Current Medical Diagnosis and Treatment 2009, 48th Edition (Current Medical Diagnosis and Treatment)

Contents......Page 4
Authors......Page 10
Preface......Page 16
1. Disease Prevention & Health Promotion......Page 20
Prevention of Infectious Diseases......Page 22
Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease......Page 25
Prevention of Osteoporosis......Page 30
Prevention of Physical Inactivity......Page 31
Prevention of Overweight & Obesity......Page 32
Cancer Prevention......Page 34
Prevention of Injuries & Violence......Page 36
Substance Abuse: Alcohol & Illicit Drugs......Page 37
Cough......Page 40
Dyspnea......Page 42
Hemoptysis......Page 45
Chest Pain......Page 46
Palpitations......Page 48
Lower Extremity Edema......Page 50
Fever & Hyperthermia......Page 52
Involuntary Weight Loss......Page 54
Fatigue & Chronic Fatigue Syndrome......Page 55
Acute Headache......Page 57
Dysuria......Page 59
Cardiac Risk Assessment & Reduction......Page 63
Pulmonary Evaluation in Non–Lung Resection Surgery......Page 67
Evaluation of the Patient with Liver Disease......Page 68
Preoperative Hematologic Evaluation......Page 69
Neurologic Evaluation......Page 70
Management of Endocrine Diseases......Page 71
Antibiotic Prophylaxis of Surgical Site Infections......Page 73
Assessment of the Older Adult......Page 75
Dementia......Page 77
Depression......Page 81
Delirium......Page 82
Falls & Gait Disorders......Page 83
Urinary Incontinence......Page 85
Weight Loss & Malnutrition......Page 87
Pressure Ulcers......Page 88
Hearing Impairment......Page 89
Elder Abuse......Page 90
Principles of Pain Management......Page 91
Pain at the End of Life......Page 92
Pharmacologic Pain Management Strategies......Page 93
Nausea & Vomiting......Page 101
End-of-Life Care......Page 102
Principles of Dermatologic Therapy......Page 109
Pigmented Lesions......Page 114
Scaling Disorders......Page 116
Vesicular Dermatoses......Page 128
Weeping or Crusted Lesions......Page 133
Pustular Disorders......Page 135
Erythemas......Page 140
Blistering Diseases......Page 145
Papules......Page 146
Violaceous to Purple Papules & Nodules......Page 149
Pruritus (Itching)......Page 150
Inflammatory Nodules......Page 155
Epidermal Inclusion Cyst......Page 156
Photodermatitis......Page 157
Ulcers......Page 158
Pigmentary Disorders......Page 159
Baldness (Alopecia)......Page 160
Nail Disorders......Page 161
Dermatitis Medicamentosa (Drug Eruption)......Page 162
Refractive Errors......Page 166
Disorders of the Lids & Lacrimal Apparatus......Page 167
Conjunctivitis......Page 168
Pinguecula & Pterygium......Page 170
Corneal Ulcer......Page 171
Acute Angle-Closure Glaucoma......Page 172
Chronic Glaucoma......Page 173
Uveitis......Page 174
Cataract......Page 175
Retinal Detachment......Page 176
Age-Related Macular Degeneration......Page 177
Central & Branch Retinal Artery Occlusions......Page 178
Amaurosis Fugax......Page 179
Retinal Disorders Associated with Systemic Diseases......Page 180
Optic Neuritis......Page 182
Dysthyroid Eye Disease......Page 183
Ocular Trauma......Page 184
Chemical Conjunctivitis & Keratitis......Page 185
Precautions in Management of Ocular Disorders......Page 186
Adverse Ocular Effects of Systemic Drugs......Page 190
Diseases of the Ear......Page 192
Diseases of the Nose & Paranasal Sinuses......Page 205
Diseases of the Oral Cavity & Pharynx......Page 214
Diseases of the Salivary Glands......Page 219
Diseases of the Larynx......Page 220
Foreign Bodies in the Upper Aerodigestive Tract......Page 225
Diseases Presenting as Neck Masses......Page 226
Disorders of the Airways......Page 228
Pulmonary Infections......Page 256
Pulmonary Neoplasms......Page 272
Interstitial Lung Disease (Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Disease)......Page 274
Disorders of the Pulmonary Circulation......Page 279
Environmental & Occupational Lung Disorders......Page 288
Pleural Diseases......Page 294
Disorders of Control of Ventilation......Page 299
Acute Respiratory Failure......Page 301
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome......Page 303
Congenital Heart Disease......Page 306
Valvular Heart Disease......Page 313
Coronary Heart Disease (Atherosclerotic Coronary Artery Disease, Ischemic Heart Disease)......Page 327
