CT and MRI of the Whole Body, 2-Volume Set, 6e, Volume I

CT and MRI of the Whole Body\nCopyright Page\nDedication\nSection Editors\nContributors\nPreface\nPreface to the First Edition\nmain_077\n	Foreword\nmain_078\n	Foreword\nChapter 1\n	1 Imaging Principles in Computed Tomography\n		The CT Image\n		CT Acquisition Overview\n			Linear Attenuation and Projections\n			CT Reconstruction and Image Display Overview\n			CT Number Scale\n		Generation of a CT Image\n			Components of a Data Acquisition System\n				Gantry.\n				X-Ray Generators and Tubes.\n				Filters.\n				Detectors.\n			Data Acquisition Systems\n			Scanner Operation and Data Acquisition\n				Rotate/Rotate Scanner Geometry.\n				Spiral (Helical) Scanning.\n				Multidetector-Row Designs.\n		CT Technique Factors\n			Automatic Tube Current Selection and Modulation\n			Dual-Energy/Spectral Acquisition\n		Dual Source\n			Fast kV Switching\n			Dual Detector\n		Reconstruction\n			Basic Principles\n			Filtered Backprojection\n			Iterative Reconstruction\n		Data Display and Management\n			Multiplanar Reformatting\n			Three-Dimensional Shaded Surface\n			Three-Dimensional Depth-Based Shading\n			Volume Rendering\n			Maximum Intensity Projection\n		Image Quality\n			Quantitative Measurements\n				Spatial Resolution.\n					Filter effects on resolution.\n					Number of projection profiles.\n					Matrix size.\n					Spiral and multislice spiral CT effects on spatial resolution.\n				Contrast/Density Resolution and Image Noise.\n					Spiral and multislice spiral CT effects on contrast resolution and image noise.\n		Image Artifacts and Their Causes\n			Ring Artifacts\n			Streak Artifacts\n			Beam-Hardening Artifacts\n			Partial-Volume Artifacts\n			Motion Artifacts\n			Stair-Stepping Artifacts\n			Spiral Pitch Artifacts\n			Cone-Beam Artifacts\n		Benefit and Risk: Radiation Dose in CT\n			Radiation Dose Metrics\n				CT Dose Index.\n				Dose Length Product.\n				Effective Dose.\n				Size-Specific Dose Estimate.\n			Radiation Dose Management in CT\n		Summary\n		References\nChapter 2\n	2 Computed Tomography Imaging Operation\n		Protocol Management and Optimization\n			Use of Protocols in an Imaging Operation\n				Defined Procedure Protocol Selection.\n				Preimaging Protocol Verification.\n				Patient Arrival and Preparation.\n				Patient Registration.\n				Protocol Selection and Verification at the Scanner.\n				Performance of Localizer Radiograph.\n				Review Planned Procedure Protocol.\n				Performed Procedure Protocol Review.\n				Protocols and Scanning in an Emergency Setting.\n			Developing and Maintaining CT Protocols\n				Developing CT Protocols.\n				Protocol Development and Optimization on a New CT Scanner.\n				Acquisition Parameters to Include in Defined Procedure Protocol.\n				Matching CT Protocols Across CT Scanners.\n					Matching image quality across scanners.\n						Spatial resolution or modulation transfer function.\n						Tomographic section thickness.\n						Standard deviation or noise power spectrum of image noise.\n				Quality Assurance of Protocols.\n		References\nChapter 3\n	3 Imaging Principles in Magnetic Resonance Imaging\n		Physics Principles\n			Nuclear Spin\n			Nuclear Magnetic Resonance\n			Relaxation\n			Chemical Shift\n			The Basic NMR Experiment\n		Imaging\n			Introduction\n			Data to Image: Fourier Transform\n			Frequency Encoding\n			Phase Encoding\n			k-Space\n			Resolution and Field of View\n			2D vs. 3D: Slice and Volumetric Encoding\n			Pulse Sequences for MRI\n				Pulse Sequence Diagrams.\n				Spin Echo Pulse Sequences.\n				Gradient Echo Pulse Sequences.\n			Contrast in MRI\n			T1 and T2 Weighting\n			Inversion Recovery\n			Spectral Techniques for Signal Selection or Suppression\n			Diffusion\n			Magnetization Transfer\n			Flow Effects/MR Angiography\n			Perfusion Imaging (DSC, DCE, ASL)\n			Fast Imaging for Clinical Practice\n				Imaging Time and Performance Tradeoffs.\n				Accelerating Gradient Echo Sequences.\n				Multiecho Sequences.\n				Rapid Imaging: SAR Management and Patient Safety.\n				Partial Fourier Reconstructions.\n				Parallel Imaging.\n		Clinical Artifacts\n			Susceptibility Artifact\n			Aliasing\n			Parallel Imaging Artifacts\n			Gibbs Ringing or Truncation Artifact\n			Motion Artifacts and Ghosting\n			Flow Artifacts\n			Radiofrequency Inhomogeneity\n			Chemical Shift Artifacts\n		Acknowledgments\n		References\nChapter 4\n	4 Imaging Principles in Magnetic Resonance Angiography\n		Introduction\n		Basic Gradient Echo Sequence\n		Contrast-Enhanced MRA\n			Imaging Basics\n				Bolus Timing.\n				Scan Time Considerations.\n			Time-Resolved CE MRA\n		NCE MRA\n			Time-of-Flight MRA\n			Phase-Contrast MRA\n			Balanced Steady-State Free Precession MRA\n		Consideration of Physiologic Motion\n			Respiratory Motion\n			Cardiac Motion and Pulsatility\n		Clinical Applications\n			Head/Neck\n			Chest\n			Abdomen\n			Peripheral Arteries\n		References\nChapter 5\n	5 Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging\n		Introduction\n		DCE-MRI and DSC-MRI\n		DCE-MRI\n			Baseline T10 Measurement\n			DCE-MRI Data Acquisition\n			MRI Signal vs. Tracer Concentration\n			Heuristic Analysis\n			Arterial Input Function\n			Modeling Analysis\n			One-Compartment Model\n			Two-Compartment Model\n			Three-Compartment Model\n			Discussion and Limitations\n		DSC-MRI\n			Administration and Acquisition\n			MRI Signal vs. Tracer Concentration\n				Arterial Input Function.\n			Data Analysis\n			Discussion and Limitations\n		References\nChapter 6\n	6 Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Pediatric Patient\n		Introduction\n		Patient Preparation\n			Sedation\n				Sedation Agents.\n				Monitoring During Sedation.\n			Imaging Without Sedation\n				Feed and Sleep.\n				Communication and Positive Reinforcement.\n				Child Life Specialist.\n				Play Therapy and Mock MRI.\n				Distraction.\n				Open MRI.\n		Safety\n			MR Screening\n			Equipment\n				Incubator.\n				Ventilator.\n				Intravenous Pumps.\n				Resuscitation Equipment.\n			Ear Protection\n			RF Exposure\n		Techniques and Applications\n			Optimizing SNR\n			Optimization of Contrast\n				Changing Contrast Due to Maturation.\n				Native Contrast.\n				Intravenous Contrast Agents.\n			Motion Artifacts\n				Motion Compensation Techniques\n					Breath-hold scans.\n					Gated sequences.\n					Phase-encoding direction.\n					Signal averaging.\n					Fat suppression.\n					Radial k-space sampling.\n					Parallel imaging.\n					Attenuation of peristalsis.\n			Imaging Protocols\n		Emerging Techniques in Pediatric MRI\n			Whole-Body MRI\n			Arterial Spin Labeling\n			Susceptibility-Weighted Imaging\n			Diffusion Tensor Imaging\n			Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy\n		Summary\n		Acknowledgments\n		References\nChapter 7\n	7 Tissue Characterization in Liver Imaging Using Advanced Magnetic Resonance Techniques\n		Introduction\n		Diffusion-Weighted Imaging\n			Technical Aspects\n			Clinical Applications\n		Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced MRI\n			Technical Aspects\n			Clinical Applications\n		MR Relaxometry\n			Technical Aspects\n			Clinical Applications\n		MR Elastography\n			Technical Aspects\n			Clinical Applications\n		Conclusion and Outlook\n		References\nChapter 8\n	8 Normal Anatomy\n		Anatomy of the Brain\n			Overview of Brain Anatomy\n				Dura and Dural Structures\n				Ventricles\n					Lateral (Left and Right) Ventricles.\n					Third Ventricle.\n					Fourth Ventricle.\n				Cerebral Hemispheres\n				Hemispheric White Matter\n				Posterior Fossa\n				Vascular Supply\n			CT Technique\n				Contrast Studies\n			MRI Technique\n			Sectional Anatomy\n				Normal Axial CT and MRI Anatomy\n					Infratentorial Sections\n						Below the fourth ventricle (Fig. 8-3).\n						Fourth ventricular level (Fig. 8-4).\n						Above the fourth ventricle (Fig. 8-5).\n					Supratentorial Sections\n						Third ventricular level (Fig. 8-6).\n						Low ventricular level (Fig. 8-7).\n						Midventricular level (Fig. 8-8).\n						Above the ventricular level (Fig. 8-9).\n					Review of Coronal Scans.\n						Frontal horn level.\n						Third ventricular level.\n						Brainstem level.\n						Midventricular level.\n						Occipital horn level.\n					Review of Sagittal Scans.\n						Midsagittal level.\n						Parasagittal level through the lateral ventricular body.\n						Lateral orbital level (cortical level).\n				Physiologic Calcifications\n					Choroid Plexus.\n					Basal Ganglia.\n					Pineal Gland and Habenula.\n					Falx Calcification.\n					Dentate Nuclei.\n		Anatomy of the Spine\n			CT Technique\n			MRI Technique\n			Normal Anatomy*\n				Osseous Structures\n					Vertebral Bodies.\n					Pedicles (Fig. 8-22).\n					Laminae (see Fig. 8-20).\n					Spinous Processes (see Figs. 8-20 and 8-21).\n					Transverse Processes (see Figs. 8-20A and 8-21A).\n					Articulating Pillars.\n					Intervertebral Foramina (Fig. 8-23; see Figs. 8-21 and 8-22).\n					Spinal Canal.\n				Soft Tissues, Joints, and Ligaments\n					Intervertebral Disk.\n					Uncovertebral Joints.\n					Costovertebral Articulations (see Fig. 8-20A).\n					Facet Joints (Fig. 8-27; see Figs. 8-21 and 8-22).\n				Ligaments\n					Anterior Longitudinal Ligament (see Figs. 8-22 to 8-26).\n					Posterior Longitudinal Ligament (see Figs. 8-24 to 8-26).\n					Interspinous Ligament (see Fig. 8-26).\n					Nuchal Ligament.\n					Ligamentum Flavum.\n					Epidural Space (see Figs. 8-20, 8-21, and 8-23).\n					Dura Mater, Intradural Space, and Spinal Cord.\n		References\nChapter 9\n	9 Intracranial Neoplasms\n		Introduction\n		Clinical Presentation\n		Diagnostic Imaging\n			Contrast Enhancement\n		Complications of Brain Tumors\n			Brain Edema\n			Herniations\n			Hemorrhage\n		Types of Brain Tumors\n			Gliomas\n				Astrocytomas.\n					Circumscribed astrocytomas.\n						Pilocytic astrocytoma.\n						Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma.\n						Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma.\n					Diffuse astrocytomas.\n						Low-grade astrocytoma.\n						Anaplastic astrocytoma.\n						Glioblastoma.\n						Gliomatosis cerebri.\n						Gliosarcoma.\n				Oligodendroglioma.\n				Ependymoma.\n					Subependymoma.\n				Choroid Plexus Papilloma and Carcinoma.\n			Nonglial Tumors\n				Neuronal and Mixed Neuronal and Glial Tumors.\n					Ganglioglioma and gangliocytoma.\n					Dysplastic gangliocytoma of the cerebellum.\n					Desmoplastic infantile ganglioglioma.\n					Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor.\n					Central neurocytoma.\n				Pineal Parenchymal Tumors.\n					Pineoblastoma.\n					Pineocytoma.\n				Embryonal Tumors.\n					Medulloblastoma.\n					CNS primitive neuroectodermal tumor.\n			Tumors of the Cranial Nerves\n				Schwannoma.\n				Neurofibroma.\n				Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors.\n			Tumors of the Meninges\n				Meningioma.\n				Melanocytic Tumors.\n				Hemangioblastoma.\n				Mesenchymal Tumors.\n				Hemangiopericytoma.\n			Lymphomas and Hematopoietic Neoplasms\n				Primary CNS Lymphoma.\n				Secondary CNS Lymphoma.\n				Granulocytic Sarcoma (Chloroma).\n			Germ Cell Tumors\n				Germinoma.\n				Teratoma.\n				Other Germ Cell Tumors.\n			Tumors of the Sellar Region\n				Pituitary Adenoma.\n					Microadenoma.\n					Macroadenoma.\n				Craniopharyngioma.\n				Rathke’s Cleft Cyst.\n				Tumors of the Neurohypophysis.\n				Chordoma.\n			Metastatic Tumors\n				Metastases to the Brain.\n				Metastases to the Skull and Intracranial Dura.\n				Leptomeningeal Metastasis (Leptomeningeal Carcinomatosis).\n		Chemotherapy and Brain Radiotherapy\n		Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques\n			MR Perfusion and Permeability Imaging\n			Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy\n			Diffusion-Weighted Imaging\n			Functional MRI\n			Positron Emission Tomography\n			18F FDG PET\n			Non-FDG PET\n			Hybrid PET/MRI\n		References\nChapter 10\n	10 Cerebral Infections and Inflammation\n		Leptomeningitis\n		Subdural Effusion\n		Subdural Empyema\n		Epidural Empyema\n		Ependymitis\n		Cerebritis and Abscess\n		Encephalitis\n			Herpes Simplex Encephalitis\n				Herpes Simplex Type 1 (HSV-1) Encephalitis.\n				Herpes Simplex Type 2 (HSV-2) Encephalitis.\n			Human Herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) Encephalitis\n			Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV)\n			Arbovirus Encephalitis\n			Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM)\n			Other Encephalitides\n				Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD).\n				Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis (SSPE).\n				Reye’s Syndrome.\n			Encephalitis in Immunocompromised Patients\n				HIV Encephalitis.\n				Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML).\n				Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Encephalitis.\n		Septic Embolus and Mycotic Aneurysm\n		Granulomatous Infection\n			Tuberculosis (TB)\n		Spirochete and Nocardia Infections\n			Lyme Disease\n			Syphilis\n			Nocardiosis\n		Fungal Disease\n			Aspergillosis\n			Mucormycosis\n			Coccidioidomycosis\n			Cryptococcosis\n			Candidiasis\n		Parasitic Disease\n			Cysticercosis\n			Echinococcosis\n			Paragonimiasis\n			Toxoplasmosis\n		Inflammatory Diseases\n			Sarcoidosis\n			Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (Wegener’s Granulomatosis)\n			Behçet’s Disease\n			Whipple’s Disease\n		Unusual Pediatric Encephalitides\n			Rasmussen’s Encephalitis\n			Acute Necrotizing Encephalitis (ANE)\n		References\nChapter 11\n	11 Stroke\n		Introduction\n		Pathophysiology of Stroke\n		Clinical Assessment of Acute Ischemic Stroke\n		Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke\n		Imaging Goals of Acute Ischemic Stroke\n			Exclude Intracranial Hemorrhage\n			Is It an Ischemic Stroke?\n			Is There an Intracranial Vessel Occlusion?\n			How Big Is the Infarct Core?\n			How Big Is the Penumbra?\n			Is There an Etiology Evident?\n			Prognostication\n			Complications of Acute Stroke Treatment\n		Imaging of Acute Subcortical/Perforator Artery Territory Stroke\n		Imaging of Acute Brainstem and Cerebellar Stroke\n		Imaging of Minor Ischemic Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attacks\n		Imaging of Subacute and Chronic Stroke\n		Imaging of Alternate Mechanisms of Stroke\n			Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury\n			Venous Ischemia and Stroke\n			Nonatherosclerotic Vasculopathy and Stroke\n				Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstrictive Syndromes.\n				Primary Angiitis of the CNS.\n				Systemic Diseases and Vasculitides.\n				Infectious/Postinfectious Vasculopathy.\n		Conclusion\n		References\nChapter 12\n	12 Cerebral Aneurysms and Cerebrovascular Malformations\n		Cerebral Aneurysms\n			Incidence and Natural History\n				Ruptured Cerebral Aneurysm\n				Unruptured Cerebral Aneurysm\n			Types of Aneurysms, Etiology, and Pathology\n				Etiology\n					Dissection.\n					Trauma.\n					Neoplasm.\n				Pathology\n				Location\n			Imaging and Clinical Evaluation\n				Computed Tomography\n					Acute Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.\n					Cerebral Aneurysm.\n				Computed Tomography Angiography\n					Cerebral Vasospasm and Delayed Cerebral Ischemia Due to Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.\n				Magnetic Resonance Imaging\n					Acute Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.\n					Cerebral Aneurysm.