Current Issues in Medicine: Biochemistry, Genomics, Physiology and Pharmacology

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Deciation
The Editor
Table of Contents
Corresponding Authors
Note from the Series Editor
Dr. Robert Koch addressing a conference at St James’s Hall, Piccadilly, London
Dr. Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis
Lord Lister with his house surgeons and dressers
Chapter 1: SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19: A Perspective
	1.1: Pandemics: A Clear and Present Danger
	1.2: The Invader and the Host: A Delicate Dance
	1.3: Did SARS-CoV-2 Leak from a Chinese Lab?
	1.4: COVID-19 Vaccines: Facts and Fiction
	1.5: Will We Ever Achieve Herd Immunity?
	1.6: Patents and COVID-19
	1.7: Vaccine Passports: Another Bad Government Idea
	1.8: COVID-19 Testing
	1.9: COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma: Is There a Benefit?
	1.10: Looking Back and Moving Forward: Will We Win?
Section 1: Clinical Immunology
	Chapter 2: Specific Reactivity of Anti-Citrullinated Protein Antibodies to Citrullinated Peptides Associated with Rheumatoid Arthritis
		2.1: Introduction
		2.2: Materials and Methods
		2.3: Results
		2.4: Discussion
	Chapter 3: Complement Activation, Immunogenicity, and Immune Suppression as Potential Side Effects of Liposomes
		3.1: Introduction
		3.2: Types and Features of Immune Responses to Liposomes
		3.3: General Causes behind Immune Recognition of Liposomes
		3.4: Consequences of Immune Recognition of Liposomes
		3.5: Immunogenicity of Liposomes
		3.6: Immune Suppression by Liposomes
		3.7: Conclusions and Outlook
	Chapter 4: Human Clinical Relevance of the Porcine Model of Pseudoallergic Infusion Reactions
		4.1: Introduction
		4.2: Challenge to the Pig Model’s Human Relevance and Utility in Preclinical Safety Assessment
		4.3: Scrutiny of the Challenge to the Pig Model: Facts and Questionable Conclusions
		4.4: The Paradox of Healthy Disease Model
		4.5: Concordant Symptoms of Pseudoallergy in Pigs and Humans
		4.6: The Predictive Power of the Pig Test
		4.7: Research Needed to Further Validate the Pig Model
		4.8: Problems in the Criticism of the Pig Model
		4.9: Conclusions and Future Perspectives
	Chapter 5: Myelin Antigens and Antimyelin Antibodies
		5.1: Introduction
		5.2: Myelin
		5.3: EAE and Anti-MBP Antibodies
		5.4: Other CNS Myelin Antigens
		5.5: PNS Myelin Antigens and EAN
		5.6: Significance of Antimyelin Antibodies
		5.7: Human Demyelinating Disorders
		5.8: Conclusions
	Chapter 6: Advances in the Understanding of the Inflammatory Milieu and Its Correlations with Neurological Disorders
		6.1: Inflammation and Mechanism in the Body
		6.2: Immune Molecules and Proteins of the Inflammatory Milieu
		6.3: Neurotrauma and Secondary Neurodegeneration
		6.4: Role of Inflammation in Oncogenesis
		6.5: Emerging Methods for Diagnosis and Follow-Up
		6.6: Future Outlook and Conclusion
	Chapter 7: Role of Ligustrum in Allergic Disease
		7.1: Introduction
		7.2: Ligustrum and Allergic Disease
		7.3: Ligustrum Allergens
		7.4: Conclusions
	Chapter 8: Protective or Detrimental? The Role of Host Immunity in Leishmaniasis
		8.1: Introduction
		8.2: Clinical Aspects of Leishmaniasis
		8.3: The Immunobiology of Leishmaniasis
		8.4: Promising Approaches for Drug Development: A Special Focus on the Host
		8.5: Vaccines for Leishmaniasis
		8.6: Concluding Remarks
	Chapter 9: Personalized Nanomedicines for Treatment of Autoimmune Disease
		9.1: Introduction
		9.2: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus as Representative Autoimmune Disease
		9.3: Immune-Mediated Recurrent Pregnancy Loss: Features of Autoimmune Disease
		9.4: Therapeutic Modulation of Immune Cells and Their Cytokine Secretion
		9.5: Conclusions
	Chapter 10: Intracellular Antibody Immunity and Its Applications
		10.1: What Is Intracellular Antibody Immunity?