Disturbances of Rate & Rhythm......Page 350
Bradycardias & Conduction Disturbances......Page 363
Congestive Heart Failure......Page 367
Myocarditis & the Cardiomyopathies......Page 377
Acute Rheumatic Fever & Rheumatic Heart Disease......Page 383
Diseases of the Pericardium......Page 385
Pulmonary Hypertension & Pulmonary Heart Disease......Page 389
Neoplastic Diseases of the Heart......Page 391
Traumatic Heart Disease......Page 392
The Cardiac Patient & Pregnancy......Page 393
Cardiovascular Screening of Athletes......Page 394
11. Systemic Hypertension......Page 395
Approach to Hypertension......Page 396
Drug Therapy: Current Antihypertensive Agents......Page 406
Hypertensive Urgencies & Emergencies......Page 419
Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease......Page 423
Nonatherosclerotic Vascular Disease......Page 430
Arterial Aneurysms......Page 431
Venous Diseases......Page 435
Diseases of the Lymphatic Channels......Page 440
Shock......Page 441
Anemias......Page 446
Leukemias & Other Myeloproliferative Disorders......Page 463
Lymphomas......Page 476
Stem Cell Transplantation......Page 481
Blood Transfusions......Page 483
Platelet Disorders......Page 486
Disorders of Coagulation......Page 496
Antithrombotic Therapy......Page 501
Symptoms & Signs of Gastrointestinal Disease......Page 506
Diseases of the Peritoneum......Page 527
Diseases of the Esophagus......Page 532
Diseases of the Stomach & Duodenum......Page 548
Diseases of the Small Intestine......Page 561
Diseases of the Colon & Rectum......Page 573
Anorectal Diseases......Page 596
Jaundice......Page 601
Diseases of the Liver......Page 604
Diseases of the Biliary Tract......Page 635
Diseases of the Pancreas......Page 642
Fibrocystic Condition......Page 649
Fibroadenoma of the Breast......Page 650
Breast Abscess......Page 651
Carcinoma of the Female Breast......Page 652
Carcinoma of the Male Breast......Page 672
Abnormal Premenopausal Bleeding......Page 674
Premenstrual Syndrome (Premenstrual Tension)......Page 676
Vaginitis......Page 677
Effects of Exposure to Diethylstilbestrol in Utero......Page 679
Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (Dysplasia of the Cervix)......Page 680
Carcinoma of the Cervix......Page 682
Leiomyoma of the Uterus (Fibroid Tumor)......Page 683
Carcinoma of the Endometrium......Page 684
Carcinoma of the Vulva......Page 685
Endometriosis......Page 686
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (Salpingitis, Endometritis)......Page 687
Ovarian Cancer & Ovarian Tumors......Page 689
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome......Page 690
Female Sexual Dysfunction......Page 691
Infertility......Page 692
Contraception......Page 694
Rape......Page 701
Menopausal Syndrome......Page 702
Essentials of Prenatal Care......Page 705
Nutrition in Pregnancy......Page 708
Spontaneous Abortion......Page 709
Ectopic Pregnancy......Page 711
Preeclampsia-Eclampsia......Page 712
Gestational Trophoblastic Disease (Hydatidiform Mole & Choriocarcinoma)......Page 715
Medical Conditions Complicating Pregnancy......Page 716
Surgical Complications during Pregnancy......Page 723
Prevention of Preterm (Premature) Labor......Page 724
Lactation......Page 725
Puerperal Mastitis......Page 726
Degenerative & Crystal-Induced Arthritis......Page 727
Pain Syndromes......Page 734
Autoimmune Diseases......Page 745
Vasculitis Syndromes......Page 762
Seronegative Spondyloarthropathies......Page 771
Infectious Arthritis......Page 774
Infections of Bones......Page 777
Other Rheumatic Disorders......Page 780
Allergic Diseases......Page 781
Atopic Disease......Page 782
Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders......Page 783
21. Fluid & Electrolyte Disorders......Page 785
Disorders of Sodium Concentration......Page 786
Disorders of Potassium Concentration......Page 792
Disorders of Calcium Concentration......Page 795
Disorders of Phosphorus Concentration......Page 799
Disorders of Magnesium Concentration......Page 801
Acid–Base Disorders......Page 803
Fluid Management......Page 812
Assessment of Renal Disease......Page 813
Acute Renal Failure......Page 816
Chronic Kidney Disease......Page 822
Glomerulonephropathies......Page 830