\n				Magnetic Resonance Angiography\n				Catheter Cerebral Angiography\n			Evaluation after Open and Endovascular Surgery\n		Cerebrovascular Malformations\n			Arteriovenous Malformations\n				Incidence\n				Pathology and Histology\n				Presentation\n				Grading\n				Imaging Evaluation\n					Computed Tomography.\n					Magnetic Resonance Imaging.\n					MRA and CTA.\n				Differential Diagnosis\n				Treatment\n			Cavernous Malformation or Cavernous Angioma\n				Incidence\n				Pathology\n				Presentation\n				Imaging Evaluation\n					Computed Tomography.\n					Magnetic Resonance Imaging.\n				Treatment\n				Differential Diagnosis\n			Capillary Telangiectasia\n				Incidence and Histology\n				Imaging Evaluation\n			Developmental Venous Anomalies (Venous Angiomas)\n				Incidence and Histology\n				Presentation\n				Imaging Evaluation\n			Sinus Pericranii\n			Arteriovenous Fistulas\n				Etiology, Pathology, Location, Incidence, Presentation, and Classification\n				Imaging Evaluation\n				Treatment\n			Vein of Galen Malformations\n				Incidence and Presentation\n				Imaging Evaluation\n				Treatment\n		References\nChapter 13\n	13 Traumatic Brain Injury\n		Introduction\n		Classification of Traumatic Brain Injury\n		Mechanism of Injury—Primary TBI\n			Intraaxial Lesions\n				Diffuse Axonal Injury, Contusions, and Intracerebral Hematomas.\n			Extraaxial Lesions\n		Mechanism of Injury—Secondary TBI\n		Indications for Imaging\n		Stratifying Injury Severity with CT\n			CT Findings in Primary Injury\n				Cortical Contusions.\n				Intracerebral Hematoma.\n				Diffuse Axonal Injury.\n				Subdural Hematoma.\n				Epidural Hematoma.\n				Intraventricular Hemorrhage.\n				Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.\n		CT of Skull Fractures\n			CT of Vascular Injuries\n		CT Perfusion\n		Limitations of CT\n		MRI in Primary Injury\n			Intraparenchymal Injury\n			Contusions and Intraparenchymal Hematomas\n			Brainstem Injuries\n			Diffuse Axonal Injury\n			Extraaxial Injuries\n		Role of Imaging in Secondary Brain Injury and Complications\n			Contusions, Intracerebral Hematomas, and Hypoxic Encephalopathy\n			SDH, EDH, and SAH\n			Traumatic Hydrocephalus\n			Traumatic Brain Herniation, Ischemia, and Infarction\n			Postoperative Appearances and Complications\n		Chronic Sequelae of TBI\n			Moderate to Severe TBI\n			Mild TBI\n			SWI and DWI\n			Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy\n			Diffusion Tensor Imaging\n		Considerations for Pediatric TBI\n		References\nChapter 14\n	14 Spinal Cord Injury\n		Introduction\n		Spinal Cord Injury Mechanisms\n		MRI Protocol Considerations\n		Prognostic Significance of Mr Findings After SCI\n		Evolution of Spinal Cord Injury—Findings at MRI\n			Concurrent Soft Tissue and Bony Injury in SCI\n			Canal Stenosis as a Predictor of SCI\n		Advanced Imaging Techniques\n		References\nChapter 15\n	15 Neurodegenerative Disorders\n		Normal Aging\n		Dementia\n			Alzheimer’s Disease\n			Frontotemporal Dementia\n			Dementia with Lewy Bodies\n			Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease\n			Normal-Pressure Hydrocephalus\n		White Matter Diseases\n			Vascular Dementia\n			Cerebral Autosomal-Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL)\n		Huntington’s Disease\n		Parkinson’s Disease\n			Atypical Parkinsonisms\n		Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis\n		Friedreich’s Ataxia\n		References\nChapter 16\n	16 Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging\n		Introduction\n		Hemodynamic Response Function\n		Clinical fMRI\n			Task-Based fMRI\n				Motor Tasks.\n				Language Tasks.\n					Expressive paradigms.\n					Receptive paradigms.\n					Semantic paradigms.\n				Visual Paradigms.\n				Memory Paradigms.\n		Performing Clinical fMRI\n			The Setup\n			Pre-Scan Interview and Training\n			Monitoring\n			Postprocessing and Quality Control\n			Analysis of fMRI Images\n			Role of Streamlined Postprocessing Tools\n			Challenges and Limitations\n		Clinical Applications of fMRI\n		Resting State fMRI\n			Principles\n			Processing\n			Analysis\n				Intrinsic Brain Networks.\n			Applications of rs-fMRI\n			Future of rs-fMRI\n		References\nChapter 17\n	17 Brain Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy\n		Introduction\n		MRI vs. MRS\n		Evaluation of Brain Metabolites\n			MRS Observable In Vivo Brain Metabolites\n				N-Acetylaspartate.\n				Creatine.\n				Choline.\n				Myoinositol.\n				Lactate.\n				Glutamate, Glutamine, and GABA.\n				Lipids and Proteins.\n			Quantitation of Metabolite Levels\n		Clinical Applications of Proton MRS\n			Evaluation of Normal Brain Development and Regional Brain Differences\n			Evaluation of Primary Brain Tumors (Gliomas)\n				Noninvasive Histologic Grading of Gliomas.\n			Defining and Delineating Metabolically Different Tumor Regions\n			MRS Spectral Profile of Proliferative, Hypoxic/Pseudopalisading, and Infiltrating Glioma Populations\n				Proliferative Glioma Population: Cho/NAA Ratio, ADC, and rCBV Parameters.\n				Hypoxic/Pseudopalisading Tumor Population: MRS Metabolic Profile and the Role of PET Imaging.\n				Infiltrative Glioma Population: Cho/Cr and Cho/NAA Ratio Profiles, rCBV, and Fractional Anisotropy.\n			Monitoring Tumor Response to Therapy\n			Role of Proton MRSI in Predicting Tumor Prognosis\n			Differentiation of Neoplastic from Pseudotumoral Process\n			Metastases\n			Other Tumors\n			Traumatic Brain Injury\n			Epilepsy\n			Alzheimer’s Disease\n			Degenerative and Metabolic Brain Disorders\n			Stroke\n			Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury/Encephalopathy\n			Cerebral Infections\n			Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome\n			Multiple Sclerosis\n		Other Applications of Proton MRS in the Central Nervous System\n		References\nChapter 18\n	18 Meningeal Processes\n		Anatomy and Embryology\n			Meninges\n			Extraaxial Spaces\n			Extraaxial Collections\n		Magnetic Resonance Imaging\n			Normal Meninges on MRI\n			MRI for Detection of Meningeal Disease\n				Imaging Technique\n				Sensitivity of MRI\n				Role of Imaging\n				Cardinal Imaging Signs of Meningeal Pathology\n				Imaging Patterns\n					Dura-arachnoid pattern.\n					Pia mater–subarachnoid space pattern.\n		Nonneoplastic Meningeal Disease\n			Infectious Meningitis\n				Bacterial Meningitis\n				Mycobacterial Meningitis\n				Fungal Meningitis\n				Aseptic Meningitis\n			Noninfectious Inflammatory Meningitis\n			Iatrogenic Meningeal Enhancement\n			Vascular Disease\n			Toxic Meningeal Enhancement\n			Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension\n		Neoplastic Meningeal Disease\n			Primary Involvement\n			Secondary Involvement\n			Risk Factors for Leptomeningeal Dissemination of Neoplasm\n			Mechanisms of Meningeal Neoplastic Dissemination\n				Dura\n					Hematogenous spread.\n					Direct extension.\n				Leptomeninges\n					Hematogenous spread.\n					Direct extension.\n			Complications of Meningeal Neoplasms\n		Summary\n		References\nChapter 19\n	19 Demyelinating Disease and Leukoencephalopathies\n		Introduction\n		Multiple Sclerosis\n		Viral and Postviral Demyelinating Syndromes\n			Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis\n			Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy\n			HIV Leukoencephalitis\n		Toxic and Traumatic Leukoencephalopathies\n			Radiation-Induced Demyelination\n			Radiation Necrosis\n			Diffuse Radiation-Induced Leukoencephalopathy\n			Disseminated Necrotizing Leukoencephalopathy\n			Mineralizing Microangiopathy\n			Marchiafava-Bignami Disease\n		Hypoxic, Ischemic, and Metabolic Leukoencephalopathies\n			Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy\n			Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome\n			Binswanger’s Disease\n			Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy\n			Osmotic Demyelination Syndrome\n		Miscellaneous\n			Amyloid Leukoencephalopathy\n		References\nChapter 20\n	20 Orbit\n		Anatomy\n			Bony Anatomy\n			Soft Tissue Anatomy\n		Imaging Techniques\n			Computed Tomography\n			Magnetic Resonance Imaging\n		Approach to Differential Diagnosis\n			General Principle\n			Specific Clinical Scenarios\n		Pathophysiology\n			Trauma\n			Infection\n			Inflammation\n				Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathy.\n				Orbital Pseudotumor.\n				Sarcoidosis.\n				Wegener’s Granulomatosis.\n				Optic Neuritis.\n			Neoplasms\n				Lymphoma.\n				Optic Glioma.\n				Optic Nerve Sheath Meningioma.\n				Melanoma.\n				Metastatic Disease.\n				Retinoblastoma.\n				Rhabdomyosarcoma.\n				Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis.\n				Teratoma.\n			Vascular Abnormalities\n				Carotid Cavernous Fistula.\n				Venous Varix.\n				Hemangiomas.\n				Lymphangioma.\n				Arteriovenous Malformation.\n			Congenital and Developmental Abnormalities and Anomalies\n				Coloboma.\n				Retinopathy of Prematurity.\n				Persistent Hyperplastic Primary Vitreous.\n				Coats’ Disease.\n				Microphthalmia.\n				Dermoids/Epidermoids.\n			Degenerative Conditions\n				Calcified Ciliary or Extraocular Muscle Insertions.\n				Phthisis Bulbi.\n				Optic Drusen.\n				Retinal and Choroidal Detachment.\n				Staphyloma.\n		Lacrimal Gland and Apparatus\n		Indirect Involvement of the Orbit and Optic Pathways\n		References\nChapter 21\n	21 Temporal Bone\n		Embryology and Development of Temporal Bone\n		Normal Temporal Bone Anatomy\n			External Auditory Canal\n			Middle Ear Cavity and Mastoid\n			Ossicles\n			Inner Ear\n			Internal Auditory Canal\n			Facial Nerve and Facial Nerve Canal\n			Carotid Canal\n			Jugular Foramen and Fossa\n		Temporal Bone Imaging Techniques\n			Computed Tomography\n			Magnetic Resonance Imaging\n			Normal Temporal Bone Images\n				Axial Images: Caudal to Cranial\n					Axial jugular foramen level (see Figs. 21-1A, 21-5A).\n					Axial inferior tympanic level (see Fig. 21-1B).\n					Axial midtympanic level (see Figs. 21-1C-E, 21-5B).\n					Axial epitympanic–internal auditory canal level (see Figs. 21-1F-J, 21-5C and D).\n					Axial mastoid antrum level (see Fig. 21-1K and L).\n				Coronal Images: Anterior to Posterior\n					Coronal temporomandibular joint level (see Fig. 21-2A).\n					Coronal geniculate ganglion level (see Fig. 21-2B).\n					Coronal anterior tympanic level (see Fig. 21-2C).\n					Coronal midtympanic level (see Fig. 21-2D and E).\n					Coronal oval window level (see Figs. 21-2F, 21-6A and B).\n					Coronal posterior tympanic level (see Fig. 21-2G).\n					Coronal jugular foramen level (see Fig. 21-2H).\n				Sagittal Images: Lateral to Medial\n					Sagittal external auditory canal level (see Fig. 21-3A).\n					Sagittal descending facial nerve canal level (see Fig. 21-3B).\n					Sagittal vestibule level (see Fig. 21-3C).\n					Sagittal internal auditory canal level (see Figs. 21-3D, 21-7).\n				Stenvers’ and Pöschl’s Views\n					Stenvers’ view (see Fig. 21-4A-D).\n					Pöschl’s view (see Fig. 21-4E and F).\n		Abnormal Temporal Bone\n			Middle Ear and External Ear Malformations\n			Congenital Inner Ear Malformations\n				Semicircular Canal Dehiscence Syndrome.\n			Vascular Anomalies\n			Inflammatory Lesions\n				Acute Otomastoiditis.\n				Chronic Otomastoiditis.\n				Petrous Apicitis.\n				Cholesteatoma.\n				Malignant External Otitis.\n				Labyrinthitis.\n				Bell’s Palsy.\n			Neoplastic Lesions\n				Benign Neoplasms\n					Osteomas and exostoses.\n					Schwannomas.\n					Meningiomas.\n					Paragangliomas.\n					Epidermoids (epidermoid cysts).\n					Miscellaneous benign lesions.\n				Malignant Neoplasms.\n			Traumatic Injuries (Fractures)\n			Metabolic and Dysplastic Lesions\n				Otosclerosis.\n				Other.\n		References\nChapter 22\n	22 Pharynx\n		Introduction\n		Imaging Rationale and Techniques\n		Nasopharynx\n			Anatomy\n			Congenital Lesions\n				Thornwaldt’s Cyst.\n				Persistent Canalis Basilaris Medianus.\n				Fossa Navicularis.\n				Craniopharyngeal Canal.\n				Transsphenoidal Encephalocele.\n				Teratomas.\n			Inflammatory Lesions\n				Adenoidal Hypertrophy.\n				Pharyngitis.\n				Mucous Retention Cysts.\n				Retropharyngeal Abscess/Adenitis.\n			Benign Neoplasms\n				Juvenile Nasopharyngeal Angiofibroma\n					Etiopathogenesis and symptoms.\n					Imaging features and spread patterns.\n					Staging.\n				Minor Salivary Gland Tumor/Benign Mixed Tumor.\n				Posttransplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder.\n			Malignant Neoplasms\n				Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma\n					Etiopathogenesis and symptoms.\n					Staging and treatment principles.\n					Spread patterns.\n					Pretreatment imaging features.\n					Response assessment and surveillance.\n				Nasopharyngeal Lymphoma.\n				Nasopharyngeal Rhabdomyosarcoma.\n			Miscellaneous\n				Inflammatory Pseudotumor of the Nasopharynx.\n		Oropharynx\n			Anatomy\n			Congenital Lesions\n				Lingual Thyroid.\n				Thyroglossal Duct Cyst.\n				Congenital Cysts.\n				Lymphatic/Venolymphatic Malformation.\n				Macroglossia.\n				Oropharyngeal Airway Compromise (Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Pickwickian Syndrome).\n			Inflammatory Lesions\n				Tonsillitis and Peritonsillar Abscess.\n				Postinflammatory Sequelae.\n			Benign Neoplasms\n			Malignant Neoplasms\n				Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma\n					Etiopathogenesis and symptoms.\n					Staging and principles of treatment.\n					Spread patterns.\n					Pretreatment imaging features.\n					Response assessment and surveillance.\n		Hypopharynx\n			Anatomy\n				Pyriform Sinus.\n				Postcricoid Region.\n				Posterior Pharyngeal Wall.\n			Congenital and Inflammatory Lesions\n				Branchial Apparatus Anomalies.\n					First branchial apparatus anomaly.\n					Second branchial cleft cyst.\n					Third and fourth branchial cleft cysts.\n			Miscellaneous\n				Tortuous ICA.\n				Pharyngocele.\n				Diverticula/Fistulae.\n				Dermoid.\n				Amyloid.\n				Drugs/Cocaine.\n			Trauma\n		Posttherapeutic Neck\n			Neck Dissection\n			Surgery with Reconstruction\n			Postradiation Changes\n			Complications of Therapy\n			Imaging Appearances of Tumor Recurrence\n		Advanced Biological Imaging Techniques\n		References\nChapter 23\n	23 Paranasal Sinuses\n		Imaging Options and Protocols\n			CT\n			MRI\n		Anatomy\n			Nose, Nasal Cavity, and Lateral Nasal Wall\n			Paranasal Sinuses\n				Maxillary Sinus.\n				Ethmoid Sinus (Ethmoid Air Cells).\n				Frontal Sinus.\n				Sphenoid Sinus.\n			Drainage Pathways of the Paranasal Sinuses\n				Osteomeatal Unit.\n				Frontal Recess and Frontal Sinus Drainage Pathway.\n				Sphenoethmoid Recess.\n		Important Anatomic Variations and Their Relevance\n			Frontal Recess Cells\n				Agger Nasi Cell.\n				Frontal Cells (Kuhn’s Cells).\n				Supraorbital Ethmoid Cell.\n				Frontal Bullar Cell and Suprabullar Cell.\n			Onodi Cell (Sphenoethmoid Cell)\n			Haller Cell (Orbitomaxillary Or Infraorbital Ethmoid Cell)\n			Uncinate Process Variations\n			Nasal Septal Variations\n			Middle Turbinate Variations\n			Variations of the Ethmoid Roof\n			Variations Related to Sphenoid Sinus\n			Other Variants\n		Inflammatory Sinonasal Disease—Sinusitis\n			Imaging Findings\n				Acute Sinusitis.\n			Chronic Sinusitis\n				Retention Cyst.\n				Polyp.\n				Mucocele.\n			Patterns of Inflammatory Sinonasal Disease\n		Fungal Sinusitis\n			Invasive Fungal Sinusitis\n				Acute Invasive Fungal Sinusitis.\n				Chronic Invasive Fungal Sinusitis.\n				Chronic Invasive Granulomatous Sinusitis.\n			Noninvasive Fungal Sinusitis\n				Allergic Fungal Sinusitis.\n				Fungus Ball (Mycetoma).