7 Distinguishing Between Ageism and Age-Differentiated Behavior
	1.8 Consequences of Ageism
		1.8.1 Healthcare Professionals & Ageism
	1.9 How to Avoid and Prevent Ageism
	1.10 Chapter Summary
	Additional Resources
	Multiple Choice Questions
	References
Chapter 2: Demography of Centenarians
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 International Studies on Centenarians
	2.3 Geographic Clusters of Centenarians
	2.4 Studies in the United States
	2.5 Gender
	2.6 Race
	2.7 Socioeconomic Factors
	2.8 Limitations in the Study of Centenarians
	2.9 Conclusion
	Demography of Centenarians Review Questions
	Demography of Centenarians Review Questions: Answers
	References
Chapter 3: The Genetics of Exceptional Longevity in Humans and Relevance to Healthy Aging
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Extreme Longevity and Families
	3.3 The Biology of Aging
	3.4 Longevity-Enhancing Genes in Humans
	3.5 Chapter Summary
	Multiple Choice Questions
	References
Chapter 4: Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Centenarians
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Case Presentation
	4.3 The Rationale for Studying Centenarians
	4.4 Difficulties and Limitations Studying Centenarians
	4.5 The Aging Heart and Blood Vessels
	4.6 Genetics Biomarkers
	4.7 Clinical Management Considerations for Cardiovascular Disease
	4.8 Blood Pressure Evaluation and Management
	4.9 Hyperlipidemia Management
	4.10 Congestive Heart Failure Diagnosis and Management
	4.11 Atrial Fibrillation and the Use of Oral Anticoagulants
	4.12 Complementary Medical Interventions
	4.13 Conclusion
	Multiple Choice Questions
	References
Chapter 5: Do Centenarians Get Dementia?
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Illustrative Vignette
	5.3 Pure-Aging (Stefanacci, 2022) Vs Dementia
	5.4 Dementia & Alzheimer’s Disease
		5.4.1 Overview & Risk Factors
	5.5 Symptoms & Progression of Dementia Due to Alzheimer’s Disease
	5.6 Additional Causes of Dementia & Diagnosis
	5.7 Do Centenarians Get Dementia?
		5.7.1 Incidence of Dementia in Centenarians
	5.8 Dementia Risk & Protective Factors in Centenarians
	5.9 Genetic Factors
	5.10 Physical Health and Cardiovascular Risk Factors
	5.11 Cognitive and Social Factors
	5.12 Current Limitations in Centenarian Research
	5.13 Sample Size
	5.14 Convenience Sampling & Selection Bias
	5.15 Cognitive & Functional Assessments
	5.16 Conclusion & Recommendations for the Future
	End of Chapter Questions
	References
Chapter 6: Nutrition in Centenarians
	6.1 Dietary Patterns and Longevity
		6.1.1 Introduction
		6.1.2 Traditional Dietary Patterns
			6.1.2.1 Japan and the Okinawan dietary patterns
			6.1.2.2 The Mediterranean dietary pattern
			6.1.2.3 The Nordic dietary pattern
			6.1.2.4 The Southern European Atlantic Diet (SEAD)
		6.1.3 Dietary Patterns and Chronic Diseases
		6.1.4 Dietary Patterns and Longevity
		6.1.5 Conclusion
	6.2 Energy Balance and Body Composition in Centenarians
		6.2.1 Resting Metabolic Rate
		6.2.2 Adiposity and Leanness
		6.2.3 Sarcopenia
	6.3 Caloric Restriction Without Malnutrition
		6.3.1 Introduction
		6.3.2 Caloric Restriction Diet for Longevity and Impact on Metabolism
	6.4 Chapter Conclusion
	Multiple Choice Questions
	References
Chapter 7: Physical Activity in Centenarians
	7.1 The Role of Physical Activity in Promoting Longevity
		7.1.1 Introduction
		7.1.2 Physical Activity Patterns and Longevity
	7.2 Physical Activity and Its Role in Improving Quality of Life
		7.2.1 Physical Activity Levels in Centenarians
	7.3 Components of Physical Activity in Centenarians
		7.3.1 Muscular Strength
		7.3.2 Cardiorespiratory Fitness
		7.3.3 Neuromotor Fitness
			7.3.3.1 Frailty
			7.3.3.2 Disability, ADL and IADLs
			7.3.3.3 Balance
	7.4 Chapter Conclusion
	Multiple Choice Questions
	References
Chapter 8: African American Centenarians
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Biological Aspects
		8.2.1 Black-White Cross-over Mortality Paradox
	8.3 Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic
	8.4 Sociological Aspects of Aging
	8.5 Psychological Aspects of Aging
		8.5.1 Black- White Mental Health Paradox
	8.6 Religion and Spirituality
	8.7 Resilience Strategies
	8.8 Conclusion
	Multiple Choice Questions
	References
Chapter 9: The Hispanic Paradox: Is There a Hispanic Mortality Advantage?
