CURRENT Diagnosis & Treatment Pediatrics

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 2
Copyright Page......Page 3
Contents......Page 4
Authors......Page 20
Preface......Page 30
Selected Highlighted Topics in the 24th Edition of CDT-P......Page 32
Current Context......Page 34
Strategies & Models for Quality Improvement (QI)......Page 37
Principles of Patient Safety (Incident Reporting, Just Culture, Disclosure, FMEA, RCA, Reliability, Checklists)......Page 40
Assessment of Growth & Gestational Age......Page 43
Examination at Birth......Page 45
Examination in the Nursery......Page 46
Feeding the Well Neonate......Page 48
Early Discharge of the Newborn Infant......Page 50
Neonatal Jaundice......Page 51
Hypoglycemia......Page 58
Respiratory Distress in the Term Newborn Infant......Page 59
Birth Trauma......Page 61
Infants of Mothers Who Abuse Drugs......Page 62
Multiple Births......Page 64
Perinatal Resuscitation......Page 65
The Preterm Infant......Page 69
The Late Preterm Infant......Page 78
Structural Heart Disease......Page 79
Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension......Page 80
Esophageal Atresia & Tracheoesophageal Fistula......Page 81
Intestinal Obstruction......Page 82
Abdominal Wall Defects......Page 83
Gastroesophageal Reflux......Page 84
Bacterial Infections......Page 85
Fungal Sepsis......Page 88
Congenital Infections......Page 89
Perinatally Acquired Infections......Page 91
Bleeding Disorders......Page 92
Anemia......Page 93
Polycythemia......Page 94
Urinary Tract Anomalies......Page 95
Seizures......Page 96
Intracranial Hemorrhage......Page 97
Hypocalcemia......Page 98
Quality Assessment & Improvement in the Newborn Nursery & NICU......Page 99
The First 2 Years......Page 100
Ages 2–4 Years......Page 106
Normality & Temperament......Page 107
Enuresis......Page 108
Encopresis......Page 109
Colic......Page 110
Feeding Disorders in Infants & Young Children......Page 112
Sleep Disorders......Page 113
Insomnia......Page 114
Restless Legs Syndrome & Periodic Limb Movement Disorder......Page 115
Temper Tantrums & Breath-Holding Spells......Page 116
Developmental Disorders......Page 118
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder......Page 120
Autism Spectrum Disorders......Page 122
Intellectual Disability......Page 126
Specific Forms of Intellectual Disability & Associated Treatment Issues......Page 128
References......Page 130
Morbidity Data......Page 131
Providing a Medical Home for Adolescents......Page 132
Relating to the Adolescent Patient......Page 133
The Structure of the Visit......Page 134
Adolescent Screening......Page 140
Promoting Healthy Behaviors......Page 141
Transition to Adult Care......Page 145
Sexual Maturation......Page 147
Psychosocial Development......Page 148
Breast Examination......Page 150
Breast Masses......Page 151
Nipple Discharge & Galactorrhea......Page 152
Gynecomastia......Page 153
Gynecologic Disorders in Adolescence......Page 155
Contraception......Page 165
Pregnancy......Page 172
Scope of the Problem......Page 175
Morbidity Data......Page 180
Predicting the Progression from use to Abuse......Page 181
Evaluation of Substance Abuse......Page 182
Treatment & Referral......Page 185
Prevention......Page 187
References......Page 188
Etiology......Page 189
Anorexia Nervosa......Page 190
Bulimia Nervosa......Page 196
Binge-Eating Disorder......Page 198
Prognosis, Quality Assessment, & Outcomes Metrics......Page 199
Resources for Practitioners & Families......Page 200
Introduction......Page 201
Models of Care Encompassing Behavioral Health in the Primary Care Setting......Page 202
Prevention, Early Identification, & Developmental Context......Page 203
Identification & Assessment During Health Supervision Visits......Page 204
Psychiatric Disorders of Childhood & Adolescence......Page 213
Anxiety Disorders......Page 214
Obsessive-Compulsive & Related Disorders......Page 222
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder......Page 225
Mood Disorders......Page 229
Suicide in Children & Adolescents......Page 235
Disruptive, Impulse-Control & Conduct Disorders......Page 237