\n		Granulomatous Diseases of the Sinonasal Cavities\n		Silent Sinus Syndrome\n		Tumors of the Paranasal Sinuses\n			Papilloma\n			Carcinoma\n			Malignant Melanoma\n			Schwannoma\n			Olfactory Neuroblastoma\n			Juvenile Nasopharyngeal Angiofibroma\n			Lymphoma\n			Fibroosseous Lesions\n			Odontogenic Cysts and Tumors\n			Metastases\n		Maxillofacial Trauma\n		References\nChapter 24\n	24 Cervical Adenopathy and Neck Masses\n		Classification\n		Epidemiology\n		Normal Anatomy\n			Gross Anatomy\n				Muscles and Bones.\n				Fasciae and Spaces of the Neck.\n					Superficial cervical fascia.\n					Deep cervical fascia.\n						Superficial layer of the deep cervical fascia.\n						Middle layer of the deep cervical fascia.\n						Deep layer of the deep cervical fascia.\n					Neck spaces.\n						Visceral space.\n						Retropharyngeal space.\n						Prevertebral space.\n						Carotid space.\n						Body of the mandible.\n						Submandibular space.\n			Sectional Anatomy\n			Nodal Anatomy\n				Classification.\n		Imaging Techniques\n			Computed Tomography\n			Magnetic Resonance Imaging\n		Nodal Neck Masses\n			Staging\n				Role of Imaging in Staging.\n			Conventional CT and MRI Findings on Neck Nodal Masses\n				Size and Shape of the Node.\n				Nodal Necrosis.\n				Extracapsular Neoplastic Spread.\n			Other Imaging Techniques\n		Nonnodal Neck Masses\n			Masses of Developmental Origin\n				Lymphangioma.\n				Branchial Cleft Cyst.\n				Thyroglossal Duct Cyst.\n				Dermoid Cyst.\n			Masses of Inflammatory Origin\n				Calculous Disease.\n				Ranula.\n				Abscess in Inflammatory Diseases.\n				Thrombophlebitis.\n				Osteomyelitis.\n			Masses of Vascular Origin\n			Masses of Neural Origin\n			Masses of Mesenchymal Origin\n			Masses Arising from the Aerodigestive Tract\n		References\nChapter 25\n	25 Larynx\n		Anatomy\n			Mucosa\n			Laryngeal Framework\n			Muscles and Ligaments\n			Spaces\n		Imaging Considerations\n		Pathology\n			Mucosal Tumors\n				Supraglottic Tumors.\n				True Vocal Fold Tumors.\n				Cartilage Invasion.\n				Subglottic Tumors.\n				Hypopharyngeal Tumors.\n				Lymph Node Metastases.\n				Radiation Therapy and Chemoradiation for Mucosal Tumors.\n				Other Mucosal Tumors.\n			Submucosal Tumors\n			Cysts\n			Posttherapy Imaging\n		Trauma\n		Miscellaneous Pathology\n			Vocal Cord Paralysis\n			Stenosis\n			Granulomatous Disease and Inflammation\n			Rheumatoid Arthritis\n			Polychondritis\n		Summary\n		References\nChapter 26\n	26 Imaging of the Head and Neck in the Pediatric Patient\n		Introduction\n		Benign Congenital Masses of the Neck\n			Thyroglossal Duct Cyst\n				Embryogenesis of Thyroglossal Duct.\n				Presentation.\n				Imaging Findings.\n				Treatment.\n			Anomalies of the Branchial Apparatus\n				Embryogenesis of the Branchial Apparatus.\n				Etiology of Branchial Anomalies.\n				Classification.\n				First Branchial Anomalies.\n					Embryology.\n					Presentation.\n					Imaging findings.\n					Treatment.\n				Second Branchial Anomalies.\n					Classification.\n					Presentation.\n					Imaging findings.\n					Treatment.\n				Third and Fourth Branchial Anomalies.\n					Embryology.\n					Presentation and imaging findings.\n					Treatment.\n				Cervical Thymic Remnant\n					Embryology and etiology.\n					Presentation.\n					Imaging findings.\n					Differential diagnosis.\n					Treatment.\n			Dermoid/Epidermoid Cyst\n				Embryology.\n				Presentation.\n				Imaging Findings.\n			Teratoma\n				Cervical Teratomas.\n					Embryology.\n					Imaging findings.\n					Differential diagnosis.\n					Treatment.\n		Congenital Masses of the Nose\n			Nasal Dermal Sinus Cyst\n				Embryology.\n				Presentation.\n				Imaging Findings.\n				Treatment.\n			Nasal Gliomas (Heterotopias)\n				Presentation.\n				Imaging Findings.\n			Cephaloceles\n				Anterior (Sincipital Cephaloceles).\n				Basal Cephaloceles.\n					Embryogenesis.\n					Histology.\n					Imaging.\n			Nasopharyngeal Teratomas\n		Malignant Neoplasms\n			Lymphoma\n				Hodgkin’s Lymphoma.\n				Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma.\n				Imaging Findings.\n			Rhabdomyosarcoma\n				Presentation.\n				Imaging Findings.\n				Treatment and Prognosis.\n			Neuroblastoma\n				Presentation.\n				Imaging Findings.\n				Differential Diagnosis and Treatment.\n			Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma\n				Presentation and Classification.\n				Imaging Findings.\n			Thyroid Carcinoma\n				Presentation.\n				Imaging Findings.\n				Treatment.\n			Synovial Sarcoma\n				Presentation.\n				Imaging Findings.\n				Treatment.\n			Esthesioneuroblastoma\n				Presentation.\n				Imaging Findings.\n				Prognosis and Treatment.\n		Benign Masses\n			Juvenile Angiofibroma\n				Presentation.\n				Imaging Findings.\n				Treatment and Prognosis.\n			Neurogenic Tumors\n				Presentation.\n				Imaging Findings.\n		Vascular and Lymphatic Malformations\n			Hemangioma of Infancy and Vascular Malformation\n				Classification.\n				Imaging Findings.\n			Rapidly Involuting Congenital Hemangioma, Noninvoluting Congenital Hemangioma, and Infantile Hemangioma\n			PHACE\n		Masslike Conditions\n			Musculoskeletal Fibromatoses\n				Fibromatosis Colli.\n					Presentation.\n					Imaging findings.\n					Treatment.\n				Aggressive Infantile Fibromatosis.\n					Presentation.\n					Imaging findings.\n					Treatment and prognosis.\n			Adenopathy/Adenitis of the Neck\n				Presentation.\n				Imaging Findings.\n		References\nChapter 27\n	27 Noninfectious Inflammatory Diseases Affecting the Spinal Cord\n		Introduction\n		Systemic Lupus Erythematosus\n		Sarcoidosis\n		Multiple Sclerosis\n		Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis\n		Neuromyelitis Optica\n		Sjögren’s Syndrome\n		Antiphospholipid Syndrome\n		Postradiation Myelopathy\n		Guillain-Barré Syndrome\n		References\nChapter 28\n	28 Spinal Trauma\n		Cervical Spine Trauma\n			Indications\n			Imaging Modalities\n				Plain Radiographs\n				Computed Tomography\n				Magnetic Resonance Imaging\n			Incidence\n			Fractures\n				Craniocervical Injuries\n					Anatomy of the Craniocervical Junction.\n						Bony anatomy.\n						Ligamentous anatomy.\n						Ligamentous function.\n						Craniometry.\n					Types of Craniocervical Injury\n						Atlantooccipital dissociation.\n						Occipital condyle fractures.\n						Fractures of the atlas and transverse ligament rupture.\n						Atlantoaxial rotatory deformity.\n						Odontoid fractures.\n						Traumatic spondylolisthesis of the axis.\n				Subaxial Cervical Spine Trauma\n					Subaxial Ligamentous Injury Classification.\n						Morphology.\n							Compression.\n							Distraction.\n							Translation/rotation.\n						Discoligamentous complex integrity.\n						Neurologic status.\n						How to use the SLIC.\n					Cervical Spine Injury Severity Score.\n		Thoracolumbar Spinal Trauma\n			Indications\n			Imaging Modalities\n			Incidence\n			Anatomy\n			Classification\n				AOSpine Thoracolumbar Spine Injury Classification System\n					Morphology Classification\n					Grading of Neurologic Deficit\n					Case-Specific Modifiers\n				Thoracolumbar Injury Classification Scale\n				Thoracolumbar Spine Injury Classification and Severity Scale\n					Morphology of Injury (Fig. 28-30)\n					Integrity of the Posterior Ligamentous Complex.\n					Neurologic Status\n			Evaluation of the Ligamentous Structures\n			Evaluation of Cord Injury\n			Thoracolumbar Fractures in Patients with Ankylosing Spondylitis\n			Sacral Insufficiency Fractures\n			Chronic Conditions Attributed to Trauma of the Thoracolumbar Spine\n				Cord Herniation\n		References\nChapter 29\n	29 Degenerative Disease\n		Introduction\n		Imaging Guidelines, Techniques, and Methods\n			Radiography\n			CT/CT Myelography\n			MRI\n		Lumbar Spine\n			Anatomy\n			Imaging of Lumbar Degenerative Disk Disease\n				Pathophysiology.\n				Modic Changes.\n				High-Intensity Zones.\n				Disk Herniation Nomenclature.\n		Cervical Spine\n			Anatomy\n			Imaging of Cervical Degenerative Disk Disease\n				Pathophysiology.\n		Thoracic Disk Disease\n			Anatomy\n			Imaging of Thoracic Degenerative Disk Disease\n				Pathophysiology.\n		References\nChapter 30\n	30 Spinal Tumors\n		Introduction\n		Intramedullary Spinal Cord Tumors\n			Ependymoma\n				Epidemiology.\n				Presentation and Natural History.\n				Pathophysiology.\n				Imaging.\n			Astrocytoma\n				Epidemiology.\n				Presentation and Natural History.\n				Pathophysiology.\n				Imaging.\n			Hemangioblastoma\n				Epidemiology.\n				Presentation and Natural History.\n				Pathophysiology.\n				Imaging.\n			Ganglioglioma\n				Epidemiology.\n				Presentation and Natural History.\n				Pathophysiology.\n				Imaging.\n			Spinal Cord Lymphoma\n				Epidemiology.\n				Presentation and Natural History.\n				Pathophysiology.\n				Imaging.\n			Spinal Cord Metastases\n				Epidemiology.\n				Presentation and Natural History.\n				Imaging.\n		Extradural Spinal Tumors\n			Metastatic Disease\n				Epidemiology.\n				Presentation and Natural History.\n				Pathophysiology.\n				Imaging.\n			Multiple Myeloma\n				Epidemiology.\n				Presentation and Natural History.\n				Pathophysiology.\n				Imaging.\n			Primary Spinal Lymphoma\n				Epidemiology.\n				Presentation and Natural History.\n				Pathophysiology.\n				Imaging.\n			Chordoma\n				Epidemiology.\n				Presentation and Natural History.\n				Pathophysiology.\n				Imaging.\n			Chondrosarcoma\n				Epidemiology.\n				Presentation and Natural History.\n				Pathophysiology.\n				Imaging.\n			Osteosarcoma\n				Epidemiology.\n				Presentation and Natural History.\n				Pathophysiology.\n				Imaging.\n			Ewing’s Sarcoma and Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor\n				Epidemiology.\n				Presentation and Natural History.\n				Pathophysiology.\n				Imaging.\n			Hemangioma\n				Epidemiology.\n				Presentation and Natural History.\n				Pathophysiology.\n				Imaging.\n			Osteoid Osteoma\n				Epidemiology.\n				Presentation and Natural History.\n				Pathophysiology.\n				Imaging.\n			Osteoblastoma\n				Epidemiology.\n				Presentation and Natural History.\n				Pathophysiology.\n				Imaging.\n			Aneurysmal Bone Cyst\n				Epidemiology.\n				Presentation and Natural History.\n				Pathophysiology.\n				Imaging.\n			Giant Cell Tumor\n				Epidemiology.\n				Presentation and Natural History.\n				Pathophysiology.\n				Imaging.\n			Eosinophilic Granuloma\n				Epidemiology.\n				Presentation and Natural History.\n				Pathophysiology.\n				Imaging.\n			Summary\n		References\n			Introduction/Intramedullary Spinal Cord Tumors\n			Extradural Spinal Tumors\nChapter 31\n	31 Spinal Infection\n		Introduction\n		Pyogenic Spondylodiskitis\n			Imaging Evaluation\n			Treatment\n		Spinal Epidural and Subdural Abscesses\n			Imaging Evaluation\n			Treatment\n		Granulomatous Spinal Infections\n			Tuberculous Spondylitis\n				Imaging Evaluation.\n				Treatment.\n			Brucellar Spondylitis\n				Imaging Evaluation.\n			Fungal Spondylitis\n		Spinal Meningitis\n			Intramedullary Cord Infection\n		Summary\n		References\nChapter 32\n	32 Cystic Lesions\n		Arachnoid Cyst\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Pathophysiology\n			Imaging\n				Radiography.\n				CT Myelography.\n				MRI.\n		Perineural Root Sleeve Cyst (Tarlov’s Cyst)\n			Pathophysiology\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Imaging\n				Radiography.\n				CT.\n				MRI.\n		Syringomyelia\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Pathophysiology\n			Imaging\n				Ultrasonography.\n				Radiography.\n				CT.\n				MRI.\n		References\nChapter 33\n	33 Spinal Vascular Diseases\n		Introduction\n		Spinal Vascular Malformations\n			Spinal Dural Arteriovenous Fistulae (SDAVFs)\n			Spinal Cord Arteriovenous Malformations (SCAVMs)\n				Spinal Cord (Pial) Arteriovenous Malformations\n					Perimedullary arteriovenous fistulae (PMAVFs).\n					Intramedullary arteriovenous malformations (IMAVMs).\n				Filum Terminale Arteriovenous Fistulae (FTAVFs).\n			Radicular Arteriovenous Fistulae (RAVFs)\n			Paravertebral Arteriovenous Fistulae (PVAVFs)\n			Metameric Arteriovenous Malformations\n			Spinal Cord Cavernomas\n		Spinal Aneurysms\n		Spinal Cord Arterial Infarct\n		References\nChapter 34\n	34 Systemic Diseases Affecting the Spine\n		Paget’s Disease of Bone\n		Renal Osteodystrophy\n		Myelofibrosis\n		Extramedullary Hematopoiesis\n		References\nChapter 35\n	35 Congenital Abnormalities\n		Introduction\n		Embryology\n			Gastrulation (Fig. 35-1)\n			Primary Neurulation (Fig. 35-2)\n			Secondary Neurulation and Retrogressive Differentiation (Fig. 35-3)\n			Formation of the Bony Spinal Column (Figs. 35-4 and 35-5)\n		Open Spinal Dysraphism\n		Closed Spinal Dysraphism with a Subcutaneous Mass\n			Lipomyeloschisis and Lipomyelomeningocele\n			Terminal Myelocystocele\n			Posterior Meningocele\n		Closed Spinal Dysraphism without a Subcutaneous Mass\n			Simple Dysraphic States\n				Normal Position of the Conus Medullaris.\n				Spina Bifida Occulta.\n				Persistent Terminal Ventricle and Filar Cysts.\n				Intradural Lipomas.\n				Fibrolipoma of the Filum Terminale.\n				Tight Filum Terminale.\n		Complex Dysraphic States\n			Disorders of Midline Notochordal Integration\n				Split Cord Malformations or Diastematomyelia.\n					Type I SCM (Fig. 35-13).\n					Type II SCM (Fig. 35-14).\n				Neurenteric Cysts.\n				Dorsal Enteric Fistula.\n				Dorsal Dermal Sinus.\n			Failure of Notochordal Formation\n				Caudal Regression Syndrome (CRS).\n					Type I CRS (Fig. 35-16).\n					Type II CRS (Fig. 35-17).\n				Segmental Spinal Dysgenesis.\n		Segmentation Anomalies of the Spinal Column\n		Conclusion\n		References\nChapter 36\n	36 Nonneoplastic Parenchymal Lung Disease\n		Imaging Techniques\n			HRCT (Thin-Section CT)\n			Spiral or Helical CT\n			MDCT\n			Dual-Energy Computed Tomography\n			Magnetic Resonance Imaging\n		Focal Lung Disease\n			Congenital Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformations\n			Inflammatory Disease\n				Solitary Pulmonary Nodule.\n					Enhancement of lung nodules.\n				Granuloma.\n				Hamartoma and Other Fat-Containing Nodules.\n			Vascular Lesions\n				Vessel-Related Disorders.\n				Pulmonary Infarction.\n				Septic Embolism.\n				Angioinvasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis.\n				Pulmonary Vasculitis.\n				Pulmonary Embolism.\n					Nonthrombotic pulmonary embolism.\n					Pulmonary tumor embolism.\n			Other Focal Lesions\n				Rounded Atelectasis.\n		Diffuse Lung Disease\n			Basic CT Anatomy of the Lung Parenchyma\n				Lung Attenuation.\n				Secondary Pulmonary Lobule.\n			CT Patterns of Abnormality and Anatomic Distribution\n				Increased Lung Attenuation\n					Linear and reticular opacities.\n					Nodules and nodular opacities.\n					Ground-glass opacity.\n					Consolidation.\n				Decreased Lung Attenuation.\n					Cystic lung disease and abnormal airspaces.\n					Mosaic attenuation pattern.\n			Anatomic Distribution of Abnormalities\n				Bronchovascular Distribution.\n				Centrilobular and Peribronchiolar Distribution.\n				Subpleural Distribution.\n			Clinical Categories of Diffuse Lung Disease\n				Primary Disease–Related DLD\n					Sarcoidosis.\n					Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis.\n					Eosinophilic lung disease.\n					Lymphangiomyomatosis.\n				Environmental Exposure–Related DLD.\n					Silicosis and coal worker’s pneumoconiosis.\n					Asbestosis.\n					Hypersensitivity pneumonitis.\n				Drug-Induced Lung Injury.\n					Reactions to specific drugs\n						Bleomycin.