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Illustrative Vignette
	9.3 Is It Hispanic, Latino, Chicano, or Latinx?
	9.4 Latino Seniors: Demographics, Social Determinants and Health
		9.4.1 Demographics and Changing Future Trends
		9.4.2 Diversity Among Hispanics and Longevity
		9.4.3 Social Determinants
			9.4.3.1 Economic Stability
			9.4.3.2 Education Access and Quality
			9.4.3.3 Neighborhood and Built Environment
			9.4.3.4 Social/Community Context
			9.4.3.5 Healthcare Access and Quality
		9.4.4 Physical Health
			9.4.4.1 Cardiovascular Disease
			9.4.4.2 Cancer
			9.4.4.3 Liver Disease
		9.4.5 Mental Health
	9.5 Impact of Acculturation on Health of Hispanics
	9.6 The Hispanic Paradox
		9.6.1 Underreporting Ethnicity
		9.6.2 Healthy Migrant Hypothesis
		9.6.3 Salmon Bias Hypothesis
	9.7 Resilience Among Hispanics
		9.7.1 Diet
			9.7.1.1 Traditional/Alternative Medicine
			9.7.1.2 Religion and Spirituality
				Familismo
				Barrio Advantage
			9.7.1.3 Optimism
	9.8 Summary
	Additional Resources
	Multiple Choice Questions
	References
Chapter 10: Financial Planning for Centenarians
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Retirement Planning for Centenarians
		10.2.1 Longevity of Retirement Periods
		10.2.2 Inflation
	10.3 What Are the Typical Costs in Retirement?
		10.3.1 Housing Costs
		10.3.2 Income Tax on Social Security and Pensions
		10.3.3 Real Estate, Property and Sales Tax
		10.3.4 Health Care Costs
		10.3.5 Long Term Care Costs
	10.4 What Are the Common Sources of Retirement Income?
		10.4.1 Social Security
		10.4.2 SSI
		10.4.3 Pensions
		10.4.4 Personal Savings
	10.5 How Much Should I Save for Retirement? It Depends
	10.6 Employer Sponsored Retirement Plans
	10.7 Individual Retirement Accounts (IRA)
	10.8 Conclusions
	Additional Resources (Readings, Media, etc.)