High-Risk Patients & Homicide......Page 238
Somatic Symptom & Related Disorders......Page 240
Psychotic Disorders......Page 242
Other Psychiatric Conditions......Page 245
Introduction......Page 246
Clinical Findings......Page 247
Treatment......Page 253
Prognosis......Page 254
Pediatric History......Page 255
Pediatric Physical Examination......Page 257
Developmental & Behavioral Assessment......Page 258
Growth Parameters......Page 261
Blood Pressure......Page 262
Vision & Hearing Screening......Page 263
Anticipatory Guidance......Page 267
Nutrition Counseling......Page 268
Counseling About Television & Other Media......Page 269
Acute-Care Visits......Page 270
Chronic Disease Management......Page 271
Mental & Behavioral Health......Page 272
Advocacy & Community Pediatrics......Page 273
Fever......Page 274
Growth Deficiency......Page 276
10. Immunization......Page 278
Standards for Pediatric Immunization Practices......Page 279
Vaccine Safety......Page 280
Vaccination in Special Circumstances......Page 287
Hepatitis B Vaccination......Page 288
Rotavirus Vaccination......Page 291
Diphtheria-Tetanus-Acellular Pertussis Vaccination......Page 292
Haemophilus Influenzae Type B Vaccination......Page 294
Pneumococcal Vaccination......Page 295
Poliomyelitis Vaccination......Page 297
Influenza Vaccination......Page 298
Measles, Mumps, & Rubella Vaccination......Page 299
Varicella Vaccination......Page 301
Hepatitis A Vaccination......Page 303
Meningococcal Vaccination......Page 304
Human Papillomavirus Vaccination......Page 306
Rabies Vaccination......Page 307
Typhoid Fever Vaccination......Page 309
Tuberculosis Vaccination......Page 310
Passive Prophylaxis......Page 311
Energy......Page 313
Protein......Page 314
Lipids......Page 315
Carbohydrates......Page 316
Vitamins......Page 317
Breast-Feeding......Page 321
Special Dietary Products for Infants......Page 328
Nutrition for Children 2 Years & Older......Page 329
Pediatric Undernutrition......Page 330
Pediatric Overweight & Obesity......Page 331
Enteral......Page 335
Parenteral Nutrition......Page 336
Nutrient Requirements & Delivery......Page 337
Initial Approach to the Acutely Ill Infant or Child......Page 342
The ABCs of Resuscitation......Page 343
Management of Shock......Page 347
Summary of Initial Approach to the Acutely Ill Infant or Child......Page 348
Approach to the Pediatric Trauma Patient......Page 349
Primary Survey......Page 350
Secondary Survey......Page 352
Head Injury......Page 354
Thermal Burns......Page 356
Electrical Burns......Page 358
Hypothermia......Page 359
Submersion Injuries......Page 360
Lacerations......Page 361
Dog Bites......Page 362
Pain Management & Procedural Sedation......Page 363
Pharmacologic Principles of Toxicology......Page 365
Initial Telephone Contact......Page 366
Definitive Therapy of Poisoning......Page 369
Acetaminophen (Paracetamol)......Page 370
Alcohol, Ethyl (Ethanol)......Page 372
Anesthetics, Local......Page 373
Antihistamines & Cough & Cold Preparations......Page 374
Belladonna Alkaloids (Atropine, Jimsonweed, Potato Leaves, Scopolamine, Stramonium)......Page 375
Carbon Monoxide......Page 376
Central α2-Adrenergic Agonist
......Page 377
Cyclic Antidepressants......Page 378
Diphenoxylate with Atropine (Lomotil) & Loperamide (Imodium)......Page 379
Disk-Shaped “Button” Batteries......Page 380
γ-Hydroxybutyrate, γ-Butyrolactone, Butanediol, Flunitrazepam, & Ketamine......Page 381
Insecticides......Page 382
Iron......Page 383
Lead......Page 384
Mushrooms......Page 385
Opioids & Opiates......Page 386
Oral Anti-Diabetics (Sulfonylureas, Metformin)......Page 387
Psychotropic Drugs......Page 388
Salicylates......Page 390
Snakebite......Page 391
Soaps & Detergents......Page 392
Vitamins......Page 393
Warfarin (Coumadin) & Newer Oral Anticoagulants (NOAC)......Page 394
Acute Respiratory Failure......Page 395
Conventional Mechanical Ventilation......Page 399
Other Modes of Respiratory Support......Page 402
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome......Page 403
Status Asthmaticus......Page 406
Shock......Page 409
Sepsis......Page 412