\n						Amiodarone.\n						Methotrexate.\n						Sirolimus.\n						Illicit drugs.\n				Collagen Vascular Disease–Associated DLD.\n					Rheumatoid arthritis.\n					Systemic lupus erythematosus.\n					Progressive systemic sclerosis.\n					Sjögren’s syndrome.\n					Ankylosing spondylitis.\n				Smoking-Related Lung Diseases.\n					Desquamative interstitial pneumonia.\n					Respiratory bronchiolitis–associated interstitial lung disease.\n					Pulmonary langerhans cell histiocytosis.\n				Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias.\n					Usual interstitial pneumonia and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.\n					Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema.\n					Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia.\n					Acute interstitial pneumonitis.\n					Organizing pneumonia.\n					Idiopathic lymphoid interstitial pneumonia.\n			Other Specific Disease Processes\n				Pulmonary Edema.\n				Diffuse Pulmonary Hemorrhage.\n				Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome.\n				Pulmonary Emphysema.\n			Airways Disease\n				Bronchiectasis.\n				Chronic Bronchitis and Asthma.\n				Bronchiolitis.\n					Obliterative bronchiolitis (bronchiolitis obliterans).\n					Other bronchiolitides\n						Diffuse panbronchiolitis.\n						Follicular bronchiolitis.\n				Tracheobronchial Papillomatosis.\n			Pulmonary Infections\n				Immunocompromised Patients.\n					AIDS.\n						Mycobacterial infection.\n						Fungal infection.\n						Bacterial infection.\n					Non-AIDS immunocompromised patients.\n		High-Attenuation Parenchymal Abnormalities\n			Metastatic Pulmonary Calcification\n			Primary Amyloidosis\n			Disseminated Dendriform Pulmonary Ossification\n			Pulmonary Alveolar Microlithiasis\n		References\nChapter 37\n	37 Neoplastic Disease of the Lung\n		Malignant Neoplasms of the Lung\n			Preinvasive Lesions\n				Atypical Adenomatous Hyperplasia\n				Adenocarcinoma In Situ\n				Diffuse Idiopathic Pulmonary Neuroendocrine Cell Hyperplasia\n			Lung Cancer\n				Epidemiology\n				Etiology\n				Histologic Classification\n					Non–Small Cell Lung Carcinoma\n						Squamous cell carcinoma.\n						Adenocarcinoma.\n						Large cell carcinoma.\n					Small Cell Lung Carcinoma.\n				Clinical Manifestations\n				Radiologic Evaluation\n					Screening.\n				Diagnosis\n				Staging\n					Primary Tumor (T) Status.\n					Regional Lymph Node (N) Status.\n					Metastatic Disease (M) Status.\n						Stage grouping: TNM subsets.\n					Staging Small Cell Lung Carcinoma.\n				Other Lung Malignancies\n					Sarcomatoid Carcinoma.\n						Carcinomas with spindle or giant cells.\n						Pulmonary blastoma.\n					Pulmonary Neuroendocrine Neoplasms.\n						Carcinoid tumors.\n					Salivary Gland–Type Carcinomas\n						Mucoepidermoid carcinoma.\n						Adenoid cystic carcinoma (cylindroma).\n					Mesenchymal Tumors\n						Primary pulmonary sarcomas.\n			Lymphoproliferative Disorders\n				Primary Lymphomas\n		Benign Neoplasms of the Lung\n			Hamartoma\n			Granular Cell Tumor\n			Sclerosing Hemangioma\n			Clear Cell Tumor\n		References\nChapter 38\n	38 Mediastinal Disease\n		Normal Anatomy\n			Axial Plane\n				Thoracic Inlet Level\n				Left Brachiocephalic Vein Level\n				Aortic Arch Level\n				Azygous Arch–Aortopulmonary Window Level\n				Left Pulmonary Artery Level\n				Right Pulmonary Artery Level\n				Left Atrial Level\n				Four-Chamber Level\n				Three-Chamber Level\n			Coronal and Sagittal Planes\n			Mediastinal Divisions\n		Imaging Techniques\n			Computed Tomography\n			Magnetic Resonance Imaging\n			Positron Emission Tomography\n		Mediastinal Abnormalities\n			Superior Mediastinal Abnormalities\n				Thyroid Goiter\n				Tortuous Great Vessels\n			Anterior Mediastinal Abnormalities\n				Thymic Lesions\n					Normal thymus.\n					Thymic hyperplasia.\n					Thymic cyst.\n					Thymolipoma.\n					Thymic epithelial neoplasms.*\n						Thymoma.\n						Thymic carcinoma.\n					Neuroendocrine tumors of the thymus.\n				Germ Cell Tumors\n					Mediastinal teratoma.\n					Seminoma.\n					Nonseminomatous germ cell malignancies.\n				Parathyroid Adenoma\n				Lymphatic Malformations\n				Hemangioma\n			Middle Mediastinal Abnormalities\n				Esophageal Lesions\n					Esophageal cancer.\n					Esophageal dilatation.\n				Airway Lesions\n				Foregut Cysts\n					Bronchogenic cyst.\n					Esophageal duplication and neurenteric cysts.\n				Pericardial Cyst\n			Posterior Mediastinal Lesions\n				Neurogenic Tumors\n					Benign peripheral nerve tumors.*\n					Malignant tumor of nerve sheath origin.*\n					Sympathetic ganglia tumors.\n					Parasympathetic ganglion tumors.\n				Lateral Thoracic Meningocele\n				Extramedullary Hematopoiesis\n				Paraspinal Inflammation\n			Diffuse Mediastinal Abnormalities\n				Lymphadenopathy\n					Lymphoma.\n						Hodgkin’s disease.\n						Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma.\n						Imaging of lymphoma.*\n					Castleman’s disease.\n						Unicentric hyaline vascular variant and unicentric plasma cell variant.\n						Multicentric plasma cell variant and plasmablastic multicentric Castleman’s disease.\n				Mediastinitis\n					Acute mediastinitis.\n					Fibrosing mediastinitis.\n				Hemorrhage\n				Mediastinal Lipomatosis\n				Mesenchymal Tumors\n				Metastatic Malignancy\n				Vascular Abnormalities and Anomalies\n					Azygous continuation of the inferior vena cava.\n					Persistent left superior vena cava.\n					Superior vena cava or brachiocephalic vein obstruction.\n					Aberrant right subclavian artery.\n					Right aortic arch.\n					Double aortic arch.\n					Left ventricular aneurysm and pseudoaneurysm.\n				Diaphragmatic Hernia\n		Classification of Masses by CT Attenuation\n		References\nChapter 39\n	39 Disease of the Pleura, Chest Wall, and Diaphragm\n		Normal Anatomy\n			Pleura and Chest Wall\n			Diaphragm\n		Pleura\n			Approach to Imaging the Pleura\n				Radiography.\n				Ultrasound.\n				Computed Tomography.\n				Magnetic Resonance Imaging.\n				Positron Emission Tomography.\n			Pathology\n				Apical Pleural Cap.\n				Pneumothorax.\n				Pleural Effusion.\n					Imaging of pleural effusion.\n						Radiography and ultrasound.\n						CT.\n						MRI.\n					Pleurodesis.\n				Pleural Infection: Parapneumonic Effusions and Empyema.\n					Imaging of empyema.\n				Bronchopleural Fistula.\n				Pleural Calcifications.\n				Diffuse Pleural Thickening.\n				Benign Asbestos-Related Pleural Disease.\n				Asbestos-Related Pleural Effusion.\n				Pleural Plaques.\n				Diffuse Pleural Thickening from Asbestos.\n				Round Atelectasis.\n				Pleural Masses and Malignant Pleural Disease\n					Distinguishing malignant from benign disease\n						CT.\n						PET-CT.\n						MRI.\n					Benign pleural masses\n						Solitary fibrous tumor of the pleura.\n						Lipoma.\n					Pleural metastases and malignant effusions.\n					Malignant pleural mesothelioma.\n						Imaging in the diagnosis and staging of malignant pleural mesothelioma\n							Radiography.\n							Ultrasound.\n							CT.\n							MRI.\n							PET-CT.\n						Treatment, assessment of treatment response, and postsurgical evaluation in MPM\n							Treatment.\n							Assessment of treatment response.\n							Postsurgical evaluation.\n					Primary pleural sarcoma.\n						Liposarcoma.\n						Synovial sarcoma.\n						Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma.\n					Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma.\n					Pancoast tumors.\n		Chest Wall\n			Approach to Imaging the Chest Wall\n				Radiography.\n				Ultrasound.\n				CT.\n				MRI.\n				PET.\n			Congenital Chest Wall Anomalies\n			Infectious Conditions of the Chest Wall\n			Chest Wall Masses\n				Benign Chest Wall Masses.\n					Lesions of bone and cartilaginous origin.\n					Tumors of adipocyte origin.\n					Vascular and lymphatic lesions.\n					Peripheral nerve and nerve sheath tumors.\n					Fibroblastic-myofibroblastic tumors.\n				Malignant Chest Wall Masses.\n					Sarcomas.\n					Nonsarcomatous primary chest wall malignancy.\n			Chest Wall Trauma\n				Rib Fractures.\n				Flail Chest.\n				Sternal Fracture.\n				Thoracic Spine Fracture.\n		Diaphragm\n			Imaging the Diaphragm\n			Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernias\n				Morgagni Hernias.\n				Bochdalek Hernias.\n			Diaphragmatic Paralysis\n			Diaphragmatic Eventration\n			Diaphragmatic Trauma\n		References\nChapter 40\n	40 Airway\n		Normal Anatomy\n			Trachea and Main Bronchi\n			Lobar, Segmental, and Subsegmental Bronchi\n			Bronchioles\n		Imaging Techniques\n		Pathology\n			Tracheobronchial Stenosis\n			Tracheobronchial Neoplasms\n			Tracheobronchomalacia\n			Congenital Anomalies\n				Displaced Bronchi.\n				Supernumerary Bronchi.\n				Bronchial Agenesis.\n				Bronchial Atresia.\n				Congenital Tracheal Stenosis.\n				Congenital Tracheomalacia.\n				Congenital Tracheomegaly.\n				Congenital Tracheal Diverticula.\n			Bronchiectasis\n			Bronchiolitis\n		References\nChapter 41\n	41 Chest Imaging in the Pediatric Patient\n		Introduction\n		Congenital, Developmental, and Genetic Abnormalities\n			Congenital Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation (Congenital Pulmonary Airway Malformation)\n			Congenital Lobar Emphysema/Overinflation\n			Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia\n			Pulmonary Sequestration\n			Scimitar Syndrome (Hypogenetic Lung Syndrome)\n			Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformation\n			Bronchial Atresia\n			Cystic Fibrosis\n		Infections\n			Pneumonia\n				Round Pneumonia.\n				Pneumonia with Cavitary Necrosis.\n				Parapneumonic Effusion/Empyema.\n		Trauma\n			Blunt Trauma\n			Nonaccidental Trauma\n		Neoplasms\n			Pulmonary Blastoma\n			Pulmonary Inflammatory Pseudotumor\n			Metastasis\n		Airway Abnormalities\n			Tracheal Bronchus\n			Tracheal Stenosis\n			Tracheobronchomalacia\n			Bronchiectasis\n			Bronchial Foreign Body\n		Mediastinal Lesions\n			Anterior Mediastinal Lesions\n			Middle Mediastinal Lesions\n			Posterior Mediastinal Lesions\n		Vascular Rings and Slings\n			Double Aortic Arch\n			Right Aortic Arch with Retroesophageal Left Subclavian Artery\n			Right Aortic Arch with Mirror-Image Branching and Intact Retroesophageal Left Ligamentum Arteriosum\n			Circumflex Retroesophageal Aortic Arch\n			Left Aortic Arch with Aberrant Right Subclavian Artery\n			Brachiocephalic Artery Compression\n			Pulmonary Artery Sling\n		Miscellaneous\n			Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia\n		Conclusion\n		References\nChapter 42\n	42 Biliary Tract and Gallbladder\n		Biliary Tract\n			Normal Anatomy and Variants\n			Congenital Biliary Anomalies\n				Biliary Atresia\n				Anomalous Pancreaticobiliary Ductal Junction\n				Choledochal Cyst\n				Choledochocele\n				Caroli’s Disease\n			Pathologic Conditions\n				Choledocholithiasis (Bile Duct Stones)\n					Intrahepatic Stones.\n					Natural History.\n					Imaging Findings.\n				Cholangitis\n					Suppurative Cholangitis.\n					Recurrent Pyogenic Cholangitis\n						Incidence.\n						Pathology and imaging findings.\n						Complications.\n					Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis\n						Incidence.\n						Pathology.\n						Imaging findings.\n						Clinical course.\n					AIDS Cholangitis.\n				Parasitic Diseases\n				Bile Duct Strictures\n				Neoplasms of the Biliary System\n					Benign Tumors of the Bile Ducts\n						Bile duct hamartoma.\n						Bile duct adenoma.\n						Biliary papillomatosis.\n						Biliary cystadenoma and cystadenocarcinoma.\n						Other benign tumors.\n					Malignant Tumors of the Bile Ducts\n						Cholangiocarcinoma.\n							Peripheral intrahepatic and hilar cholangiocarcinomas.\n								Mass-forming type.\n								Periductal-infiltrating type.\n								Intraductal-growing type.\n							Extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.\n								Mass-forming or nodular type.\n								Periductal-infiltrating type.\n								Intraductal-growing type.\n							Intraductal papillary mucinous tumors of the bile ducts.\n							Imaging techniques for diagnosis and staging of cholangiocarcinoma.\n						Other malignant tumors of the bile ducts.\n					Tumors of the Ampulla of Vater and Duodenal Papilla.\n		Gallbladder\n			Normal Anatomy\n			Congenital Variants and Anomalies\n				Agenesis of the Gallbladder\n				Duplication of the Gallbladder\n				Phrygian Cap\n				Multiseptate Gallbladder\n				Diverticula\n				Wandering Gallbladder\n				Ectopic Gallbladder\n				Cholecystomegaly and Microgallbladder\n			Pathologic Conditions\n				Gallstones\n				Acute Cholecystitis\n					Emphysematous Cholecystitis.\n					Complications of Acute Cholecystitis.\n						Hemorrhagic cholecystitis.\n						Gangrenous cholecystitis.\n						Gallbladder perforation.\n				Acalculous Cholecystitis\n				Chronic Cholecystitis\n					Xanthogranulomatous Cholecystitis.\n					Complications of Chronic Cholecystitis\n						Mirizzi’s syndrome.\n						Gallstone ileus.\n						Porcelain gallbladder.\n				Hyperplastic Cholecystosis\n					Cholesterolosis.\n					Adenomyomatosis.\n				Gallbladder Neoplasms\n					Benign Gallbladder Neoplasms.\n					Gallbladder Carcinoma.\n					Other Malignant Gallbladder Neoplasms.\n		References\nChapter 43\n	43 Liver\n		Normal Liver Anatomy and Variants\n			Normal Anatomy\n				Surface Anatomy.\n				Functional Segmental Anatomy.\n			Liver Anatomy Variants\n				Variants in Morphology.\n				Variants in Vascularity.\n		Hepatic Imaging Techniques\n			Multidetector CT Imaging of the Liver\n				MDCT Imaging Strategies.\n				MDCT Imaging Protocols.\n					Dual-energy CT applications for liver imaging.\n			Magnetic Resonance Imaging\n				MRI Strategies.\n					Single-shot fast-spin echo.\n					Balanced steady-state free precession.\n					Dual gradient echo in-phase and opposed-phase imaging.\n					Dynamic multiphase 3D spoiled gradient echo.\n					Diffusion-weighted imaging.\n					MRI elastography.\n				MRI Sequences.\n		Diffuse Parenchymal Diseases of the Liver\n			Storage Diseases\n				Fatty Liver Disease.\n				Hemochromatosis.\n				Hemosiderosis.\n				Wilson’s Disease.\n				Reye’s Syndrome.\n				Glycogen Storage Disease.\n				Galactosemia and Hereditary Tyrosinemia.\n				Lipid Storage Disease and Mucopolysaccharidoses.\n				Amyloidosis.\n			Vascular Diseases\n				Portal Venous Thrombosis—Cavernous Transformation of the Portal Vein.\n				Obstruction of Smaller Portal Venous Branches.\n				Portal Venous Air.\n				Budd-Chiari Syndrome.\n				Hepatic Venoocclusive Disease.\n				Liver Disease in Congestive Heart Failure.\n				Hepatic Arterial Obstruction.\n				Intrahepatic Arteriovenous Fistulas—Intrahepatic Shunts.\n				Liver Infarction.\n				Liver Trauma.\n			Inflammatory Parenchymal Diseases and Cirrhosis\n				Viral Hepatitis.\n				Radiation-Induced Hepatitis.\n				Hepatic Sarcoidosis.\n				Hepatic Candidiasis.\n				Hepatic Schistosomiasis.\n				Peliosis Hepatis.\n				Cirrhosis—Portal Venous Hypertension\n					Cirrhosis as multisystem disease.\n					Cirrhosis and its hepatospecific presentation.\n		References\nChapter 44\n	44 Liver: Focal Hepatic Mass Lesions\n		Types of Lesions\n			Pseudolesions and Pseudotumors\n				Arterioportal Shunt.\n				Pseudolesion Due to Portal Vein Obstruction.\n				Pseudolesion and Pseudotumor Due to Third Inflow.\n				Miscellaneous Types of Pseudolesion.\n			Nontumorous Hepatic Mass Lesions\n				Hepatic Cyst.\n				Polycystic Liver Disease.\n				Ciliated Hepatic Foregut Cyst.