Nephrotic Disease in Primary Renal Disorders......Page 836
Nephrotic Disease from Systemic Disorders......Page 838
Diseases Demonstrating Nephritic & Nephrotic Components......Page 839
Tubulointerstitial Diseases......Page 840
Cystic Diseases of the Kidney......Page 842
Multisystem Diseases with Variable Kidney Involvement......Page 844
Hematuria......Page 846
Acute Cystitis......Page 847
Acute Pyelonephritis......Page 848
Acute Bacterial Prostatitis......Page 849
Nonbacterial Prostatitis......Page 850
Acute Epididymitis......Page 851
Urinary Stone Disease......Page 852
Interstitial Cystitis......Page 856
Male Erectile Dysfunction & Sexual Dysfunction......Page 857
Male Infertility......Page 859
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia......Page 861
Headache......Page 867
Facial Pain......Page 871
Epilepsy......Page 873
Dysautonomia......Page 879
Sensory Disturbances......Page 880
Transient Ischemic Attacks......Page 881
Stroke......Page 883
Intracranial & Spinal Tumors......Page 892
Pseudotumor Cerebri (Benign Intracranial Hypertension)......Page 897
Selected Neurocutaneous Diseases......Page 898
Movement Disorders......Page 899
Multiple Sclerosis......Page 906
Spasticity......Page 908
Stupor & Coma......Page 909
Head Injury......Page 912
Spinal Trauma......Page 913
Degenerative Motor Neuron Diseases......Page 914
Peripheral Neuropathies......Page 915
Discogenic Neck Pain......Page 922
Disorders of Neuromuscular Transmission......Page 925
Myopathic Disorders......Page 928
Periodic Paralysis Syndrome......Page 930
Common Psychiatric Disorders......Page 931
Substance Use Disorders (Drug Dependency, Drug Abuse)......Page 970
Delirium, Dementia, & Other Cognitive Disorders (Formerly: Organic Brain Syndrome)......Page 978
Psychiatric Problems Associated with Hospitalization & Illness......Page 981
Diseases of the Hypothalamus & Pituitary Gland......Page 984
Diseases of the Thyroid Gland......Page 995
The Parathyroids......Page 1023
Metabolic Bone Disease......Page 1031
Diseases of the Adrenal Cortex......Page 1039
Pheochromocytoma & Paraganglioma......Page 1050
Pancreatic & Duodenal Neuroendocrine Tumors......Page 1053
Diseases of the Testes & Male Breast......Page 1054
Amenorrhea & Menopause......Page 1059
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia......Page 1067
Clinical Use of Corticosteroids......Page 1069
Diabetes Mellitus......Page 1071
Diabetic Coma......Page 1102
The Hypoglycemic States......Page 1108
Lipoproteins & Atherogenesis......Page 1114
Therapeutic Effects of Lowering Cholesterol......Page 1115
Secondary Conditions That Affect Lipid Metabolism......Page 1116
Screening for High Blood Cholesterol......Page 1117
Treatment of High Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol......Page 1120
High Blood Triglycerides......Page 1123
Protein-Energy Malnutrition......Page 1126
Obesity......Page 1127
Eating Disorders......Page 1130
Disorders of Vitamin Metabolism......Page 1132
Diet Therapy......Page 1137
Nutritional Support......Page 1139
Fever of Unknown Origin......Page 1145
Infections in the Immunocompromised Patient......Page 1147
Hospital-Associated Infections......Page 1151
Infections of the Central Nervous System......Page 1154
Animal & Human Bite Wounds......Page 1156
Sexually Transmitted Diseases......Page 1158
Infections in Drug Users......Page 1159
Acute Infectious Diarrhea......Page 1160
Infectious Diseases in the Returning Traveler......Page 1161
Traveler\'s Diarrhea......Page 1164
Antimicrobial Therapy......Page 1165
Hypersensitivity Tests & Desensitization......Page 1173
Recommended Immunization of Adults......Page 1177
Recommended Immunization for Travelers......Page 1192
Epidemiology......Page 1195
Pathophysiology......Page 1198
Clinical Findings......Page 1199
Prevention......Page 1208
Treatment......Page 1212
Course & Prognosis......Page 1223
Human Herpesviruses......Page 1224
Major Vaccine-Preventable Viral Infections......Page 1236
Other Neurotrophic Viruses......Page 1243
Other Systemic Viral Diseases......Page 1250
Common Viral Respiratory Infections......Page 1255
Adenovirus Infections......Page 1261
Other Exanthematous Viral Infections......Page 1262
Viruses & Gastroenteritis......Page 1263
Enteroviruses That Produce Several Syndromes......Page 1264