Traumatic Brain Injury......Page 416
Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy......Page 420
Acute Kidney Injury & Renal Replacement Therapy......Page 421
Fluid Management & Nutritional Support of the Critically Ill Child......Page 422
Sedation & Analgesia in the Pediatric ICU......Page 424
End-of-Life Care & Death in the PICU......Page 428
Quality Improvement Initiatives in the PICU......Page 431
Treatment of Skin Disorders......Page 432
Transient Diseases in Newborns......Page 434
Melanocytic Nevi......Page 435
Vascular Birthmarks......Page 436
Connective Tissue Birthmarks (Juvenile Elastoma, Collagenoma)......Page 437
Hereditary Skin Disorders......Page 438
Acne......Page 439
Bacterial Infections of the Skin......Page 441
Fungal Infections of the Skin......Page 442
Viral Infections of the Skin......Page 443
Virus-Induced Tumors......Page 444
Dermatitis (Eczema)......Page 445
Common Skin Tumors......Page 448
Papulosquamous Eruptions......Page 449
Hair Loss (Alopecia)......Page 450
Miscellaneous Skin Disorders Seen in Pediatric Practice......Page 451
Photophobia......Page 453
Refractive Errors......Page 454
Visual Acuity......Page 455
External Examination......Page 456
Alignment & Motility Evaluation......Page 457
Ophthalmoscopic Examination......Page 458
Ocular Foreign Bodies......Page 459
Corneal Abrasion......Page 460
Intraocular Foreign Bodies & Perforating Ocular Injuries......Page 461
Lacerations......Page 462
Burns......Page 463
Hyphema......Page 464
Prevention of Ocular Injuries......Page 465
Diseases of the Eyelids......Page 466
Viral Eyelid Disease......Page 467
Eyelid Ptosis......Page 468
Horner Syndrome......Page 469
Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction......Page 470
Dacryocystitis......Page 471
Ophthalmia Neonatorum......Page 472
Viral Conjunctivitis......Page 473
Allergic Conjunctivitis......Page 474
Mucocutaneous Diseases......Page 475
Iris Coloboma......Page 476
Albinism......Page 477
Uveitis......Page 478
Posterior Uveitis......Page 479
Intermediate Uveitis......Page 480
Viral Keratitis......Page 481
Corneal Ulcers......Page 482
Dislocated Lenses/Ectopia Lentis......Page 483
Retinopathy of Prematurity......Page 484
Retinoblastoma......Page 485
Retinal Detachment......Page 486
Optic Neuropathy......Page 487
Optic Nerve Hypoplasia......Page 488
Papilledema......Page 489
Optic Neuritis......Page 490
Periorbital & Orbital Cellulitis......Page 491
Orbital Tumors......Page 492
Nystagmus......Page 493
Amblyopia......Page 494
Strabismus......Page 495
Learning Disabilities & Dyslexia......Page 497
Issues in Pediatric Oral Health......Page 499
Oral Examination of Children......Page 500
Eruption of the Teeth......Page 502
Dental Caries......Page 504
Periodontal Disease......Page 506
Dental Emergencies......Page 507
Special Patient Populations......Page 508
Orthodontic Referral......Page 510
Infections of the Ear......Page 511
Ear Canal Foreign Body & Cerumen Impaction......Page 521
Identification & Management of Hearing Loss......Page 522
Acute Viral Rhinitis......Page 525
Rhinosinusitis......Page 526
Recurrent Rhinitis......Page 528
Epistaxis......Page 529
Acute Stomatitis......Page 530
Pharyngitis......Page 531
Ludwig Angina......Page 534
Acute Cervical Adenitis......Page 535
Snoring, Mouth Breathing, & Upper Airway Obstruction......Page 536
Tonsillectomy & Adenoidectomy......Page 538
Halitosis......Page 539
Congenital Oral Malformations......Page 540
Growth & Development......Page 542
Pulmonary Function Tests......Page 543
Assessment of Oxygenation & Ventilation......Page 544
Diagnosis of Respiratory Tract Infections......Page 545
Imaging of the Respiratory Tract......Page 547
Oxygen Therapy......Page 548
Airway Clearance Therapy......Page 549
Disorders of the Conducting Airways......Page 550
Other Causes of Congenital Extrathoracic Obstruction......Page 551
Foreign Body Aspiration in the Extrathoracic Airway......Page 552
Croup Syndromes......Page 553
Subglottic Stenosis......Page 555
Malacia of Airways......Page 556
Bronchogenic Cysts......Page 557
Disorders of Mucociliary Clearance......Page 558
Cystic Fibrosis......Page 559
Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia......Page 560
Bronchiectasis......Page 561
Pulmonary Agenesis & Hypoplasia......Page 562
Pulmonary Sequestration......Page 563
Congenital Lobar Overinflation......Page 564
Congenital Pulmonary Airway Malformation (Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation)......Page 565
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia......Page 566
Community-Acquired Bacterial Pneumonia......Page 567
Parapneumonic Effusion & Empyema......Page 569
Viral Pneumonia......Page 570
Bronchiolitis......Page 571
Mycoplasma Pneumonia......Page 572
Aspiration Pneumonia......Page 573
Pneumonia in the Immunocompromised Host......Page 574
Lung Abscess......Page 575
Bronchiolitis Obliterans......Page 576
Children’s Interstitial Lung Disease Syndrome......Page 577
Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis......Page 578
Pulmonary Hemorrhage......Page 579
Pulmonary Embolism......Page 581
Congenital Pulmonary Lymphangiectasia......Page 582
Pectus Excavatum......Page 583
Disorders of the Pleura & Pleural Cavity......Page 584
Pneumothorax & Related Air Leak Syndromes......Page 585
Mediastinal Masses......Page 586
Obstructive & Central Sleep Apnea......Page 587
Apparent Life-Threatening Events......Page 588
Sudden Unexpected Infant Death & Sudden Infant Death Syndrome......Page 591
Quality Assessment & Outcomes Metrics......Page 592
Physical Examination......Page 594
Electrocardiography......Page 597
Chest Radiograph......Page 599
Echocardiography......Page 600
Arterial Blood Gases......Page 601
Cardiac Catheterization & Angiocardiography......Page 602
Perinatal & Neonatal Circulation......Page 603
Heart Failure......Page 604
Genetic Basis of Congenital Heart Disease......Page 606
Defects in Septation......Page 607
Patent (Persistent) Ductus Arteriosus......Page 611
Right-Sided Obstructive Lesions......Page 613
Left-Sided Lesions......Page 615
Diseases of the Aorta......Page 619
Coronary Artery Abnormalities......Page 620
Tetralogy of Fallot......Page 621
Pulmonary Atresia with Intact Ventricular Septum......Page 623
Tricuspid Atresia......Page 625
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome......Page 626
Transposition of the Great Arteries......Page 627
Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return......Page 629
Truncus Arteriosus......Page 630
Quality Improvement in Congenital Heart Disease......Page 631
Rheumatic Fever......Page 632
Kawasaki Disease......Page 634
Infective Endocarditis......Page 635
Pericarditis......Page 637
Cardiomyopathy......Page 638
Myocarditis......Page 641
Atherosclerosis & Dyslipidemias......Page 642
Chest Pain......Page 643
Cardiac Transplantation......Page 644
Quality Improvement for Pediatric Heart Transplantation......Page 645
Pulmonary Hypertension......Page 646
Disorders of the Sinus Node......Page 647
Premature Beats......Page 648
Supraventricular Tachycardia......Page 649
Ventricular Tachycardia......Page 653
Disorders of Atrioventricular Conduction......Page 654
Introduction......Page 656
Vasovagal/Neurocardiogenic Syncope......Page 657
Gastroesophageal Reflux & GERD......Page 659
Eosinophilic Esophagitis......Page 661
Achalasia of the Esophagus......Page 662
Caustic Burns of the Esophagus......Page 663
Foreign Bodies in the Alimentary Tract......Page 664
Pyloric Stenosis......Page 666
Gastric & Duodenal Ulcer......Page 667
Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia......Page 668
Congenital Duodenal Obstruction......Page 669
Intestinal Atresia & Stenosis......Page 670
Short Bowel Syndrome......Page 671
Inguinal Hernia......Page 673
Meckel Diverticulum......Page 674
Acute Appendicitis......Page 675
Congenital Aganglionic Megacolon (Hirschsprung Disease)......Page 676
Constipation......Page 677
Congenital Anorectal Anomalies......Page 679
Clostridium Difficile Infection in Children......Page 680
Chylous Ascites......Page 681
Juvenile Polyps......Page 682
Intestinal Hemangiomas & Vascular Malformations......Page 684
Acute Diarrhea......Page 685
Chronic Diarrhea......Page 686
Gastrointestinal Bleeding......Page 688