\n				Masslike Focal Parenchymal Changes\n					Focal sparing in fatty liver.\n					Focal fatty change.\n					Focal iron deposition.\n					Focal nodular hyperplasia.\n					FNH-like lesions.\n				Macroregenerative Nodules.\n				Nodular Regenerative Hyperplasia.\n				Peliosis Hepatis.\n				Biloma.\n				Biliary Hamartoma.\n				Peribiliary Cysts.\n				Caroli’s Disease.\n				Infectious Liver Masses\n					Pyogenic abscess.\n					Amebic abscess.\n					Fungal abscess.\n				Inflammatory Pseudotumor.\n				Granuloma.\n				Eosinophilic Abscess.\n				Parasitic Diseases.\n				Vascular Diseases\n					Hepatic infarction.\n					Anoxic pseudolobular necrosis.\n					Confluent hepatic fibrosis.\n			Benign Hepatic Tumors\n				Cavernous Hemangioma.\n				Hepatic Adenoma.\n				Bile Duct Adenoma.\n				Angiomyolipoma.\n				Infantile Hemangioendothelioma.\n				Leiomyoma.\n				Mesenchymal Hamartoma.\n				Pseudolymphoma.\n				Miscellaneous Benign Hepatic Tumors.\n			Malignant Hepatic Tumors\n				Hepatocellular Carcinoma\n					Incidence.\n					Disease progression, classification, and presentation.\n					Imaging of multistep hepatocarcinogenesis.\n					Early hepatocellular carcinoma.\n					Classic hypervascular hepatocellular carcinoma.\n					Hepatocellular carcinoma with atypical histologic features.\n				Fibrolamellar Carcinoma.\n				Cholangiocellular Carcinoma.\n				Combined Hepatocellular and Cholangiocellular Carcinoma.\n				Cholangiolocellular Carcinoma.\n				Biliary Cystadenoma and Cystadenocarcinoma.\n				Hepatoblastoma.\n				Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma.\n				Angiosarcoma.\n				Undifferentiated Embryonal Sarcoma.\n				Primary Hepatic Malignant Lymphoma.\n				Metastatic Liver Tumor.\n				Miscellaneous Malignant Tumors.\n		Imaging Techniques\n			FDG PET in the Diagnosis of Liver Tumors\n			Diffusion-Weighted Imaging in the Diagnosis of Focal Liver Lesions\n		References\nChapter 45\n	45 Liver Transplantation\n		History\n		Indications for Liver Transplantation\n		Contraindications to Liver Transplantation\n		Evaluation of the Donor\n			Hepatic Artery Anatomy and Variations\n			Portal Vein Anatomy and Variations\n			Hepatic Vein Anatomy and Variations\n			Intrahepatic Biliary Duct Anatomy and Variations\n		Surgical Techniques\n			Cadaver Liver Transplantation\n			Living-Donor Liver Transplantation\n		Posttransplant Complications\n			Vascular Complications\n				Hepatic Artery Complications.\n					Stenosis and thrombosis.\n					Hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm.\n				Portal Vein Complications.\n				Inferior Vena Cava Thrombosis and Stenosis.\n				Other Vascular Complications\n					Splenic artery aneurysm.\n					Intrahepatic arterioportal fistula.\n					Diffuse periportal hypodensity.\n					Splenic artery steal syndrome.\n			Biliary Complications\n				Bile Leak.\n					Types.\n					Imaging techniques.\n					Management.\n				Biliary Obstruction\n					Biliary stricture.\n					Other causes of biliary obstruction.\n			Fluid Collections\n			Adrenal Hemorrhage\n			Neoplasms of the Transplanted Liver\n			Nonneoplastic Hepatic Parenchymal Complications\n			Extrahepatic Opportunistic Infections\n		Conclusion\n		References\nChapter 46\n	46 Pancreas\n		Anatomy\n			CT Anatomy\n			MRI Anatomy\n			Embryology and Developmental Anomalies and Variants\n		Imaging Techniques\n			CT Protocols and Technique\n			Dual-Energy CT\n			MRI Protocols and Technique\n				T2-Weighted Images.\n				T1-Weighted Images.\n				Chemical Shift (In-Phase/Opposed-Phase) Imaging.\n				Contrast-Enhanced MRI.\n			Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography\n			PET CT Technique\n		Pathologic Conditions\n			Inflammatory Processes\n				Acute Pancreatitis.\n					Classification.\n						Mild acute (interstitial edematous) pancreatitis.\n						Severe acute (necrotizing) pancreatitis.\n					Clinical and CT presentation\n						Acute fluid collections.\n						Pseudocyst.\n						Pancreatic abscess.\n						Acute necrosis collection.\n						Hemorrhage.\n				Chronic Pancreatitis.\n					Autoimmune pancreatitis.\n					Hereditary pancreatitis.\n				MRI in Pancreatitis.\n				Groove Pancreatitis.\n				Pancreatic Tuberculosis.\n				Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma.\n					Role of CT in screening.\n					Role of MDCT.\n					Potential role of DECT.\n					Role of MRI.\n					Role of hybrid PET CT.\n					Role of tissue sampling.\n					Postoperative imaging.\n					Pitfalls and differential diagnosis.\n				Endocrine Tumors.\n					Imaging of endocrine tumors.\n				Lymphoma.\n				Acinar Cell Carcinoma.\n				Intrapancreatic Metastases.\n				Cystic Lesions.\n					Types of lesions.\n				Solid Pseudopapillary Tumors.\n				Lymphangioma.\n				Hemangioma.\n				True Epithelial Cysts.\n				von Hippel-Lindau Disease.\n		Trauma\n		References\nChapter 47\n	47 Mesentery\n		Embryology\n		Anatomy\n			Small Bowel Mesentery\n			Mesocolon\n			Omentum\n		Radiologic Manifestations of Mesenteric Disease\n			Abnormal Density of Mesenteric Fat\n			Mass\n			Lymphadenopathy\n			Abnormal Mesenteric Vessels\n		Primary Mesenteric Diseases\n			Congenital\n			Neoplasm\n			Infectious and Inflammatory Disease\n				Sclerosing Mesenteritis.\n				Inflammatory Pseudotumor.\n				Mesenteric Adenitis.\n			Trauma\n			Vascular Disease\n				Acute Mesenteric Ischemia.\n				Chronic Mesenteric Ischemia.\n				Appendices Epiploicae and Ischemic Infarction of Omentum\n					Epiploic appendagitis.\n					Omental infarction.\n				Mesenteric Collateral Circulation.\n		Secondary Mesenteric Diseases\n			Bowel Origin\n				Infection.\n				Inflammatory Disease.\n				Neoplastic.\n			Retroperitoneal Origin\n			Peritoneal Origin\n			Systemic Origin\n		References\nChapter 48\n	48 Spleen\n		Normal Anatomy and Variants\n			Normal Spleen\n			Normal Variants\n		Imaging Techniques\n			Computed Tomography\n			Magnetic Resonance Imaging\n			Positron Emission Tomography–Computed Tomography\n		Pathologic Conditions\n			Lymphoma and Splenic Neoplasms\n				Lymphoma.\n				Angiosarcoma.\n				Metastases.\n				Cysts.\n				Hemangioma.\n				Lymphangioma and Lymphangiomatosis.\n				Hamartoma.\n				Littoral Cell Angioma.\n			Infections and Diffuse Diseases\n				Abscess\n					Bacterial.\n					Fungal.\n				Other Infectious Processes.\n				Peliosis and Bacillary Angiomatosis.\n				Sarcoidosis.\n				Hydatid Disease.\n			Splenomegaly\n				Portal Hypertension.\n				Gaucher’s Disease.\n			Hemochromatosis\n		Trauma\n			Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma\n			Computed Tomography\n			Splenic Injury Grading Scales\n			Angiography\n		Splenic Infarct\n		Miscellaneous Disorders of the Spleen\n			Splenosis\n			Inflammatory Pseudotumor\n		References\nChapter 49\n	49 Peritoneum\n		Embryology\n			Dodds’ Concepts of Retroperitoneum and Peritoneum\n		Normal Peritoneal Anatomy\n			Peritoneum\n				Supracolic and Infracolic Spaces.\n				Perihepatic Spaces.\n					Subphrenic space.\n					Subhepatic space.\n				Pericolic Spaces.\n				Infracolic Spaces.\n			Pelvis\n			Retroperitoneum\n			Peritoneal Reflections or Ligaments\n				Coronary and Triangular Ligaments.\n				Falciform Ligament.\n				Gastrohepatic, Gastrosplenic (Gastrolienal), and Gastrocolic Ligaments.\n				Phrenicocolic Ligament and Mesocolon.\n				Splenorenal (Lienorenal) Ligament.\n				Ileocolic Ligament.\n				Sigmoid Mesentery.\n				Broad Ligaments and Cul-de-sac.\n			Mesentery\n			Greater Omentum\n		Peritoneal Physiology\n			Peritoneal Function\n			Response to Infection\n		Pathologic Conditions\n			Ascites and Peritonitis\n			Tuberculous and Granulomatous Peritonitis\n			Sarcoidosis\n			Complications of Peritoneal Dialysis\n			Hemorrhage\n			Abscess\n				Clinical Signs and Symptoms.\n				Diagnostic Imaging.\n				Specific Anatomic Sites of Abscess Formation.\n					Subdiaphragmatic abscess.\n					Right subhepatic or hepatorenal abscess.\n					Left subhepatic abscess.\n					Omental bursa abscess.\n					Pericolic and interloop abscess.\n					Pelvic abscess.\n					Posterior pararenal space abscess.\n					Anterior pararenal space abscess.\n			Benign Peritoneal Abnormalities\n				Peritoneal Cyst.\n				Cystic Mesothelioma.\n				Desmoid Fibromas (Aggressive Fibromatosis).\n				Inflammatory Pseudotumor.\n				Sclerosing Mesenteritis.\n				Omental Infarction and Epiploic Appendagitis.\n				Lymphadenopathy.\n				Benign Mesenchymal Tumors.\n			Malignant Neoplasms\n				Peritoneal Mesothelioma.\n				Primary Serous Carcinoma.\n				Desmoplastic Small Round Cell Tumor.\n				Primary Mesenchymal Tumors\n					Liposarcoma.\n					Other tumors.\n			Metastatic Disease\n				Omental Changes.\n				Sites of Implants.\n				General Diagnostic Signs.\n				Pseudomyxoma Peritonei.\n		Pet Imaging of Peritoneal Processes\n		References\nChapter 50\n	50 Gastrointestinal Tract\n		Esophagus\n			Normal Anatomy\n			Imaging Techniques\n			Pathologic Conditions\n				Benign Esophageal Tumors\n					Leiomyoma.\n					Fibrovascular Polyp.\n					Hemangioma.\n				Malignant Esophageal Tumors\n					Esophageal Carcinoma.\n						Squamous cell carcinoma.\n						Adenocarcinoma and Barrett’s esophagus.\n						Small cell carcinoma.\n						Leiomyosarcoma.\n						Gastrointestinal stromal tumor.\n						Malignant spindle cell tumor.\n						Lymphoma.\n						Primary malignant melanoma.\n					Tumor Staging\n						Tumor-node-metastasis classification.\n							Primary tumor.\n							Lymph node metastasis.\n							Distant metastasis.\n						Other staging methods.\n					Tumor Resectability.\n					Assessment of Therapeutic Response to Preoperative Neoadjuvant Therapy.\n					Postoperative Evaluation.\n				Other Diseases\n					Inflammation.\n					Achalasia.\n					Esophageal Varices.\n			Trauma\n				Esophageal Hematoma\n				Esophageal Perforation\n				Foreign Body Impactions\n				Hiatal Hernia\n				Diverticula\n		Stomach\n			Normal Anatomy\n				Gastric Wall\n				Perigastric Ligaments\n				Vessels and Nodes\n			CT Gastrography\n			Pathologic Conditions\n				Benign Gastric Tumors\n					Gastric Polyp and Adenoma.\n					Lipoma.\n					Hemangioma.\n				Malignant Gastric Tumors\n					Adenocarcinoma.\n						Tumor detection.\n						Tumor staging\n							Tumor-node-metastasis classification.\n								Primary tumor.\n								Lymph node metastasis.\n								Distant metastasis.\n							MRI staging for gastric cancer.\n							PET imaging of gastric adenocarcinoma.\n						Local recurrence of gastric adenocarcinoma.\n					Lymphoma.\n					Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor.\n					Metastatic Tumor.\n					Liposarcoma.\n					Plasmacytoma.\n				Inflammation and Other Conditions\n					Peptic Ulcer Disease.\n					Gastritis and Other Conditions Causing Gastric Wall Thickening.\n				Congenital Conditions\n					Diverticula.\n					Ectopic Pancreatic Rest.\n					Gastric Duplication.\n				Other Conditions\n					Varices.\n					Gastroduodenal Intussusception.\n					Jejunogastric Intussusception.\n					Gastric Herniation and Volvulus.\n					Corrosive Gastric Injury.\n		Duodenum\n			Pathologic Conditions\n				Malignant Neoplasms\n					Primary Adenocarcinoma.\n					Lymphoma.\n					Metastatic Neoplasms.\n				Other Conditions\n					Trauma.\n					Pancreatitis.\n					Cystic Dystrophy.\n					Aortoduodenal Fistula.\n		Small Intestine\n			Normal Anatomy\n			Imaging Techniques\n				CT or MR Enterography\n				MRI\n				CT and MR Angiography\n					Amount of IV Contrast and Injection Rate.\n					Scan Timing.\n					Slice Collimation, Reconstruction Thickness, and Reconstruction Increment.\n			Pathologic Conditions\n				Benign Neoplasms\n				Malignant Neoplasms\n					Adenocarcinoma.\n					Carcinoid Tumor.\n					Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor.\n					Lymphoma.\n						Peripheral T-cell lymphoma.\n						Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma.\n				Metastases\n					Intraperitoneal Seeding.\n					Direct Invasion.\n					Hematogenous Dissemination.\n				Inflammatory Conditions\n					Intestinal Tuberculosis\n						Incidence.\n						CT and MRI findings.\n						Complications.\n					Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Complex Enteritis.\n					Crohn’s Disease\n						Incidence.\n						CT findings.\n						CT classification.\n						Causes of bowel loop separation.\n						Newer imaging modalities.\n					Eosinophilic Enteritis.\n					Giardia lamblia Infection.\n					Yersinia enterocolitica Infection.\n					Salmonellosis.\n					Whipple’s Disease.\n					Lymphangiectasia.\n					Mucormycosis.\n					Amyloidosis.\n					Cytomegalovirus Enteritis.\n				Gastrointestinal Disease in the Immunocompromised Host: Complications after Transplantation\n					Graft-Versus-Host Disease.\n						Acute GVHD.\n						Chronic GVHD.\n					Posttransplantation Lymphoproliferative Disorders.\n					Pneumatosis Intestinalis.\n				Diverticular Diseases\n				Endometriosis\n			Trauma\n				Incidence\n				Imaging Findings\n			Hernias\n				External Hernias\n					Inguinal Hernias.\n					Femoral Hernias.\n					Incisional Hernias.\n					Richter’s Hernias.\n					Littre Hernias.\n					Spigelian Hernias.\n					Obturator Hernias.\n				Internal Hernias\n					Paraduodenal Hernias.\n					Transmesenteric Hernias.\n					Herniation through Foramen of Winslow into Lesser Sac.\n					Hernia through Broad Ligament.\n			Intussusception\n			Small Bowel Obstruction\n				Degree of Obstruction\n					Complete or High-Grade Partial Obstruction.\n					Low-Grade Partial Obstruction.\n				Types of Obstructions\n					Simple Small Bowel Obstruction.\n					Closed-Loop Obstruction.\n					Strangulated Small Bowel Obstruction.\n						Portal or mesenteric venous gas or pneumatosis intestinalis.\n						Abnormal bowel wall enhancement.\n						Serrated beak sign.\n						Unusual mesenteric vascular courses.\n						Diffuse mesenteric vascular engorgement and haziness.\n						Bowel wall thickening.\n						Ascites.\n				Primary Causes of Obstruction\n					Adhesions.\n					Hernias.\n					Bezoars.\n					Gallstone Ileus.\n					Bowel Obstruction after Abdominal Surgery for Malignancy.\n			Mesenteric Ischemia\n				Mesenteric Ischemia of Arterial Origin\n					Abnormal Bowel Wall Enhancement.\n					Bowel Wall Thickening.\n					Pneumatosis Intestinalis and Portomesenteric Venous Gas.\n					Thromboembolism.\n				Mesenteric Ischemia of Venous Origin\n				Nonocclusive Mesenteric Ischemia\n			Vasculitis\n				Polyarteritis Nodosa\n				Microscopic Polyangiitis\n				Henoch-Schönlein Syndrome\n				Systemic Lupus Erythematosus\n				Behçet’s Syndrome\n			Drug-Induced Enteropathy\n			Radiation Enteritis\n			Obscure GI Bleeding\n				Incidence\n				Diagnosis\n					Radiography.\n					Multidetector Computed Tomography.\n					Capsule Endoscopy.\n		Colon and Rectum\n			Normal Anatomy and Imaging Techniques\n			Pathologic Conditions\n				Colorectal Adenoma and Carcinoma\n					CT Colonography and Screening for Colorectal Carcinoma.\n						Bowel preparation\n							Colonic purgation.\n							Fecal and fluid tagging.\n						Colonic distention.\n						Scanning procedure.\n						Interpretation of scanning results.\n					Diagnosis and Staging of Colorectal Carcinoma.\n						CT and MRI in diagnosis of primary tumor.\n							Mucinous adenocarcinoma.\n							Primary signet ring cell carcinoma.\n							Ischemic colitis.\n							Terminal ileum involvement by right-sided colon cancer.\n							Perforation.\n							Assessment of local tumor spread.\n							Accuracy.\n						Rectal HRMRI and assessment of extramural depth of tumor invasion.\n						Assessment of lymph node spread.\n						Assessment of distant metastases.