		10.2: What Is Tripartite Motif-Containing Protein 21 (TRIM21)?
		10.3: What Does TRIM21 Do?
		10.4: How Does TRIM21 Work?
		10.5: How Can We Exploit TRIM21?
		10.6: What Next?
	Chapter 11: Maternal Antibody Interference Contributes to Reduced Rotavirus Vaccine Efficacy in Developing Countries
		11.1: Rotavirus Vaccine Eficacy Is Reduced in Lower- and Middle-Income Countries
		11.2: Evidence Supports matAb Interference as a Mechanism of Reduced RV Vaccine Efficacy
		11.3: Establishing a Causal Link between matAb Interference and Low RV Vaccine Efficacy in LMICs and Defining Mechanisms
		11.4: Potential Solutions for matAb Interference to RV Vaccines
		11.5: Prospects for Overcoming matAb Interference to Infant RV Vaccination
Section 2: Medical Microbiology
	Chapter 12: Reflections on 40 Years of AIDS
		12.1: Evolving Epidemiology
		12.2: Evolving Science and Program
		12.3: Evolving Global Health
		12.4: Preparing for the Fifth Decade of AIDS
		12.5: Lessons from HIV/AIDS and Other Epidemics
		12.6: Conclusions
		12.7: Addendum
	Chapter 13: Formation and Maturation of the Oral Microbiota
	Chapter 14: Could the Environment Affect the Mutation of H1N1 Influenza Virus?
		14.1: Introduction
		14.2: Methods
		14.3: Results
		14.4: Discussion
		14.5: Conclusions
	Chapter 15: Current Perspectives in Medical Microbiology
		15.1: Continued Poxvirus Research: From Foe to Friend
		15.2: Staphylococcus epidermidis—Skin Friend or Foe?
		15.3: When Pigs Fly: Pandemic Influenza Enters the 21st Century
		15.4: Clostridioides dificile Biofilms: A Mechanism of Persistence in the Gut?
		15.5: Cesarean Section and Childhood Infections: Causality for Concern?
		15.6: Infectious Hypothesis of Alzheimer Disease
		15.7: Insights into Malaria Pathogenesis Gained from Host Metabolomics
		15.8: Japanese Encephalitis Virus and Its Mechanisms of Neuroinvasion
		15.9: Bringing the Path toward an HIV-1 Vaccine into Focus
		15.10: Quorum Sensing across Bacterial and Viral Domains
		15.11: Coinfections in Wildlife: Focus on a Neglected Aspect of Infectious Disease Epidemiology
		15.12: Isoniazid-Resistant Tuberculosis: A Problem We Can No Longer Ignore
	Chapter 16: Bacterial Virulence Plays a Crucial Role in Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus (MRSA) Sepsis
		16.1: Introduction
		16.2: Results
		16.3: Discussion
		16.4: Materials and Methods
		16.5: Supporting Informaion
	Chapter 17: Where Cancer and Bacteria Meet
		17.1: Introduction
		17.2: Infection and Neoplasia
		17.3: Head and Neck Cancers and Bacterial Oral Microbiota
		17.4: Bacteria and Bacterial Products in Cancer Treatment
	Chapter 18: Fungal Diseases as Neglected Pathogens: A  Wake-Up Call to Public Health Officials
		18.1: Fungal Diseases: A Real Threat to Public Health
		18.2: AIDS and Opportunistic Fungal Diseases: Problem Solved or Current Threat?
		18.3: Systemic Mycoses Are Neglected Diseases
		18.4: Present and Future Problems: The Unknown
		18.5: The Need for Improved Diagnosis of Fungal Infections
		18.6: Funding for Research and Innovation in Fungal Diseases
		18.7: Perspectives
	Chapter 19: Catch the Wave: Metabolomic Analyses in Human Pathogenic Fungi
		19.1: Introduction
		19.2: What Methods Are Available to Study Metabolomics?
		19.3: How to Get the Most Out of Your Metabolomics Data?
		19.4: Integrated OMICs Approaches
		19.5: What Have We Learned from Metabolomics of Human Pathogenic Fungi to This Date?