Vomiting......Page 691
Abdominal Pain......Page 693
Malabsorption Syndromes......Page 694
Inflammatory Bowel Disease......Page 698
Intrahepatic Cholestasis......Page 702
Extrahepatic Neonatal Cholestasis......Page 711
Other Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemic Conditions (Noncholestatic Nonhemolytic)......Page 713
Hepatitis A......Page 716
Hepatitis B......Page 718
Hepatitis C......Page 720
Other Hepatitis Viruses......Page 721
Acute Liver Failure......Page 722
Autoimmune Hepatitis......Page 723
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease......Page 725
α1-Antitrypsin Deficiency Liver Disease
......Page 726
Wilson Disease (Hepatolenticular Degeneration)......Page 727
Cirrhosis......Page 729
Portal Hypertension......Page 731
Biliary Tract Disease......Page 734
Pyogenic & Amebic Liver Abscess......Page 738
Liver Tumors......Page 739
Acute Pancreatitis......Page 741
Chronic Pancreatitis......Page 743
Syndromes with Pancreatic Exocrine Insufficiency......Page 744
Pancreatic Tumors......Page 747
References......Page 748
Regulation of Body Fluids, Electrolytes, & Tonicity......Page 749
Fluid & Electrolyte Management......Page 750
Dehydration......Page 752
Hyponatremia......Page 754
Potassium Disorders......Page 755
Metabolic Acidosis......Page 757
Respiratory Alkalosis......Page 758
Laboratory Evaluation of Renal Function......Page 759
Renal Parenchymal Anomalies......Page 763
Distal Urinary Tract Anomalies......Page 764
Glomerulonephritis......Page 765
Proteinuria & Renal Disease......Page 767
Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome of Childhood......Page 768
Renal Vein Thrombosis......Page 769
Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome......Page 770
Acute Kidney Injury......Page 771
Chronic Renal Failure......Page 774
Hypertension......Page 775
Inherited or Developmental Defects of the Kidneys......Page 778
Cystinosis......Page 779
Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus (NDI)......Page 780
Nephrolithiasis......Page 781
Urinary Tract Infections......Page 782
QA/QI in Pediatric Nephrology......Page 783
Diagnostic Testing......Page 785
Pediatric Neuroradiologic Procedures......Page 787
Altered States of Consciousness (Coma)......Page 791
Seizures & Epilepsy......Page 794
Sleep Disorders......Page 806
Headaches......Page 807
Pseudotumor Cerebri (Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension)......Page 810
Cerebrovascular Disease......Page 812
Congenital Malformations of the Nervous System......Page 815
Abnormal Head Size......Page 818
Neurocutaneous Dysplasias......Page 820
Acute Ataxias of Childhood......Page 827
Movement Disorders......Page 830
Cerebral Palsy......Page 833
Infections & Inflammatory Disorders of the Central Nervous System......Page 834
Bacterial Meningitis......Page 835
Brain Abscess......Page 836
Encephalopathy of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection......Page 837
Noninfectious Inflammatory Disorders of the Central Nervous System......Page 838
Multiple Sclerosis......Page 839
Syndromes Presenting as Acute Flaccid Weakness......Page 840
Disorders of Childhood Affecting Muscles......Page 843
Myasthenic Syndromes......Page 850
Peripheral Nerve Palsies......Page 852
Chronic Polyneuropathy......Page 853
Floppy Infant Syndrome......Page 854
Congenital Amputations & Limb Deficiencies......Page 857
Common Foot Problems......Page 858
Genu Varum & Genu Valgum......Page 860
Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip Joint......Page 861
Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis......Page 863
Torticollis......Page 864
Kyphosis......Page 865
Arthritis & Tenosynovitis......Page 866
Klippel-Feil Syndrome......Page 867
Neurologic Disorders Involving the Musculoskeletal System......Page 869
Trauma......Page 870
Traumatic Subluxations & Dislocations......Page 872
Fractures......Page 873
Infections of the Bones & Joints......Page 875
Vascular Lesions & Avascular Necrosis (Osteochondroses)......Page 878
Neoplasia of the Musculoskeletal System......Page 879
Fibrous Dysplasia......Page 881