\n					FDG PET in Preoperative Assessment of Colorectal Carcinoma.\n					Postsurgical Follow-up of Colorectal Carcinoma\n						CT and MRI in postsurgical follow-up of colorectal carcinoma.\n						FDG PET in postsurgical follow-up of colorectal carcinoma.\n				Other Benign Tumors\n					Lipoma and Teratoma.\n					Hemangioma.\n					Cystic Lymphangioma.\n				Other Malignant Tumors\n					Metastatic Tumor.\n					Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors.\n					Lymphoma.\n				Inflammation\n					Crohn’s Disease.\n					Tuberculous Colitis.\n					Ulcerative Colitis.\n					Diverticulitis.\n					Epiploic Appendagitis.\n					Pseudomembranous Colitis.\n					Cytomegalovirus Colitis.\n					Neutropenic Colitis (Typhlitis).\n					Actinomycosis.\n					Schistosoma japonica Infection.\n				Vascular and Miscellaneous Conditions\n					Colonic Ischemia.\n					Radiation Colitis.\n					Pneumatosis Intestinalis.\n					Appendiceal Diseases\n						Mucocele.\n						Appendicitis.\n		References\nChapter 51\n	51 Rectum\n		Anatomy\n		Rectal Carcinoma\n			Introduction\n			Imaging Modalities\n				Endorectal Ultrasonography (EUS).\n				Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).\n				CT.\n				FDG-PET.\n			Imaging in Rectal Carcinoma\n				T Staging.\n				Nodal Staging.\n				Distant Metastases.\n				Follow-up Imaging After Neoadjuvant Chemoradiation.\n				Pitfalls in Local Staging of Rectal Carcinoma.\n				Standard Radiology Report.\n		References\nChapter 52\n	52 Contrast Nephropathy and Its Management\n		Risk Factors for Contrast-Induced Nephropathy\n			Preexisting Renal Impairment\n			Type of Contrast Medium\n			Dose and Route of Administration\n			Other Risk Factors\n		Incidence\n		Pathophysiology\n		Reducing the Risk of Contrast- Induced Nephropathy\n			Identifying Patients at Risk\n			Choice and Dose of Contrast Media\n			Hydration (Volume Expansion)\n			Pharmacologic Manipulation\n		Summary\n		References\nChapter 53\n	53 Adrenal Glands\n		Introduction\n		Normal Anatomy and Imaging Appearance\n		Adrenal Imaging Techniques\n			Adrenal Protocol Computed Tomography\n			Dual-Energy CT\n			Adrenal Protocol Magnetic Resonance Imaging\n			Nuclear Medicine Imaging\n			Ultrasound\n			Adrenal Venous Sampling\n		Pathology\n			Adenomas\n				Unenhanced CT of Adrenal Adenomas.\n				Enhanced CT of Adrenal Adenomas.\n				Dual-Energy CT.\n				MRI.\n				18F FDG PET/CT.\n			Conn’s Syndrome\n			Cushing’s Syndrome\n			Adrenal Metastases\n			Adrenocortical Carcinoma\n			Myelolipoma\n			Pheochromocytoma\n			Adrenal Hemorrhage\n			Adrenal Cyst\n			Adrenal Infection\n			Ganglioneuroma\n			Adrenal Lymphoma\n			Adrenal Hemangioma\n		Algorithm for Workup of the Incidental Adrenal Nodule\n			Adrenal Biopsy\n		Conclusion\n		References\nChapter 54\n	54 Kidney\n		Normal CT Anatomy\n			Perinephric Space\n			Kidneys\n		Imaging Techniques\n			CT Technique\n				Corticomedullary Phase.\n				Nephrographic Phase.\n				Excretory Phase.\n			CT Urography\n				CT Hybrid Urography.\n				CT-Only CT Urography.\n			MRI Techniques\n			Diffusion-Weighted Imaging (DWI) and Perfusion-Weighted Imaging (PWI)\n		Pathologic Conditions\n			Renal Cysts\n				Simple Cysts.\n					CT features.\n					MRI features.\n				Atypical Cysts and Cystic Neoplasms.\n					Category I lesions.\n					Category II lesions.\n					Category IIF lesions.\n					Category III lesions.\n					Category IV lesions.\n				Renal Sinus Cysts.\n			Renal Cystic Disease\n				Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney.\n				Polycystic Kidney Disease.\n					Autosomal recessive polycystic disease.\n					Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease.\n				Unilateral (Localized) Renal Cystic Disease.\n				Acquired Cystic Kidney Disease.\n			Hereditary Syndromes\n				von Hippel-Lindau Disease.\n				Tuberous Sclerosis Complex.\n				Renal Lymphangiectasia.\n				Birt-Hogg-Dubé Syndrome.\n				Lynch Type 2 Syndrome.\n				Hereditary Papillary Renal Cancer Syndrome.\n				Hereditary Leiomyoma Renal Cell Carcinoma.\n				Familial Renal Oncocytoma.\n				Renal Medullary Carcinoma.\n			Malignant Renal Parenchymal Neoplasms\n				Primary Neoplasms\n					Renal cell carcinoma.\n						Imaging findings\n							CT.\n							MRI.\n						Staging of renal cell carcinoma.\n						Postnephrectomy evaluation.\n						Treatment.\n					Collecting duct carcinoma.\n					Wilms’ tumor.\n					Nephroblastomatosis.\n					Renal sarcoma.\n				Secondary Neoplasms\n					Renal lymphoma.\n					Metastases.\n			Renal Pseudotumors\n			Benign Renal Neoplasms\n				Adenoma.\n				Oncocytoma.\n				Juxtaglomerular Neoplasm (Reninoma).\n				Multilocular Cystic Renal Tumor.\n				Angiomyolipoma.\n			Pelvicalyceal and Ureteral Neoplasms\n				Pelvicalyceal Neoplasms.\n					Imaging findings.\n					Tumor staging and treatment.\n				Ureteral Neoplasms.\n			Renal Infections\n				Acute Bacterial Renal Infection.\n					Acute bacterial pyelonephritis.\n					Renal and perinephric abscesses.\n					Emphysematous pyelonephritis.\n					Pyonephrosis.\n				Chronic Renal Infections\n					Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis.\n					Malacoplakia.\n					Tuberculosis.\n					Hydatid disease.\n		Renal Trauma\n			Imaging of Renal Trauma\n			Imaging Classification and Management\n		Renal Blood Flow Disorders\n			Renal Hemorrhage\n				Causes.\n				CT Findings.\n				Treatment.\n			Renal Infarction\n			Renal Artery Stenosis\n				CT.\n				MRA.\n			Acute Cortical Necrosis\n			Renal Artery Aneurysm and Arteriovenous Communications\n			Renal Vein Occlusion\n		Urinary Tract Stones\n			Helical CT Technique\n				CT Findings.\n		Retroperitoneal Fibrosis\n		Urinoma\n		Lithium Nephrotoxicity\n		Renal Transplants\n		References\nChapter 55\n	55 Retroperitoneum\n		Introduction\n		CT and MRI of the Retroperitoneum\n			Abdominal Retroperitoneal Anatomy\n			Pelvic Extraperitoneal Anatomy\n		Retroperitoneal Sarcoma\n			Liposarcoma\n				Well-Differentiated Liposarcoma.\n				Dedifferentiated Liposarcoma.\n				Myxoid Liposarcoma.\n				Pleomorphic Liposarcoma.\n			Leiomyosarcoma\n			Undifferentiated Pleomorphic Sarcoma\n		Primary Retroperitoneal Extragonadal Germ Cell Tumor\n		Retroperitoneal Neurogenic Tumors\n			Paraganglioma\n			Ganglioneuroma\n			Ganglioneuroblastoma and Neuroblastoma\n			Schwannoma\n			Neurofibroma\n			Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor\n		Retroperitoneal Fibrotic Lesions\n			Retroperitoneal Fibrosis\n			Inflammatory Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm\n			Fibromatosis (Desmoid Tumor)\n		Primary Retroperitoneal Fat-Containing Lesions\n			Lipoma\n			Extrarenal Angiomyolipoma\n			Extraadrenal Myelolipoma\n			Primary Retroperitoneal Teratoma\n			Fetus in Fetu\n			Hibernoma\n			Fat Necrosis\n			Pelvic Lipomatosis\n			Pelvic Lipomatosis of Nerve\n			Retroperitoneal Lipomatosis\n		Retroperitoneal Nonparenchymal Cysts and Cystic Lesions\n			Overview\n			Lymphatic Cyst\n			Lymphangioma\n			Mesothelial Cyst\n			Benign Cystic Mesothelioma\n			Mucinous Cystadenoma and Cystadenocarcinoma\n			Serous Cystadenoma and Cystadenocarcinoma\n			Enteric Duplication Cyst\n			Enteric Cyst\n			Bronchogenic Cyst\n			Extralobar Pulmonary Sequestration\n			Epidermoid and Dermoid Cysts\n			Tailgut Cyst\n			Urogenital Cyst\n			Nonpancreatic Pseudocyst\n		Retroperitoneal Fluid Collections\n			Overview\n			Hemorrhage/Hematoma\n			Biloma\n			Chyloretroperitoneum\n			Lymphocele\n			Uriniferous Fluid/Urinoma\n			Inflammatory Noninfectious and Infectious Fluid Collections\n			Hydatid Cyst\n			Pseudomyxoma Retroperitonei\n		Psoas Muscle (Retrofascial) Fluid Collections\n		Pneumoretroperitoneum\n		Retroperitoneal and Pelvic Lymphadenopathy\n			Overview\n			Lymphoma\n			Tuberculosis\n			Castleman’s Disease\n			Cat-Scratch Disease\n			Whipple’s Disease\n			Kikuchi’s Disease and Rosai-Dorfman Disease\n		Other Selected Retroperitoneal Neoplasms\n			Hemangioma\n			Solitary Fibrous Tumor\n			Chordoma\n			Parachordoma\n			Aggressive Angiomyxoma\n			Extramedullary Plasmacytoma and Multiple Myeloma\n			Granulocytic Sarcoma (Chloroma)\n			Extragastrointestinal Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor\n			Extraarticular Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis\n		Miscellaneous Nonneoplastic Retroperitoneal Conditions\n			Amyloidosis\n			Malacoplakia\n			Lymphangioleiomyomatosis\n			Xanthogranulomatosis/Erdheim-Chester Disease\n			Extramedullary Hematopoiesis\n			Inflammatory Pseudotumor\n			Neurogenous Choristoma\n			Ectopic Splenic Tissue\n			Ectopic Pancreatic Tissue\n			Varices\n			Retained Surgical Sponge (Gossypiboma)\n		References\nChapter 56\n	56 Male Pelvis\n		Introduction\n		Anatomy of the Pelvis\n		Prostate\n			Anatomy\n			Imaging Techniques\n				Normal Findings.\n				Benign Conditions\n					Benign prostatic hyperplasia.\n					Prostatitis.\n					Prostatic and periprostatic cysts.\n				Malignant Diseases\n					Prostate cancer.\n						Computed tomography of prostate cancer.\n						Magnetic resonance imaging of prostate cancer.\n		Seminal Vesicles\n			Anatomy\n			Imaging Techniques\n				Normal Findings.\n				Benign Conditions\n					Seminal vesicle cyst.\n					Seminal vesiculitis and abscess.\n					Benign tumors.\n				Malignant Diseases.\n		Testes, Scrotum, and Soft Tissues\n			Anatomy\n			Imaging Techniques\n				Normal Findings.\n				Benign Conditions\n					Cryptorchidism.\n					Trauma.\n					Vascular insults.\n					Fournier’s disease.\n					Intratesticular lesions.\n					Extratesticular lesions.\n				Malignant Diseases\n					Testicular cancer.\n						Computed tomography of testicular cancer.\n						Magnetic resonance imaging of testicular cancer.\n					Lymphoma.\n					Extratesticular malignancy.\n		Penis\n			Anatomy\n			Imaging Techniques\n				Normal Findings.\n				Benign Conditions\n					Trauma.\n				Malignant Diseases\n					Penile malignancy.\n		Bladder and Ureters\n			Anatomy\n			Imaging Techniques\n				Normal Findings.\n				Benign Conditions\n					Trauma.\n					Stones.\n					Masses.\n				Malignant Diseases\n					Bladder cancer.\n		Lymph Nodes\n			Anatomy\n			Imaging Techniques\n				Normal Findings.\n				Benign Conditions.\n				Malignant Diseases\n					Metastatic disease.\n					Lymphoma.\n		Appendix A\n		Appendix B\n			Endorectal Coil Placement\n		Appendix C\n			Split Bolus CT Urogram Protocol\n		References\nChapter 57\n	57 Female Pelvis\n		Imaging Considerations of the Female Pelvis\n			Magnetic Resonance Imaging\n			Computed Tomography\n		Vagina\n			Normal Anatomy\n			Developmental and Congenital Abnormalities\n				Vaginal Agenesis.\n				Vaginal Septum.\n				Congenital Vaginal Cysts.\n			Benign Pathologic Conditions\n				Noncongenital Cysts.\n				Vaginal Fistula.\n				Radiation Change.\n				Endometriosis.\n				Vaginal Leiomyomas.\n			Malignant Pathologic Conditions\n				Vaginal Cancer.\n				Secondary Vaginal Involvement.\n		Vulva\n			Normal Anatomy\n			Developmental and Congenital Abnormalities\n			Benign Pathologic Conditions\n				Bartholin’s Cysts.\n				Solid Lesions.\n				Vulvar Infection.\n				Vulvar Thrombophlebitis.\n			Malignant Pathologic Conditions\n				Primary Vulvar Carcinoma.\n		Female Urethra\n			Normal Anatomy\n			Benign Pathologic Conditions\n				Urethral Diverticula.\n				Skene’s Gland Cyst.\n				Urethral Leiomyoma.\n				Urethral Caruncle.\n				Urethral Fistulas.\n			Malignant Pathologic Conditions\n				Urethral Carcinoma.\n		Uterus\n			Normal Anatomy\n			Developmental and Congenital Abnormalities\n				AFS Class I.\n				AFS Class II.\n				AFS Class III.\n				AFS Class IV.\n				AFS Class V.\n				AFS Class VI.\n				AFS Class VII.\n			Benign Pathologic Conditions\n				Uterine Leiomyoma.\n					Variants of leiomyomas.\n				Adenomyosis.\n				Endometrial Polyps.\n				Endometrial Hyperplasia.\n				Benign Cervical Lesions.\n				Vascular Abnormalities.\n			Malignant Pathologic Conditions\n				Cancer of the Uterine Cervix.\n					Staging of cervical cancer.\n					Role of imaging.\n						Stage I.\n						Stage II.\n						Stage III and IV.\n					Differential diagnosis.\n				Endometrial Cancer.\n					Staging and role of imaging.\n						Imaging findings.\n						Stage I.\n						Stage II.\n						Stage III.\n						Stage IV.\n				Rare Uterine Malignancies\n					Uterine sarcomas.\n					Uterine carcinosarcoma.\n				Other Malignancies.\n		Ovaries\n			Normal Anatomy\n			Benign Cystic Lesions\n				Physiologic Ovarian Cyst.\n				Peritoneal Inclusion Cyst.\n				Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome.\n				Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.\n				Endometriosis.\n			Neoplastic Conditions\n				Role of Imaging.\n				Staging and Treatment.\n				Recurrence.\n				Epithelial Tumors of the Ovaries.\n				Serous and Mucinous Tumor.\n				Endometrioid Carcinoma.\n				Clear Cell Carcinoma.\n				Brenner’s Tumors.\n				Germ Cell Tumors of the Ovaries.\n					Mature teratoma.\n					Immature teratoma.\n					Dysgerminoma.\n					Endodermal sinus tumor.\n				Sex Cord–Stromal Tumors of the Ovaries.\n				Fibroma, Fibrothecoma, and Thecoma.\n				Granulosa Cell Tumors.\n				Sclerosing Stromal Tumor.\n				Sertoli–Leydig Cell Tumors.\n				Metastatic Tumors of the Ovaries.\n			Vascular Conditions\n				Ovarian Torsion.\n				Ovarian Vein Thrombosis.\n		Fallopian Tubes\n			Normal Anatomy\n			Benign Pathologic Conditions\n				Hydrosalpinx.\n				Pelvic Inflammatory Disease.\n			Malignant Pathologic Conditions\n				Carcinoma of the Fallopian Tubes.\n		References\nChapter 58\n	59 Advanced Cardiovascular CT Imaging\n		CT Myocardial Perfusion Imaging\n			Technical Prerequisites\n			Measurement Principles\n			Scanning Technique\n			Patient Preparation and Image Acquisition\n			Analysis of CTMPI\n			Future Implications\n		CT-Based Fractional Flow Reserve\n			Technical Aspects\n			Diagnostic Performance\n			Future Implications\n		References\nChapter 59\n	58 Coronary Arteries, Heart, and Pericardium\n		Coronary Artery Anatomy\n			Left Main Coronary Artery\n			Left Anterior Descending Coronary Artery\n			Left Circumflex Coronary Artery\n			Ramus Intermedius\n			Right Coronary Artery\n			Posterior Descending Artery\n			Posterior Lateral Branch\n			Conus Branch\n			Sinoatrial Nodal Branch\n			Atrioventricular Nodal Branch\n		Coronary Artery Anomalies\n			Abnormalities in Origin\n				Anomalies of Origin, Benign\n					Absence of left main coronary artery.\n					Anomalous origin of coronary arteries within the aortic root near the proper aortic sinus.\n					Anomalous origin of coronary arteries outside the aortic root.\n					Origin from anomalous sinus, benign\n						Retroaortic.\n						Anterior to pulmonary outflow tract (prepulmonic or precardiac).\n						Septal (intramyocardial) course.\n						Noncoronary sinus.\n				Anomalies of Origin, Possibly Malignant\n					Interarterial course.\n					Anomalous origin of left main coronary artery from pulmonary artery (ALCAPA).\n					Single coronary artery.\n			Abnormalities in Course\n				Myocardial Bridging.\n				Split (Double) Coronary Artery.\n			Abnormalities in Termination\n				Coronary Fistula.\n				Coronary Veins.\n		CT Technique\n			Patient Preparation\n			Contrast Injection\n			CT Scanning Methods\n			Image Reconstruction and Postprocessing\n			Artifacts on Coronary CTA\n		Coronary Artery Disease\n			Coronary Artery Calcification\n			Coronary Stenosis\n			Coronary Plaque\n			Miscellaneous Coronary Artery Diseases\n			Additional Considerations\n		Coronary Artery Bypass Grafts\n		Coronary Stents\n		MRI in Coronary Ischemia\n			MRI Technique\n				Bright-Blood Imaging.