Typhus Group......Page 1266
Spotted Fevers......Page 1269
Other Rickettsial & Rickettsial-Like Diseases......Page 1271
Kawasaki Disease......Page 1273
Infections Caused by Gram-Positive Bacteria......Page 1275
Infective Endocarditis......Page 1289
Infections Caused by Gram-Negative Bacteria......Page 1294
Actinomycosis......Page 1309
Infections Caused by Mycobacteria......Page 1310
Infections Caused by Chlamydiae......Page 1313
Syphilis......Page 1316
Non-Sexually Transmitted Treponematoses......Page 1324
Relapsing Fever......Page 1325
Rat-Bite Fever......Page 1326
Leptospirosis......Page 1327
Lyme Disease (Lyme Borreliosis)......Page 1328
African Trypanosomiasis (Sleeping Sickness)......Page 1334
American Trypanosomiasis (Chagas Disease)......Page 1336
Leishmaniasis......Page 1337
Malaria......Page 1339
Babesiosis......Page 1348
Toxoplasmosis......Page 1349
Amebiasis......Page 1351
Infections with Pathogenic Free-Living Amebas......Page 1354
Coccidiosis (Cryptosporidiosis, Isosporiasis, Cyclosporiasis, Sarcocystosis) & Microsporidiosis......Page 1355
Giardiasis......Page 1357
Other Intestinal Flagellate Infections......Page 1358
Trematode (Fluke) Infections......Page 1359
Liver, Lung, & Intestinal Flukes......Page 1361
Cestode Infections......Page 1362
Intestinal Nematode (Roundworm) Infections......Page 1365
Invasive Nematode (Roundworm) Infections......Page 1369
Filariasis......Page 1372
Candidiasis......Page 1376
Histoplasmosis......Page 1377
Coccidioidomycosis......Page 1378
Pneumocystosis ( Pneumocystis jiroveci Pneumonia)......Page 1380
Cryptococcosis......Page 1382
Aspergillosis......Page 1383
Mucormycosis......Page 1384
Sporotrichosis......Page 1385
Other Opportunistic Mold Infections......Page 1386
Antifungal Therapy......Page 1388
Cold & Heat......Page 1389
Burns......Page 1395
Electrical Shock Injury......Page 1398
Radiation Reactions......Page 1400
Near Drowning......Page 1401
Disorders Due to Environmental Factors......Page 1402
The Symptomatic Patient......Page 1407
Antidotes & Other Treatment......Page 1410
Diagnosis of Poisoning......Page 1413
Selected Poisonings......Page 1415
Incidence & Etiology......Page 1436
Environmental, Infectious, & Therapeutic Carcinogens......Page 1438
Primary Prevention......Page 1439
Secondary Prevention (Early Detection)......Page 1446
Special Topics in Prevention......Page 1447
Lung Cancer......Page 1448
Hepatobiliary Cancers......Page 1455
Alimentary Tract Cancers......Page 1460
Cancers of the Genitourinary Tract......Page 1474
Toxicity & Dose Modification of Chemotherapeutic Agents......Page 1485
Cancer Complications: Diagnosis & Management......Page 1501
Other Complications......Page 1505
The Paraneoplastic Syndromes......Page 1507
Alternative & Complementary Therapies for Cancer......Page 1510
Acute Intermittent Porphyria......Page 1512
Alkaptonuria......Page 1513
Down Syndrome......Page 1514
Gaucher Disease......Page 1515
Disorders of Homocysteine Metabolism......Page 1516
Klinefelter Syndrome......Page 1517
Marfan Syndrome......Page 1518
Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia......Page 1519
41. Complementary & Alternative Medicine......Page 1520
Herbal Medicines......Page 1521
Dietary Supplements......Page 1527
Acupuncture......Page 1531
Mind-Body Medicine......Page 1534
Appendix: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring & Laboratory Reference Intervals......Page 1543
A......Page 1554
B......Page 1572
C......Page 1580
D......Page 1598
E......Page 1607
F......Page 1614
G......Page 1619
H......Page 1625
I......Page 1639
K......Page 1646
L......Page 1647
M......Page 1654
N......Page 1662
O......Page 1668
P......Page 1672
R......Page 1690
S......Page 1696
T......Page 1709
U......Page 1718
V......Page 1720
W......Page 1725
Y......Page 1726
Z......Page 1727
42. Anti-Infective Chemotherapeutic & Antibiotic Agents......Page 1746
BENEFITS, COSTS & RISKS......Page 1774
TEST CHARACTERISTICS......Page 1775
USE OF TESTS IN DIAGNOSIS & MANAGEMENT......Page 1778
ODDS-LIKELIHOOD RATIOS......Page 1779
INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL GENETICS......Page 1785
THE TECHNIQUES OF MEDICAL GENETICS......Page 1792
45. Information Technology in Patient Care......Page 1802