Quality Assurance/Improvement Initiatives in Orthopedics......Page 882
Fitness & Conditioning......Page 883
Preparticipation Physical Evaluation......Page 884
Rehabilitation of Sports Injuries......Page 892
Head & Neck Injuries......Page 893
Spine Injuries......Page 897
Shoulder Injuries......Page 898
Elbow Injuries......Page 900
Hand & Wrist Injuries......Page 902
Hip Injuries......Page 904
Knee Injuries......Page 906
Foot & Ankle Injuries......Page 910
Prevention......Page 911
Pediatric Brain Injury......Page 913
Spinal Cord Injury......Page 916
Brachial Plexus Lesions & Typical Features......Page 918
Common Rehabilitation Problems......Page 919
Quality Assurance/Improvement Initiatives in Rehabilitation Medicine......Page 921
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis......Page 922
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus......Page 925
Dermatomyositis......Page 927
Vasculitis......Page 928
Noninflammatory Pain Syndromes......Page 929
Constitutional Aplastic Anemia (Fanconi Anemia)......Page 931
Acquired Aplastic Anemia......Page 933
Approach to the Child with Anemia......Page 934
Pure Red Cell Aplasia......Page 936
Nutritional Anemias......Page 937
Anemia of Chronic Disorders......Page 939
Congenital Hemolytic Anemias: Red Cell Membrane Defects......Page 940
Congenital Hemolytic Anemias: Hemoglobinopathies......Page 942
Congenital Hemolytic Anemias: Disorders of Red Cell Metabolism......Page 949
Acquired Hemolytic Anemia......Page 950
Polycythemia & Methemoglobinemia......Page 952
Neutropenia......Page 953
Neutrophilia......Page 955
Disorders of Neutrophil Function......Page 956
Bleeding Disorders......Page 958
Abnormalities of Platelet Number or Function......Page 960
Inherited Bleeding Disorders......Page 964
Von Willebrand Disease......Page 968
Acquired Bleeding Disorders......Page 969
Vascular Abnormalities Associated with Bleeding......Page 971
Thrombotic Disorders......Page 972
Asplenia & Splenectomy......Page 976
Storage & Preservation of Blood & Blood Components......Page 977
Pretransfusion Testing......Page 978
Transfusion Practice......Page 982
References......Page 985
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia......Page 986
Acute Myeloid Leukemia......Page 990
Myeloproliferative Diseases......Page 992
Brain Tumors......Page 994
Lymphomas & Lymphoproliferative Disorders......Page 998
Neuroblastoma......Page 1003
Wilms Tumor (Nephroblastoma)......Page 1005
Bone Tumors......Page 1007
Rhabdomyosarcoma......Page 1009
Retinoblastoma......Page 1010
Hepatic Tumors......Page 1011
Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis......Page 1013
General Considerations......Page 1014
Endocrine Complications......Page 1016
Neuropsychological Complications......Page 1017
Second Malignancies......Page 1018
Acute Pain......Page 1019
Chronic Pain Management......Page 1022
Children Who May Benefit from Palliative Care Interventions......Page 1024
Children’s Concept of Death......Page 1025
Spiritual & Cultural Support......Page 1026
Advance Care Planning......Page 1027
References......Page 1029
Immunodeficiency Evaluation: Primary Considerations......Page 1030
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Diseases......Page 1034
SCID Classification......Page 1035
Other Combined Immunodeficiencies......Page 1037
Antibody Deficiency Syndromes......Page 1039
Phagocyte Disorders......Page 1043
Deficiencies of the Innate Immune System......Page 1044
Immunodeficiency Diseases That Present with Autoimmunity......Page 1046
Immunodeficiency Diseases That Overlap with Allergy......Page 1047
Feedback Control of Hormone Secretion......Page 1049
Disturbances of Growth......Page 1050
Short Stature......Page 1051
Tall Stature......Page 1057
Central Diabetes Insipidus......Page 1058
Physiology......Page 1059
Hypothyroidism (Congenital & Acquired)......Page 1060
Thyroiditis......Page 1061
Hyperthyroidism......Page 1062
Hypocalcemic Disorders......Page 1064
Hypercalcemic States......Page 1068
Development......Page 1070
Disorders of Sexual Development......Page 1071
Abnormalities in Female Pubertal Development & Ovarian Function......Page 1073