		19.6: Conclusions and Perspectives
	Chapter 20: The Unmet Medical Need for Trypanosoma  cruzi-Infected Patients: Monitoring the Disease Status
		20.1: Introduction
		20.2: Direct Biomarkers
		20.3: Indirect Biomarkers
		20.4: Conclusion
	Chapter 21: Present and Future of Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae Infections
		21.1: Introduction
		21.2: Mechanisms of Drug Resistance
		21.3: Current Resistance Status
		21.4: Treatment Options
		21.5: Conclusions
	Chapter 22: Human Plague: An Old Scourge That Needs New Answers
		22.1: Introduction
		22.2: Which Hosts and Vectors Should Be Targeted for Human Plague Control?
		22.3: What Are the Drivers of Human Plague?
		22.4: Which New Diagnostic Tools for Plague Are Needed?
		22.5: How Can Plague Surveillance and Case Management Be Improved?
		22.6: What Are the Gaps in Knowledge about Y. pestis Biology?
		22.7: Discussion
Section 3: Big Data and Artificial Intelligence
	Chapter 23: Human Brain/Cloud Interface
		23.1: Introduction
		23.2: The Human Brain
		23.3: The Cloud
		23.4: Potential of Current Technologies toward a  Brain/Cloud Interface
		23.5: Neuralnanorobotic Brain/Cloud Interface
		23.6: Human Brain/Cloud Interface Applications
		23.7: Conclusion
	Chapter 24: Artificial Intelligence in Drug Discovery: What Is New, and What Is Next?
		24.1: Designing a Computational Computer Chemist
		24.2: The Computer Brain versus the Human Brain for Drug Design
		24.3: Harnessing AI for Hit Identification
		24.4: Who Holds the IP in AI Drug Discovery?
		24.5: The Inevitable Question of Ethics
		24.6: Open Source
		24.7: So What Is Next for AI in Drug Discovery?
	Chapter 25: Now the Future, We See Our Dreams: Artificial Intelligence in Drug Discovery
	Chapter 26: Big Data and Artificial Intelligence Meet the COVID-19 Pandemic: Potential Applications and Promises
		26.1: The Ongoing COVID-19 Outbreak
		26.2: Artificial Intelligence and Big Data
		26.3: Short-Term Applications of Artificial Intelligence and Big Data: A Quick and Effective Pandemic Alert
		26.4: Short-Term Applications of Artificial Intelligence and Big Data: Tracking and Diagnosing COVID-19 Cases
		26.5: Medium-Term Applications of Artificial Intelligence and Big Data: Identifying a Potential Pharmacological Treatment
		26.6: Medium-Term Applications of Artificial Intelligence and Big Data: Facilitating the Implementation of Public Health Interventions
		26.7: Long-Term Applications of Artificial Intelligence and Big Data: Building Smart, Health, Resilient Cities
		26.8: Artificial Intelligence and Big Data for COVID-19: Conclusions and Future Prospects
	Chapter 27: Paradigm Shift in Medicinal Chemistry towards Data-Driven Approaches
		27.1: Introduction
		27.2: Data-Driven Medicinal Chemistry
		27.3: Historical Data
		27.4: Data Integration
		27.5: Data Science
		27.6: Machine Learning and Data Mining
		27.7: Large-Scale Modeling
		27.8: Perspective
	Chapter 28: The Importance of Proper Statistical Methods in Developing Robust Predictive Models Using Chemodescriptors and Biodescriptors in the Twenty First Century
		28.1: Introduction
		28.2: Chemodescriptors: How Much Can Structural Chemistry Alone Help?
		28.3: The Advent of Rank Deficiency and Need for Robust Statistical Methodology
		28.4: Biodescriptors: Descriptors Derived from Proteomics and DNA/RNA Sequence Data
		28.5: Quo Vadimus?
	Chapter 29: Fit-for-Purpose?—Challenges and Opportunities for Applications of Blockchain Technology in the Future of Healthcare
		29.1: Background
		29.2: Using Privacy-Preserving Predictive Models and Blockchain Technology for Electronic Health Records
		29.3: Blockchain-Enabled Medical Professional Credentialing and Licensing
		29.4: Can We Use Blockchain to Improve Clinical Trial Management?
		29.5: Blockchain Technology to Advance Biomedical Research?
		29.6: Blockchain Technology Set to Modernize the Pharmaceutical Supply Chain?