	Multiple Choice Questions
	References
Chapter 11: Religion, Spirituality and Longevity
	11.1 Religion, Spirituality, and Health: A Well-Founded Connection
	11.2 How R/S Supports Health and Longevity
	11.3 Blue Zones: Areas in the World Where People Live longer, Healthier Lives
	11.4 When R/S Gets Sick
	11.5 Religious/Spiritual Struggles as a Predictor of Mortality
	11.6 Unhealthy R/S Intervention and Public Health
	11.7 Science, R/S and Holistic Healthcare
	11.8 R/S Care for the Oldest Population
		11.8.1 R/S Guiding Documents
		11.8.2 Limitations of The Joint Commission R/S Standards
	11.9 How Spiritual Care Is Best Accomplished
		11.9.1 Who Should Not Be Required to Conduct Spiritual Assessments?
		11.9.2 Who Should Not Be Allowed to Conduct Spiritual Assessments?
		11.9.3 The Best Option for Conducting R/S Assessments
		11.9.4 Professional and Board-Certified Chaplains
	11.10 Addressing Spiritual Distress
	11.11 Patients Say Their R/S Needs Are Important
	11.12 Professional Chaplains’ Contributions to Healthcare
		11.12.1 Reasons Not to Use Local Clergy (or Others) as Volunteer Chaplains
		11.12.2 Reluctance to Employ Professional Chaplains Could Be Costly
	11.13 Recommendations for Clinicians to Improve the R/S Care of Their Oldest Patients in Treatment Facilities
	11.14 From Clinician to Administrator: How to Improve R/S Care at the Organizational Level
	11.15 Summary
	Multiple Choice Questions
	Appendix
		Glossary of Terms
			Interdisciplinary Team (IDT)
			Professional Chaplain
			Board Certified Chaplain
			Religion
			Spirituality
			Spiritual Assessment
			Spiritual Distress
			Spiritual History
			Spiritual Screening
Chapter 12: Whole Health, Wellness and Longevity
	12.1 Introduction
		12.1.1 Successful Aging and Centenarians
		12.1.2 Planning for Successful Aging: The VA Whole Health Model
	12.2 Conclusion
	Additional Resources (Readings, Media, Etc.)
	Multiple Choice Questions
	References
Chapter 13: Oral Health and Longevity Geriatric Dentistry, Care Pathways, Oral Health Epidemiology
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Definition of Oral Health
	13.3 Life Course Development of Oral Health
	13.4 Effects of Aging on the Oral Cavity
		13.4.1 Aging and Tooth Loss
		13.4.2 Effects of Aging on Periodontium
		13.4.3 Effects of Aging on Salivary Glands
		13.4.4 Effects of Aging on Oral Soft Tissues
		13.4.5 Effects of Aging on Masticatory Apparatus
		13.4.6 Oral Health Outcomes of Centenarians
		13.4.7 Supporting the Oral Health of an Aging Population
		13.4.8 Role of Public Health Professionals
		13.4.9 Current State of Clinical Public Health Activities
		13.4.10 Mechanisms for Providing Clinical Care for the Aging Population
		13.4.11 The Role of Research in Supporting Oral Health for Aging Populations
		13.4.12 Medical Education’s Role in Workforce Development and Interdisciplinary Care
		13.4.13 Program and Treatment Planning for the Aging Population
	13.5 Summary
	References
Chapter 14: Contributions to Longevity and Well-being from Nature
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Illustrative Vignette
	14.3 Longevity and Well-being
		14.3.1 Stress & Longevity and Well-being
		14.3.2 Physical Activity & Longevity and Well-being
		14.3.3 Religion/ Spirituality & Longevity and Well-being
		14.3.4 Social Connectedness & Longevity and Well-being
		14.3.5 Environment & Longevity and Well-being
		14.3.6 Stress & Nature
		14.3.7 Nature-Based Activities & Well-being and Longevity
		14.3.8 Active Lifestyle & Nature
		14.3.9 Religion/ Spirituality & Nature
		14.3.10 Social Connectedness & Nature
		14.3.11 Natural Environment
	14.4 Conclusion
	14.5 Chapter Summary
	Multiple Choice Questions
	References
Chapter 15: Supercentenarians
	15.1 Supercentenarians and the Compression of Morbidity
	15.2 Supercentenarians Versus Centenarians
	15.3 How Many Supercentenarians Are There?
	15.4 The International Database on Longevity (IDL)
	15.5 The Gerontology Research Group (GRG)
	15.6 Life Expectancy, Life Span, and Mortality
	15.7 Case Studies
		15.7.1 Jeanne Louise Calment
		15.7.2 Jiroemon Kimura
	Additional Resources
		Gerontology Research Organization
		International Database on Longevity:
	Questions
	References
Chapter 16: Implications of the Age-Friendly Healthcare Systems (AFHS) Movement on the Care of Centenarians
	16.1 Introduction
		16.1.1 Illustrative Vignette
		16.1.2 Age Friendly Health Systems
			16.1.2.1 “What Matters”
			16.1.2.2 Mentation
			16.1.2.3 Medications
			16.1.2.4 Mobility
	16.2 Impact of the AFHS Movement
	16.3 Preparing the Geriatric Workforce
	16.4 Summary
	Multiple Choice Questions
	Resources
		“What Matters”
		Mentation
		Medications
		Mobility
	References
Index