Cultural Products and the World Trade Organization

Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Dedication......Page 7
Contents......Page 9
Detailed chapter outline......Page 11
Table of GATT/WTO agreements......Page 15
Table of GATT/WTO cases......Page 16
GATT/WTO agreements......Page 19
GATT/WTO cases......Page 20
Other abbreviations......Page 28
Foreword......Page 33
Acknowledgements......Page 36
PART I Stalemate and its ideological origins......Page 39
1.1 'Trade and …’ problems......Page 41
1.2 Cultural implications of WTO rules......Page 49
1.3.1 Definitions......Page 56
1.3.2 Common cultural policy measures......Page 57
1.3.3 Significance in the WTO......Page 61
1.3.4 Significance in other international contexts......Page 67
1.4 Towards a solution......Page 71
2.1 Introduction......Page 75
2.2.1 The nature of cultural products......Page 77
2.2.2 Promoting or preserving culture through cultural products......Page 79
2.3.1 The market for cultural products......Page 81
A. US dominance......Page 82
B. Positive externalities of cultural products......Page 88
A. Against foreign cultural products......Page 92
B. Between foreign cultural products......Page 97
2.4.1 Motives for cultural policy measures......Page 98
2.4.2 Effectiveness of cultural policy measures......Page 99
2.4.3 Minimising trade restrictions......Page 102
2.5 Conclusion......Page 105
3.1 Introduction......Page 107
3.2.1 Basic definitions and classifications......Page 108
3.2.2 Digital products......Page 111
3.3 Presumed 'likeness’ of cultural products......Page 113
A. Like products......Page 114
A. Directly competitive or substitutable products......Page 118
C. Aims-and-effects test......Page 120
3.3.2 Like services and service suppliers under GATS......Page 123
3.4 Unbalanced and uncertain exceptions......Page 127
3.4.1 Government-supplied services......Page 128
3.4.2 Screen quotas......Page 130
A. GATT Articles III:8(b) and XVI and the SCM Agreement......Page 134
B. GATS Article XV......Page 136
A. Structure and chapeau......Page 138
B. National treasures......Page 142
C. Public morals and public order......Page 143
3.5.1 Limited national treatment and market access commitments......Page 147
3.5.2 Excessive MFN exemptions......Page 151
3.6 Conclusion......Page 155
PART II Options for the future......Page 159
4.1 Introduction......Page 161
4.2 The role of international law in interpreting WTO law......Page 162
A. Article 3.2 of the DSU......Page 163
B. Article 31 of the VCLT......Page 164
A. Significance of past Appellate Body Reports......Page 166
(i) Relevance of international instruments......Page 168
(ii) Contemporaneous or evolutionary interpretation......Page 172
C. International law between the parties (VCLT Article 31(3)(c))......Page 175
4.3 Using international law to interpret WTO law on cultural products......Page 180
4.3.1 National treasures......Page 181
4.3.2 A human rights approach to cultural products......Page 187
4.3.3 Public morals and public order......Page 194
4.3.4 Screen quotas......Page 197
4.3.5 Protecting human life or health......Page 200
4.3.6 Securing compliance with other laws or regulations......Page 204
4.4 Conclusion......Page 209
5.1 Introduction......Page 211
5.2.1 Canadian Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade......Page 213
5.2.2 International Network on Cultural Policy......Page 216
5.2.3 International Network for Cultural Diversity......Page 219
5.3.1 Background......Page 221
5.3.2 Key features of the UNESCO Convention......Page 223
A. WTO Members' views on the UNESCO Convention......Page 227
B. Conduct of UNESCO Convention parties in the WTO......Page 232
C. Complaints relating to the UNESCO Convention......Page 237
D. The UNESCO Convention as a defence to a WTO violation......Page 240
(i) Applying the UNESCO Convention in a WTO dispute......Page 241
(ii) Resolving conflicts between the UNESCO Convention and WTO law......Page 249
5.4 Conclusion......Page 254
6.1 Introduction......Page 255
6.2.1 Screen quotas: remove or modify......Page 257
6.2.2 A new general exception?......Page 258
6.3.1 Digital cultural products as services......Page 261
6.3.2 Mandated national treatment, market access, and MFN......Page 263
A. Discriminatory subsidies......Page 265
B. Developing country Members......Page 270
C. Screen quotas......Page 271
6.4 Effecting changes......Page 272
6.5 Other proposals......Page 274
6.5.1 Anti-dumping measures against audiovisual services......Page 275
6.5.2 Cultural diversity safeguards......Page 277
6.5.3 Intellectual property rights and anti-competitive conduct......Page 281
6.6 Conclusion......Page 284
7 Conclusion......Page 286
Non-wto agreements, cases, statutes, and treaties......Page 295
Other official documents and reports......Page 297
Articles, books, chapters, and papers......Page 309
Index......Page 333