		29.7: Entering the Genomics Age with the Help of Blockchain Technology
		29.8: The Future of the Health Blockchain: Promising Use Cases and the Importance of Technical Standards Setting
	Chapter 30: mHealth Approach to Clinics in Rural Settings in Nutrition Counseling
		30.1: Introduction
		30.2: Materials and Methods
		30.3: Results
		30.4: Discussion
		30.5: Conclusions
	Chapter 31: Ten Simple Rules for Engaging with Artificial Intelligence in Biomedicine
		31.1: Introduction
		31.2: Conclusion
	Chapter 32: Five Key Aspects of Metaproteomics as a Tool to Understand Functional Interactions in Host Associated Microbiomes
		32.1: What Information Can Be Gained Using Metaproteomics?
		32.2: What Are the Prerequisites for Starting a Metaproteomics Study?
		32.3: What Does a General Metaproteomics Workflow Look Like?
		32.4: How Accessible Is Metaproteomics to the General Scientific Community, and How Much Does It Cost as Compared to Other Meta-Omics Technologies?
		32.5: What Do the Data Look Like, and How Can They Be Analyzed?
Section 4: SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19
	Chapter 33: COVID-19: Hundred Questions and Answers for Healthcare Providers and the Public
		33.1: FDA, EUA, and COVID-19 Vaccines
		33.2: General Information on Safety and Prevention
		33.3: Biologics, Human Tissues, and Blood Products
		33.4: Development and Use of FDA-approved Drugs for COVID-19
		33.5: Diagnostic Testing for SARS-CoV-2
		33.6: Pregnancy and COVID-19
		33.7: Personal Protective Equipment
		33.8: Food Products
		33.9: Animals, Pets, and Animal Drug Products
	Chapter 34: SARS-CoV-2 Tropism, Entry, Replication, and Propagation: Considerations for Drug Discovery and Development
		34.1: Introduction
		34.2: Scope/Prior Reviews
		34.3: Entry Mechanisms and Proteases
		34.4: TMPRSS2 and Furin in Cell Surface Entry
		34.5: Lysosomal Cathepsins and Endocytosis
		34.6: Cell Line Tropism/Expression
		34.7: Nucleotide/Side Import and Conversion
		34.8: Primary Cells/Model Systems
		34.9: Innate Immune Cells
		34.10: Concluding Remarks
	Chapter 35: Presence of Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity against SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 Plasma
		35.1: Introduction
		35.2: Materials and Methods
		35.3: Results
		35.4: Discussion
	Chapter 36: Performance of SARS-CoV-2 Serology Tests: Are They Good Enough?
		36.1: Introduction
		36.2: Materials and Methods
		36.3: Results
		36.4: Discussion
		36.5: Supporting Information
	Chapter 37: Forecasting the Novel Coronavirus COVID-19
		37.1: Introduction
		37.2: Analysis and Forecasting
		37.3: Discussion and Conclusion
	Chapter 38: Pandemic Responses: Planning to Neutralize  SARS-CoV-2 and Prepare for Future Outbreaks
	Chapter 39: Pandemic Preparedness and Responses: WHO to Turn to in a Crisis?
	Chapter 40: Links between Integrin αvβ3 and COVID-19: Impact on Vascular and Thrombotic Risk
	Chapter 41: The Ocular Surface and the Coronavirus Disease 2019: Does a Dual ‘Ocular Route’ Exist?
		41.1: Introduction
		41.2: Ocular Surface Findings in Case of COVID-19 and Controversial Issues
		41.3: Ocular Transmission and the ACE2 Receptors in the Ocular Surface
		41.4: Discussion
	Chapter 42: Exploring Links between Vitamin D Deficiency and COVID-19
		42.1: SARS-CoV-2 Infection and the Cytokine Storm
		42.2: Vitamin D and the Host Immune System
		42.3: Vitamin D Deficiency and COVID-19
		42.4: Conclusions
	Chapter 43: Convalescent Serum Therapy for COVID-19: A 19th Century Remedy for a 21st Century Disease
		43.1: Bridging the Gap between Now and Then
		43.2: Historical Precedent for the Use of Antibody Therapy
		43.3: Buying Time with the Help of the Convalescent
		43.4: Limitations and Potential Risks
		43.5: Future Perspectives
	Chapter 44: Preexisting and Inducible Endotoxemia as Crucial Contributors to the Severity of COVID-19 Outcomes
Index