\n				Postcontrast Assessment.\n			MRI for Direct Coronary Artery Visualization\n		Cardiac Chambers and Valves\n			Chambers\n				Right Atrium.\n				Left Atrium.\n				Right Ventricle.\n				Left Ventricle.\n			Valves\n				Aortic Valve.\n					Congenital abnormalities.\n					Aortic stenosis.\n					Aortic regurgitation.\n					Other aortic valve entities.\n				Mitral Valve.\n					Mitral stenosis.\n					Mitral regurgitation.\n					Other mitral conditions.\n				Pulmonary Valve.\n				Tricuspid Valve.\n			Ventricular Aneurysm\n			Left Atrial Assessment for Radiofrequency Ablation\n		Nonischemic Cardiomyopathy and Myocarditis\n			Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy\n			Dilated Cardiomyopathy\n			Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy\n			Restrictive Cardiomyopathy\n			Unclassified Cardiomyopathy\n			Myocarditis\n		Masses\n			Benign Cardiac Tumors\n				Myxoma.\n				Lipoma.\n				Papillary Fibroelastoma.\n				Other Benign Cardiac Tumors.\n			Malignant Cardiac Tumors\n				Metastatic Tumor.\n				Angiosarcoma.\n				Other Sarcomas.\n				Lymphoma.\n			Tumorlike Lesions\n				Thrombus.\n				Lipomatous Hypertrophy of the Atrial Septum.\n		Pericardial Disease\n			Anatomy\n			Pericardial Cyst\n			Pericardial Defect\n			Pericardial Effusion and Pericarditis\n			Constrictive Pericarditis\n			Pericardial Tumors and Tumorlike Conditions\n		References\nChapter 60\n	60 Musculoskeletal Tumors\n		Skeletal Tumors\n			Imaging Techniques\n				Computed Tomography\n				Magnetic Resonance Imaging\n			Benign Skeletal Tumors\n				Enchondroma\n				Chondroblastoma\n				Osteochondroma\n				Chondromyxoid Fibroma\n				Osteoid Osteoma\n				Osteoblastoma\n				Intraosseous Lipoma\n				Nonossifying Fibroma\n				Simple Bone Cyst\n				Aneurysmal Bone Cyst\n				Giant Cell Tumor\n			Malignant Skeletal Tumors\n				Multiple Myeloma\n				Osteosarcoma\n				Chondrosarcoma\n				Ewing’s Sarcoma\n		Soft Tissue Tumors\n			Imaging Techniques\n			Benign Soft Tissue Tumors\n				Lipoma\n				Vascular Anomalies\n				Benign Nerve Sheath Tumors\n				Desmoid Tumor\n				Intramuscular Myxoma\n				Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis\n			Malignant Soft Tissue Tumors\n				Liposarcoma\n				Undifferentiated Pleomorphic Sarcoma\n				Synovial Sarcoma\n		References\nChapter 61\n	61 Shoulder\n		Normal Anatomy\n			Gross Anatomy\n			Cross-sectional Anatomy\n				Axial Projection (Fig. 61-1).\n				Coronal Oblique Projection (Fig. 61-2).\n				Sagittal Oblique Projection (Fig. 61-3).\n				Abduction, External Rotation Positioning (Fig. 61-4).\n		Imaging Techniques\n		Rotator Cuff Disease, Impingement, and Instability\n			Rotator Cable–Crescent Complex\n			Pathophysiology of Rotator Cuff Disease and Impingement\n				Subcoracoid Impingement.\n				Noninsertional Tendinosis of Subscapularis.\n			Effect of Acromion Configuration on Rotator Cuff Tears and Impingement\n			Presentation of Impingement Syndrome\n			Imaging Features of Rotator Cuff Disease\n				Partial-Thickness Tears.\n				Full-Thickness Tears.\n				Rotator Interval Tears.\n			Imaging Procedure\n			Pitfalls in Diagnosis\n			Postsurgical Imaging of the Rotator Cuff\n		Abnormalities of the Biceps Tendon\n			Bicipital Tendinopathy\n			Bicipital Tendon Dislocation\n			Congenital Absence of the Biceps Tendon\n		Anterior Glenohumeral Instability\n			Pathophysiology\n			Imaging of Anterior Glenohumeral Instability\n				Labral Tears\n					Diagnosis.\n					Pitfalls and variants in diagnosis of labral tears.\n				Other Structures in Stability.\n		Posterior Glenohumeral Instability\n			Pathophysiology\n			Imaging of Posterior Glenohumeral Instability\n		Superior Labrum Lesions\n			Pathophysiology\n				Superior Labrum–Anterior Cuff Lesions.\n				Peelback Lesion and Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit.\n		Calcium Deposition Diseases\n			Calcific Tendinitis\n			Idiopathic Destructive Arthritis\n			Periarticular Calcinosis and Tumoral Calcinosis\n		Adhesive Capsulitis\n		Rheumatoid Arthritis\n		Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis\n		Neurogenic Shoulder Dysfunction\n			Suprascapular Nerve\n			Acute Brachial Neuritis\n			Quadrilateral Space Syndrome\n		Trauma\n		Imaging of Shoulder Arthroplasty\n		Conclusion\n		Acknowledgments\n		References\nChapter 62\n	62 Hip and Pelvis\n		Introduction\n		Normal Anatomy\n		Anatomic Variants\n			Os Acetabuli\n			Synovial Herniation Pit\n			Sublabral Sulcus\n			Supra-Acetabular Fossa\n			Stellate Crease\n			Plicae and Pectinofoveal Fold\n			Iliopsoas Bursa\n		Congenital and Developmental Abnormalities\n			Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip\n			Proximal Femoral Focal Deficiency\n			Rotation and Version Deformities\n		Pathologic Conditions\n			FAI, Acetabular Labral Abnormalities, and Other Intraarticular Pathology\n				Labral Tears.\n				Femoroacetabular Impingement.\n			Other Impingement\n				Snapping Tendon Syndromes and Other Symptomatic Tendon Abnormalities\n					Snapping iliopsoas.\n					Snapping iliotibial band/tensor fascia lata.\n					Hamstrings tendinopathy and snapping.\n				Ischiofemoral Impingement.\n			Greater Trochanteric Pain Syndrome\n			Athletic Pubalgia\n			Arthritis\n				Osteoarthritis.\n				Inflammatory Arthritis.\n				Septic Arthritis.\n			Infiltrative Disorders\n				Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis.\n				Synovial Chondromatosis.\n				Amyloidosis.\n			Osteomyelitis\n			Soft Tissue Infection\n			Tumors and Tumorlike Conditions\n				Osseous Neoplasms\n					Osteoid osteoma.\n					Chondroblastoma.\n					Chondrosarcoma.\n					Metastases and multiple myeloma.\n				Soft Tissue Masses.\n				Response to Therapy and Recurrence.\n		Proximal Femoral Bone Marrow Edema\n			Osteonecrosis\n			Transient Osteoporosis of the Hip\n			Subchondral Insufficiency Fracture\n		Trauma\n			Acetabular Fractures\n				Elementary Fractures\n					Posterior wall.\n					Posterior column.\n					Transverse.\n					Anterior column.\n					Anterior wall.\n				Complex Fractures.\n			Proximal Femur Fractures\n			Stress Fractures\n			Atypical Bisphosphonate Fractures\n			Avulsion Fractures\n			Soft Tissue Degloving Injuries\n		Summary\n		References\nChapter 63\n	63 Knee\n		Imaging Technique\n		Menisci\n			Normal Anatomy\n			Imaging Anatomy\n			Normal Variants\n			Trauma\n				Incidence.\n				Diagnostic Criteria.\n					Intrameniscal signal.\n					Abnormal meniscal morphology.\n				Classification of Meniscal Tears.\n					Horizontal tears.\n					Vertical tears.\n						Root tears.\n						Bucket-handle tears.\n						Flap tears.\n						Meniscocapsular separation.\n				Differential Diagnosis.\n				Treatment.\n				Postoperative Appearance.\n		Anterior Cruciate Ligament\n			Normal Anatomy\n			Imaging Anatomy\n			Trauma\n				Mechanisms of Injury.\n				Imaging Appearance.\n				Treatment and Follow-up.\n		Posterior Cruciate Ligament\n			Normal Anatomy\n			Imaging Anatomy\n			Trauma\n				Mechanisms of Injury.\n				Imaging Appearance.\n		Medial Stabilizing Structures of the Knee\n			Normal Anatomy\n			Trauma\n				Medial Collateral Ligament Injury.\n					Imaging appearance.\n				Posterior Oblique Ligament Injury.\n					Imaging appearance.\n		Lateral Stabilizing Structures of the Knee\n			Posterolateral Corner\n				Normal Anatomy.\n				Trauma.\n					Imaging appearance.\n					LCL injury.\n					Popliteus injury.\n			Anterolateral Corner\n				Normal Anatomy.\n				Trauma.\n					Iliotibial band injury.\n					Segond fracture.\n					Iliotibial band friction syndrome.\n		Extensor Mechanism\n			Normal Anatomy\n				Quadriceps Tendon.\n				Patellar Tendon.\n				Patellofemoral Joint.\n			Trauma\n				Quadriceps Tendon Tears.\n				Patellar Tendon Injury.\n				Patellar Tendinosis (Jumper’s Knee).\n					Hoffa’s fat pad impingement.\n					Lateral patellofemoral dislocation.\n		Bone and Bone Marrow\n			Imaging Anatomy\n			Trauma\n				Bone Bruises.\n				Stress Fractures.\n				Osteochondral Fractures.\n				Tibial Plateau Fractures.\n				Avulsion Fractures.\n				Bone Infarction.\n		Muscles and Tendons\n		Knee Bursae\n			Normal Anatomy\n			Imaging\n		Cystic Lesions of the Knee\n			Synovial Cysts\n			Ganglion Cysts\n			Meniscal Cysts\n		Nontraumatic Abnormality of the Knee\n			Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis\n			Synovial Chondromatosis\n			Osteoarthritis\n			Hematopoietic and Neoplastic Diseases\n		References\nChapter 64\n	64 Foot and Ankle\n		Anatomy\n			Tarsal Bones\n				Gross Anatomy of the Tarsal Bones\n					Talus.\n					Mortise.\n					Subtalar joint.\n				Anatomic Divisions.\n				Cross-sectional Anatomy of the Tarsal Bones.\n			Ankle Tendons\n				Anterior Tendons\n					Normal anatomy.\n					Injury.\n				Posterior Tendons\n					Normal anatomy.\n					Injury.\n				Medial Tendons\n					Normal anatomy.\n					Injury.\n				Lateral Tendons\n					Normal anatomy.\n					Injury.\n			Ankle Ligaments\n			Accessory Ossicles\n				Os Trigonum Syndrome.\n				Accessory Navicular Syndrome.\n				Os Peroneum Syndrome.\n		Imaging Protocol\n			Radiography\n				Ankle Radiography.\n				Foot Radiography.\n			Computed Tomography\n				Overview.\n				Protocol for Foot, Ankle, and Tibia (Distal)\n					Scanning technique.\n					Reformatting technique.\n						Ankle/distal tibia protocol.\n						Hindfoot/midfoot protocol.\n						Forefoot/midfoot protocol.\n						Navicular protocol.\n			Magnetic Resonance Imaging\n				Coils and Markers.\n				Scanning Technique\n					Imaging planes.\n					Protocols.\n					Sequences.\n				Use of Contrast.\n		Ankle and Foot Injuries\n			Ankle Mortise Fractures\n				Malleoli/Syndesmosis.\n				Fracture Through Tibial Plafond.\n					Pilon fracture.\n					Juvenile tillaux fracture.\n					Triplane fracture.\n			Talar Fractures\n				Osteochondral Defects of the Talus.\n					Radiology and computed tomography.\n					Magnetic resonance imaging and staging.\n				Lateral Process of Talus.\n			Calcaneal Fractures\n				Anterior Process of the Calcaneus.\n			Lisfranc Dislocation\n			Ankle Impingements\n			Arthritis\n				Rheumatoid Arthritis.\n				Gout.\n				Arthrodesis.\n			Tarsal Coalitions\n				Calcaneonavicular Coalition.\n				Talocalcaneal Coalition.\n			Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome\n			Stress Injuries\n				Navicular Stress Fractures.\n				Calcaneal Stress Fractures.\n				Plantar Fasciitis.\n				Metatarsal Stress Fractures.\n				Sesamoid Stress Fractures.\n		Infection\n			Imaging Techniques\n				Radiography.\n				Magnetic Resonance Imaging.\n			Brodie’s Abscess\n		Tumors\n			Soft Tissue Masses\n			Bone Tumors\n				Benign Tumors.\n				Malignant Tumors.\n		References\nChapter 65\n	65 High-Resolution 3T Magnetic Resonance Neurography\n		Pathophysiology of Nerve Diseases\n		Common Applications of MRN\n		High-Resolution MRN Technique\n		How to Interpret MRN\n		MRN of Upper Extremity Neuropathy\n			Median Nerve Lesions and Associated Syndromes\n				Ligament of Struthers and Supracondylar Spur.\n				Pronator Syndrome.\n				Anterior Interosseous Nerve Syndrome (Kiloh-Nevin Syndrome).\n				Carpal Tunnel Syndrome.\n			Ulnar Nerve Lesions and Associated Syndromes\n				Cubital Tunnel Syndrome.\n				Guyon’s Canal Syndrome.\n			Radial Nerve Lesions and Associated Syndromes\n				Spiral Groove Syndrome.\n				Radial Tunnel Syndrome.\n				PIN Syndrome (Supinator Syndrome).\n				Wartenberg Syndrome (Cheiralgia Paresthetica).\n		MRN of Lower Extremity Neuropathy\n			Sciatic Nerve Lesions and Associated Syndromes\n				Piriformis Syndrome.\n			Femoral Nerve Lesions\n			Common Peroneal Nerve Lesions and Associated Syndromes\n			Tibial Nerve Lesions and Associated Syndromes\n				Proximal Tibial Neuropathy and Soleal Sling Syndrome.\n				Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome.\n				Medial Plantar Neuropathy.\n				Lateral Plantar Neuropathy.\n				Calcaneal Neuropathy.\n				Sural Neuropathy.\n				Medial Plantar Proper Digital Neuropathy (Joplin’s Neuroma).\n				Morton’s Neuroma.\n		MRN of the Brachial Plexus\n			Brachial Plexus Lesions and Associated Syndromes\n				Thoracic Outlet Syndrome.\n				Brachial Plexitis.\n				Postradiation Brachial Plexopathy.\n		MRN of the Lumbosacral Plexus\n			Pudendal Plexopathy\n		Tumors and Tumorlike Lesions\n			Focal Peripheral Nerve Mass Lesions\n				Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor.\n			Diffuse Peripheral Nerve Lesions\n		MRN Technical and Interpretational Pitfalls\n		Conclusion\n		References\nChapter 66\n	66 MRI-Guided Interventions\n		Introduction\n		iMRI Suite Setup\n		iMRI System Design and Workflow Solutions\n			Magnet Design Solutions\n			Workflow/Combined-Suite Solutions\n				Hybrid MRI/Fluoroscopy Suites.\n				IMRIS System.\n				MedTrack System.\n				Advanced Multimodality Image-Guided Operating (AMIGO) Suite.\n		Applications of iMRI\n			MRI-Guided Biopsies and Aspirations\n				Head, Neck, and Spine Biopsies.\n				Abdominal and Pelvic Biopsies.\n				Breast Biopsies.\n				Musculoskeletal Biopsies.\n			MRI-Guided Thermal Ablation\n				Concepts for Image Guidance and Monitoring.\n				Technical Considerations.\n				MRI Monitoring of the Thermal Ablation Process.\n				MRI Follow-up after Thermal Ablation.\n			MRI-Guided Fiducial Marker Placement and Wire Localization\n			MRI-Guided Percutaneous Sclerotherapy\n		Conclusion\n		References\nChapter 67\n	67 Image-Guided Aspirations and Biopsies\n		General Perspective\n			Use of Scan Time: Diagnostic Imaging Versus Procedures\n			Cost-Efficiency of Image-Guided Interventions\n			Authors’ Experience and Perspective\n			History of Percutaneous Procedures\n				Brief Historical Summary of Image-Guided Biopsies.\n				FNA Versus Core Cutting Needles.\n		Imaging Preferences\n			CT\n				Advantages.\n					Accuracy of localization.\n					Versatility.\n				Disadvantages.\n			Ultrasound\n				Advantages\n					Nonionizing radiation.\n					Instrument localization.\n				Disadvantages.\n			MRI\n				Advantages.\n			PET Scanning\n			Future of Combined-Modality Imaging\n		Indications for Various Procedures\n			Indications for CT-Guided Procedures\n			Indications for US-Guided Procedures\n			Impact of Greater Experience\n		Potential Complications\n			Needle Complications\n				Skinny Needle Complications.\n				Cutting Needle Complications.\n			Avoidance of Uninvolved Structures\n			Complications Will Occur, or “Complications of No Biopsy”\n			Avoidance of Hemorrhage\n			Pyogenic Contamination\n			Vasovagal Response–Initiated Hypotension and Bradycardia\n			Hysterical Reaction\n			Tumor Recurrence in Needle Pathway\n		Preprocedure History, Review of Images, Planning, and Informed Consent\n			Patient History and Informed Consent\n			Patient Cooperation and Sedation\n			Laboratory Studies\n			Bedside Assessment of Bleeding Diathesis\n			Needle Preferences in Coagulopathic Patients\n			Coagulopathy Treatment\n				Abnormal INR.\n				Low Count or Impaired Platelets.\n				Traditional Infusion Replacement.\n				Local Infusion of Blood Elements for Hemostasis.\n				Occlusive Hemostatic Methods for Cutting Needles.\n		General Procedure Steps\n			Review of Imaging Studies and Selection of Target, Pathway, and Patient Positioning\n			Site Preparation for Cleansing and “Painless” Local Anesthesia\n			Indications for and Selection of FNA and Cutting Needles\n				Comparison of Aspiration and Cutting Needles.\n					Aspiration needles (FNA).\n					Cutting needles.\n				Selection of Aspiration Needle Type and Caliber.\n				Selection of Cutting Needle Type and Caliber.\n					Possible overuse of cutting needles.