Abnormalities in Male Pubertal Development & Testicular Function......Page 1076
Adrenal Cortex......Page 1078
Adrenocortical Insufficiency (Adrenal Crisis, Addison Disease)......Page 1079
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasias......Page 1081
Adrenocortical Hyperfunction (Cushing Disease, Cushing Syndrome)......Page 1083
Uses of Glucocorticoids & Adrenocorticotropic Hormone in Treatment of Nonendocrine Diseases......Page 1084
Adrenal Medulla Pheochromocytoma......Page 1086
General Considerations......Page 1087
Clinical Findings......Page 1088
Complications......Page 1089
Associated Autoimmune Diseases in Type 1 Diabetes......Page 1092
Treatment......Page 1093
References......Page 1097
Suspecting Inborn Errors......Page 1098
Common Clinical Situations......Page 1099
Newborn Screening......Page 1100
Glycogen Storage Diseases......Page 1101
Galactosemia......Page 1102
Hereditary Fructose Intolerance......Page 1103
Disorders of Energy Metabolism......Page 1104
Disorders of the Urea Cycle......Page 1106
Phenylketonuria & the Hyperphenylalaninemias......Page 1107
Hereditary Tyrosinemia......Page 1109
Homocystinuria......Page 1110
Nonketotic Hyperglycinemia......Page 1111
Propionic & Methylmalonic Acidemia (Ketotic Hyperglycinemias)......Page 1112
Glutaric Acidemia Type I......Page 1114
Fatty Acid Oxidation Disorders......Page 1115
Purine Metabolism Disorders......Page 1116
Lysosomal Diseases......Page 1117
Peroxisomal Diseases......Page 1120
Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation......Page 1121
Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome & Disorders of Cholesterol Synthesis......Page 1122
Disorders of Brain Specific Metabolism: Neurotransmitters, Synthesis of Amino Acids & Sphingolipids......Page 1123
Creatine Synthesis Disorders......Page 1124
Quality Initiatives in the Field of Metabolic Disease......Page 1125
Cytogenetics......Page 1126
Molecular Genetics......Page 1131
Mendelian Inheritance......Page 1132
Multifactorial Inheritance......Page 1135
Nonmendelian Inheritance......Page 1136
Family History & Pedigree......Page 1137
Mechanisms......Page 1138
Clinical Dysmorphology......Page 1139
Trisomies......Page 1140
Sex Chromosome Abnormalities......Page 1141
Contiguous Gene Disorders......Page 1142
Autosomal Dominant Disorders......Page 1143
Autosomal Recessive Disorders......Page 1146
X-Linked Disorders......Page 1147
Disorders of Imprinting......Page 1148
Disorders of Multifactorial Inheritance......Page 1149
Cleft Lip & Cleft Palate......Page 1150
Neural Tube Defects......Page 1151
Common Recognizable Disorders with Variable or Unknown Cause......Page 1152
Genetic Evaluation of the Child with Developmental Disabilities......Page 1153
Assisted Reproduction......Page 1155
Prenatal Diagnosis......Page 1156
Asthma......Page 1157
Allergic Rhinoconjunctivitis......Page 1176
Atopic Dermatitis......Page 1181
Urticaria & Angioedema......Page 1185
Anaphylaxis......Page 1187
Adverse Reactions to Drugs & Biologicals......Page 1189
Food Allergy......Page 1192
Insect Allergy......Page 1194
Susceptibility Testing & Drug Dosing Properties......Page 1196
Pharmacodynamic Concepts......Page 1197
Concepts for Judicious Use of Antimicrobials......Page 1198
β-Lactam Antibiotics (Step 1, Figure 39–2)
......Page 1200
β-Lactam: Penicillins
......Page 1208
β-Lactam: Carbapenems
......Page 1214
Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole (Step 5, Figure 39–2)......Page 1215
Lincosamides (Step 6, Figure 39–2)......Page 1216
Aminoglycosides (Step 6, Figure 39–2)......Page 1217
References......Page 1218
Viruses Causing the Common Cold......Page 1220
Infections due to Adenoviruses......Page 1223
Influenza......Page 1227
Parainfluenza (Croup)......Page 1228
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease......Page 1229
Infections due to Enteroviruses & Parechoviruses......Page 1231
Respiratory Tract Illnesses......Page 1232
Central Nervous System Illnesses......Page 1233
Herpes Simplex Infections......Page 1236
Varicella & Herpes Zoster......Page 1239
Roseola Infantum (Exanthem Subitum)......Page 1241