\n			Needle Techniques\n		Basic Sampling Method for Aspiration and Cutting Biopsy\n			Aspiration Technique\n			Side Cutting Needles\n			Needle Localization and Positioning\n				Axial Slice.\n				Localization of the Needle Tip.\n				Unintended Needle Deflection.\n				Intentional Needle Deflection.\n				Coaxial Cannula Manipulation.\n				Rotation of Cutting Needle to Optimize Sampling.\n			Angled or Out-of-Slice Targeting\n				Freehand Method.\n				Angle-Estimate Method.\n			Intentional Organ Movement or Tissue Retraction\n				Patient Positional Changes.\n				Injection of Gas or Fluid.\n				External Manipulation of Bowel Loops.\n		CT Fluoroscopy, Guidance Devices, and Robotics\n			CT Fluoroscopy\n			Guidance Assistance Devices\n			Robotics\n		Lungs and Mediastinum\n			Image-Guided Background\n			Indications\n			Imaging Preferences\n				CT.\n				PET Scanning.\n			Contraindications\n			Laboratory Values\n			General Technique for Lung Biopsy\n				Target and Trajectory Planning.\n				Procedure Evaluation and Planning.\n					Instrument choice and techniques.\n					Choice and palpation of entrance site.\n					Site preparation.\n					Needle selection and insertion.\n					Sample acquisition.\n				Postprocedure Care.\n				Accuracy of Diagnostic Tissue Recovery.\n			Aspiration Biopsy\n			Cutting Needle Biopsy\n			Improving Diagnostic Yield\n			Complications\n				Pneumothoraces—Factors Affecting Incidence.\n				Hemoptysis—Factors Affecting Incidence.\n				Fatal Events.\n					Air embolism.\n					Intrabronchial bleeding.\n			Specific Sites in the Lung\n				Hilar Lesions.\n				Apical Lesions.\n				Pleural Lesions.\n				Cavitated Nodules.\n				Mediastinal Lesions.\n					Mediastinal anatomy and approaches.\n						Superior mediastinum.\n						Anterior mediastinum.\n						Middle mediastinum.\n						Posterior mediastinum.\n			Pneumonias and Infiltrates\n			Treatment of Complications\n				Pneumothorax.\n				Hemoptysis and Intrabronchial Bleeding.\n				Intrabronchial Bleeding and Air Embolism.\n		Liver\n			Image-Guided Background\n			New Cancer Initiatives\n			Indications\n			Contraindications\n			General Technique for Liver Biopsy\n				Preprocedure History, Review of Images, Planning, and Informed Consent.\n				Imaging Preferences.\n				Procedure Steps.\n					Target and trajectory determination.\n					Instrument choice and techniques.\n					Choice and palpation of the entrance site.\n					Site preparation.\n					Needle selection and insertion.\n					Sample acquisition.\n				Postprocedure Care.\n			Diagnostic Accuracy\n				Factors Affecting Accuracy.\n			Complications and Factors Affecting Incidence\n			Special Pathologic Entities\n				Hemangiomas.\n				Hyperplastic Nodules and Cirrhosis.\n				Hepatoma.\n				Cystic Abnormalities.\n				Endocrine Tumors.\n				Echinococcus Infection.\n		Pancreas\n			Image-Guided Background\n			Indications\n				Solid Tumors.\n				Cystic Masses or Tumors.\n			PET Scanning\n			Contraindications\n			General Technique for Pancreas Biopsy\n				Preprocedure History, Review of Images, Planning, and Informed Consent.\n				Imaging Preferences.\n				Procedure Steps.\n					Target and trajectory determination.\n					Instrument choice and techniques.\n					Choice and palpation of the entrance site.\n					Site preparation.\n					Needle selection and insertion.\n					Sample acquisition.\n				Postprocedure Care.\n			Diagnostic Accuracy\n				Factors Affecting Accuracy.\n			Complications\n				Serious Complications.\n				Factors Affecting Complications.\n			Implications for Surgery\n			Specific Tumors\n				Acinar Cell Carcinoma.\n				Endocrine Tumors—Functional and Nonfunctional.\n				Cystic Tumors.\n			Pseudocyst Aspiration\n		Cavernous Transformation of Portal Vein\n		Kidney\n			Imaged-Guided Background\n			Indications\n			General Technique for Renal Biopsy\n				Preprocedure History, Review of Images, Planning, and Informed Consent.\n				Imaging Preferences.\n				Procedure Steps.\n					Target and trajectory determination.\n					Instrument choice and techniques.\n					Choice and palpation of entrance site.\n					Site preparation.\n					Needle insertion.\n					Sample acquisition.\n				Postprocedure Care.\n			Diagnostic Accuracy\n				Factors Affecting Accuracy.\n			Complications\n				Factors Affecting Complications.\n		Adrenal Gland\n			Image-Guided Background\n			Indications\n			Contraindications\n			General Technique for Adrenal Biopsy\n				Preprocedure History, Review of Images, Planning, and Informed Consent.\n				Imaging Preferences.\n				Procedure Steps.\n					Target and trajectory determination.\n					Instrument choice and techniques.\n					Choice, palpation, and preparation of the entrance site.\n					Needle insertion.\n					Sample acquisition.\n				Postprocedure Care.\n			Diagnostic Accuracy\n			Complications\n		Retroperitoneum and Lymphoma\n			Image-Guided Background\n			Indications\n			Contraindications\n			Retroperitoneal Biopsy\n				Preprocedure History, Review of Images, Planning, and Informed Consent.\n				Imaging Preferences.\n				Procedure Steps.\n					Target and trajectory determination.\n					Instrument choice and techniques.\n					Choice and palpation of the entrance site.\n					Site preparation.\n					Needle selection and insertion.\n					Sample acquisition.\n				Postprocedure Care.\n			Diagnostic Accuracy\n				Factors Affecting Accuracy.\n			Complications\n				Factors Affecting Complications.\n		Peritoneum and Mesentery\n		Spleen\n		Pelvis\n			Indications\n			Contraindications\n			General Technique for Pelvic Biopsy\n			Accuracy\n			Complications\n			Therapeutic Procedures\n		Lymphoceles\n			Indications\n		Large Cysts—Aspiration and Sclerosis\n			Diagnostic Aspiration\n			Cyst Sclerosis\n				Indications.\n			General Technique for Cyst Sclerosis\n				Preprocedure History, Review of Images, Planning, and Informed Consent.\n				Procedure Steps.\n					Insertion of needle and catheter and alcohol treatment.\n				Postprocedure Care.\n		Pancreatic Pseudocyst\n			Indications\n			General Technique for Pancreatic Pseudocyst Drainage\n				Preprocedure History, Review of Images, Planning, and Informed Consent.\n				Procedure Steps.\n				Postprocedure Care.\n			Factors for Success\n				Selection Criteria for Treatment.\n				Success Rates for Percutaneous and Surgical Methods.\n			Complications\n			Different Methods of Treatment\n				Aspiration.\n				External Drainage.\n				Transgastric Drainage.\n				Modified Drainage or Cystogastrostomy.\n		Abscess Aspirations and Drainages\n			Diagnostic Aspirations\n			Mycotic Aneurysms or Infected Vascular Prostheses\n			Percutaneous Abscess Drainage\n			Perspectives on Abscess Drainages\n			Patient Selection\n			Indications for Surgery\n			Treatment of Abscesses by Aspiration and Antibiotics Alone\n			General Technique for Aspiration Treatment\n				General Technique and Steps for Catheter Drainage.\n					Abscess detection.\n					Preprocedure history, review of images, planning, and informed consent.\n					Imaging preferences.\n					Procedure steps.\n						Target and trajectory determination.\n						Diagnostic aspiration.\n						Catheter selection and insertion method.\n							Seldinger method.\n							Single-stick or trocar catheters.\n						Clinical management of catheters.\n							Catheter irrigation and fibrinolytics.\n							Continuous irrigation.\n						Sinograms.\n						Catheter removal.\n				Fistulas.\n			Success Rates\n				Success with Unusual Clinical Circumstances.\n			Drainage Errors\n			Complications\n			Approaches to Specific Anatomic Sites\n				Subphrenic Abscesses.\n				Right Subhepatic Abscess.\n				Left Subhepatic Abscess.\n				Omental Bursa.\n				Inferior Recess of Lesser Bursa and Porta Region.\n				Pericolonic Spaces.\n				Empyema and Pleural Effusions.\n				Liver Abscesses.\n				Pancreatic Abscesses.\n				Renal Abscesses.\n				Splenic Abscess.\n				Perirenal and Pararenal Spaces.\n				Pelvic Abscesses.\n			Controversial Areas\n				Antibiotics.\n				Treatment by Aspiration Instead of Catheter Drainage.\n				Catheters.\n				Mucolytic Agents.\n				Fibrinolytic Agents.\n				Drainage of Splenic Abscesses.\n				Diverticular Abscesses.\n				Infected Neoplasms.\n				Echinococcal Drainage.\n				Amebic Abscess.\n			Percutaneous Nephrostomy\n			Percutaneous Cholecystostomy\n				Indications.\n				Contraindications.\n				General Technique for Percutaneous Cholecystostomy.\n					Anatomic pathway.\n					Preprocedure preparation.\n					Instrument choice.\n					Insertion of needle and catheter.\n					Postprocedure care.\n				Success and Complications.\n			Percutaneous Enteric Stoma\n		Nerve Blocks\n			Celiac Nerve Block\n				Image-Guided Background.\n				Choice of Approach.\n				Indications and Patient Selection.\n				General Technique for Celiac Nerve Block\n					Preprocedure history, review of images, planning, and informed consent.\n					Procedure steps.\n						Selection of entrance site, trajectory, and target.\n						Needle selection.\n						Insertion and placement of needles.\n						Injection of test dose of local anesthetic and “air” marker.\n						Injection of alcohol.\n				Side Effect (Not Complication) of Orthostatic Hypotension.\n				Postprocedure Care.\n				Successful Outcomes.\n				Factors Affecting Success and Complications.\n				Complications.\n			Cryoablation of Celiac Plexus\n		Tumor Ablation\n			Standardized Terminology and Criteria\n			Role of Imaging\n			Postprocedure Imaging\n			Reporting of Tumor and Sizes\n			Standardization of Follow-up Terms\n			Ablative Methods\n				Alcohol and Other Chemical Agents.\n				Thermal Ablation by Radiofrequency.\n					Radiofrequency devices.\n				Thermal Ablation by Cryoablation.\n				Microwave Ablation.\n			General Techniques for Tumor Ablation\n			Liver Thermal Ablation\n				Indications.\n				Surgery Versus Percutaneous Ablation for Liver Lesions.\n					Surgical outcomes.\n					Different minimally invasive techniques for ablative method.\n					Percutaneous outcomes.\n				Contraindications.\n				General Technique for Liver Thermal Ablation\n					Preprocedure history, review of images, planning, and informed consent.\n					Procedure steps.\n					Postprocedure care.\n				Imaging Follow-up.\n					Long-term follow-up.\n				Factors Affecting Success for Liver Ablations.\n				Side Effects.\n				Complications.\n					Factors affecting liver complications.\n			Kidney Ablations\n				Indications.\n				Contraindications.\n				General Technique for Kidney Ablation\n					Preprocedure history, review of images, planning, and informed consent.\n					Procedure steps.\n				Postprocedure Care.\n				Posttreatment Appearances.\n				Tumor Recurrence.\n				Outcomes and Factors Affecting Success.\n				Side Effects.\n				Complications.\n			Lung Ablations\n				Indications.\n				Contraindications.\n				General Technique for Lung Ablation\n					Preprocedure history, review of images, planning, and informed consent.\n					Procedure steps.\n				Postprocedure Care.\n				Side Effects.\n				Postprocedure Findings.\n				Long-Term Follow-up.\n					Assessment of response and detection of tumor recurrence.\n					Assessment of success by patient survivorship.\n				Complications.\n				Factors for Successful Outcome.\n				Factors Affecting Side Effects and Complications.\n			Musculoskeletal Ablations\n				Indications.\n				General Technique for Musculoskeletal Ablation\n					Preprocedure history, review of images, planning, and informed consent.\n					Procedure steps.\n						Choice of target, pathway, and entrance site.\n						Imaging preference.\n						RF probe selection, placement, and treatment.\n				Postprocedure Care.\n				Successful Outcomes.\n				Complications.\n				Side Effects.\n				Factors for Success.\n				Factors Affecting Complications.\n			New Methods to Improve Ablation Efficiency\n			Future Clinical Applications for Radiofrequency\n		References\nChapter 68\n	68 Computed Tomography-Guided Drainage\n		Perspectives on Abscess Drainages\n		Patient Selection\n		Indications for Surgery\n		Imaging Guidance and Access\n		General Technique for Aspiration Treatment\n		General Technique and Steps for Catheter Drainage\n			Abscess Detection\n			Preprocedure History, Review of Images, Planning, and Informed Consent\n			Imaging Preferences\n			Target and Trajectory Determination\n			Diagnostic Aspiration\n			Catheter Selection and Insertion Method\n				Seldinger Method.\n				Single-Stick or Trocar Technique.\n		Clinical Management of Catheters\n			Catheter Irrigation and Fibrinolytics\n			Continuous Irrigation\n			Sinograms\n		Catheter Removal\n		Fistulas\n		Success Rates\n		Drainage Errors\n		Complications\n		Management of Intrathoracic Fluid Collections\n			Pleural Fluid Collections\n				Empyema\n					Pathogenesis and Etiologies.\n					Diagnosis.\n					Indications for Chest Tube.\n					Percutaneous Technique.\n					Results.\n					Complications.\n					Conclusions.\n				Malignant Pleural Effusion\n					Pathogenesis.\n					Management Options.\n					Long-Term Tunneled Pleural Drainage Catheter Procedure.\n			Lung Abscesses\n				Pathogenesis\n				Diagnosis\n				Medical Management\n				Surgical Management\n				Image-Guided Percutaneous Management\n					Technique.\n					Postprocedure Management.\n					Results.\n					Conclusion.\n			Pericardial Fluid Collection\n				Pathogenesis and Diagnosis\n				Management\n				CT-Guided Percutaneous Drainage\n					Technique.\n					Results.\n					Complications.\n					Conclusion.\n			Mediastinal Abscess\n				Pathogenesis and Diagnosis\n				Management\n				Percutaneous Drainage\n					Technique.\n					Results.\n					Complications.\n		Intraabdominal Abscess and Collections\n			Approaches to Specific Anatomic Sites\n				Subphrenic Abscesses\n					Right Subhepatic Abscess.\n					Left Subhepatic Abscess.\n				Omental Bursa\n				Inferior Recess of Lesser Sac and Porta Region\n				Pericolonic Spaces\n				Liver Abscesses\n				Pancreatic Abscesses\n				Renal and Perirenal Abscesses\n				Splenic Abscesses\n				Pelvic Abscesses\n				Enteric Abscesses\n			Controversial Issues\n				Antibiotics\n				Catheters\n				Mucolytic Agents\n				Fibrinolytic Agents\n				Infected Neoplasms\n				Echinococcal Drainage\n				Amebic Abscess\n			Percutaneous Nephrostomy\n				Indications\n				General Technique\n			Percutaneous Cholecystostomy\n				Indications\n				Contraindications\n				General Technique for Percutaneous Cholecystostomy\n					Anatomic Pathway.\n					Preprocedure Preparation.\n					Insertion of Needle and Catheter.\n					Postprocedure Care.\n				Results and Complications\n			Mycotic Aneurysms or Infected Vascular Prostheses\n		References\nChapter 69\n	69 Image-Guided Ablation of Parenchymal Organs\n		Introduction\n		Principles of Tumor Ablation\n			Goals of Tumor Ablation\n			Choice of Ablation Modality\n		Performing Image-Guided Tumor Ablation\n			Patient Evaluation\n			Definitions of Ablation Success\n			Intraprocedural Image Guidance\n			Adjunctive Techniques\n			Postprocedure Imaging and Follow-up\n		Clinical Applications for Tumor Ablation\n			Liver\n			Kidney\n			Adrenal Gland\n		Conclusion\n		References\nChapter 70\n	70 Vasculogenesis\n		Introduction\n			Traditional Vasculogenesis Theory and Its Inconsistencies\n			Principles of ALPHA Vasculogenesis\n		The ALPHA Hypothesis and Imaging\n			Time-Density Curves\n			Blood Volume, Veins, and Venous Biomarkers\n			MRI Permeability Measurements by Ktrans and Kep\n			DWI and FDG PET\n		ALPHA and Implications in Cancer Treatment\n		References