Cytomegalovirus Infections......Page 1242
Infectious Mononucleosis (Epstein-Barr Virus)......Page 1245
Encephalitis......Page 1247
Dengue......Page 1251
Chikungunya......Page 1252
Zika......Page 1253
Colorado Tick Fever......Page 1254
Erythema Infectiosum......Page 1255
Measles (Rubeola)......Page 1256
Rubella......Page 1258
Hantavirus Cardiopulmonary Syndrome......Page 1259
Mumps......Page 1260
Rabies......Page 1261
Rickettsial Infections & Q Fever......Page 1262
Human Ehrlichiosis & Anaplasmosis......Page 1263
Endemic Typhus (Murine Typhus)......Page 1264
Q Fever......Page 1265
41. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection......Page 1266
Perinatally HIV-Exposed Infant......Page 1268
Adolescents with HIV Exposure......Page 1269
Progressive HIV Disease......Page 1270
Treatment......Page 1273
Prevention......Page 1277
Quality Assurance & Outcome Metrics......Page 1278
Group A Streptococcal Infections......Page 1279
Group B Streptococcal Infections......Page 1283
Streptococcal Infections with Organisms Other than Group A or B......Page 1286
Pneumococcal Infections......Page 1287
Staphylococcal Infections......Page 1290
Meningococcal Infections......Page 1294
Gonococcal Infections......Page 1297
Botulism......Page 1300
Tetanus......Page 1302
Gas Gangrene......Page 1303
Diphtheria......Page 1304
Infections due to Enterobacteriaceae......Page 1306
Pseudomonas Infections......Page 1308
Salmonella Gastroenteritis......Page 1310
Typhoid Fever & Paratyphoid Fever......Page 1312
Shigellosis (Bacillary Dysentery)......Page 1313
Cholera......Page 1314
Campylobacter Infection......Page 1316
Tularemia......Page 1317
Plague......Page 1318
Haemophilus Influenzae Type B Infections......Page 1320
Pertussis (Whooping Cough)......Page 1322
Listeriosis......Page 1324
Tuberculosis......Page 1326
Infections with Nontuberculous Mycobacteria......Page 1329
Legionella Infection......Page 1331
Chlamydophila & Chlamydia Infections (Psittacosis, C Pneumoniae, & C Trachomatis)......Page 1332
Cat-Scratch Disease......Page 1334
Syphilis......Page 1335
Relapsing Fever......Page 1338
Leptospirosis......Page 1339
Lyme Disease......Page 1341
Parasitic Infections......Page 1344
Systemic Infections......Page 1345
Gastrointestinal Infections......Page 1352
Trichomoniasis......Page 1357
Nematode Infections......Page 1358
Cestode Infections (Flukes)......Page 1364
Trematode Infections......Page 1367
Mycotic Infections......Page 1368
Pneumocystis & Other Opportunistic Fungal Infections......Page 1379
Pneumocystis Jiroveci Infection......Page 1381
Adolescent Sexuality......Page 1384
Screening for Sexually Transmitted Infections......Page 1385
Chlamydia Trachomatis Infection......Page 1386
Neisseria Gonorrhoeae Infection......Page 1387
Cervicitis......Page 1393
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease......Page 1394
Urethritis......Page 1395
Proctitis, Proctocolitis, & Enteritis......Page 1396
Vaginal Discharge......Page 1397
Genital Ulcerations......Page 1398
Genital Warts & Human Papillomavirus......Page 1401
Other Viral Infections......Page 1403
Ectoparasitic Infections......Page 1404
References......Page 1405
Preparing Children & Infants for Travel......Page 1406
Vaccinations—Routine Childhood Vaccines Modified for Travel......Page 1408
Vaccinations—Travel-Specific......Page 1410
Traveler’s Diarrhea......Page 1412
Malaria Prophylaxis & Prevention......Page 1413
HIV & Sexually Transmitted Diseases......Page 1414
Fever in the Returned Traveler......Page 1417
References......Page 1421
Guidelines for Use of Data in a Reference Range Study......Page 1422
Statistical Computation of Reference Intervals......Page 1423
Sensitivity & Specificity......Page 1424
Pediatric Reference Intervals......Page 1425
A......Page 1438
B......Page 1448
C......Page 1451
D......Page 1460
E......Page 1463
F......Page 1468
G......Page 1470
H......Page 1473
I......Page 1478
K......Page 1482
L......Page 1483
M......Page 1486
N......Page 1490
O......Page 1495
P......Page 1497
R......Page 1505
S......Page 1507
T......Page 1513
V......Page 1517
W......Page 1520
Z......Page 1521