CSET Chemistry 121, 125 Teacher Certification Test Prep Study Guide, 2nd Edition (XAM CSET)

Study Tips......Page 17
Testing Tips......Page 20
Periodic Table of the Elements......Page 21
Skill 1.1a-Differentiate periodic groups and families of elements and their properties......Page 22
Skill 1.1b-Relate valence electrons and the electron shell structures to an element’sposition in the periodic table......Page 24
Skill 1.1c-Predict periodic trends including electronegativity, ionization energy, and therelative sizes of ions and atoms......Page 29
Skill 1.2a-Analyze the evolution of the atomic model......Page 32
Skill 1.2b-Relate atomic spectroscopy and the photoelectric effect to the quantumstructure of the atom......Page 35
Skill 1.2c-Illustrate the position and describe the properties of quarks, protons,neutrons, and electrons within atoms......Page 40
Skill 1.3a-Compare types of molecular bonds including ionic, covalent, and hydrogenbonds......Page 41
Skill 1.3b-Draw Lewis dot structures for compounds and ions......Page 46
Skill 1.3c-Predict molecular geometries using Lewis dot structures and hybridizedatomic orbitals, e.g., valence shell electron pair repulsion model (VSEPR)......Page 47
Skill 1.3d-Relate intermolecular electrostatic forces, including Van der Waals, polarand induced polar, and ionic, to their expected states of matter and their characteristicphysical properties......Page 53
Skill 2.1a-Calculate molar mass, mass, number of particles, and volume, at standardtemperature and pressure (STP) for elements and compounds......Page 57
Skill 2.1b-Calculate the masses of reactants and products, and percent yield usingbalanced chemical equations, including problems with a limiting reagent......Page 58
Skill 2.1c-Distinguish reaction types, including single replacement, double replacement,synthesis, decomposition, and combustion......Page 63
Skill 2.1d-Utilize the rules of oxidation states to balance oxidation-reduction reactions......Page 65
Skill 2.2a-Predict the effect of temperature, pressure, and concentration on chemicalequilibrium (LeChatelier’s principle) and the reaction rate......Page 69
Skill 2.2b-Interpret a diagram showing activation energy along the reaction pathway......Page 72
Skill 2.2c-Identify and predict the role of catalysts on the reaction rate......Page 75
Skill 2.2d-Write and calculate an equilibrium constant expression for a given reaction......Page 76
Skill 2.2e-Know that equilibrium is established when the reaction rates of the forwardand reverse reactions are equal......Page 77
Skill 3.1a-Solve problems using the ideal gas law and use the ideal gas law to predictpressure-volume, pressure-temperature, and volume-temperature relationships......Page 78
Skill 3.1b-Relate pressure, volume, and temperature to the kinetic theory of atoms andmolecules in gases......Page 80
Skill 3.1c-Know and use STP to solve gas law problems......Page 81
Skill 3.1e-Recognize the significance of absolute zero......Page 82
Skill 3.1f-Solve problems using Dalton’s law of partial pressures and Graham’s Laws ofdiffusion......Page 83
Skill 4.1a-Recognize and identify solutes and solvents......Page 84
Skill 4.1b-Calculate concentration in terms of molarity, parts per million, and percentcomposition......Page 85
Skill 4.1c-Describe the dissolving process at the molecular level......Page 87
Skill 4.1d-Explain how factors such as temperature, pressure, and surface area affectthe dissolving process......Page 88
Skill 4.1e-Describe various methods for separation of solutions (e.g., chromatography,distillation)......Page 91
Skill 4.2a-Distinguish between strong and weak acids and bases based on degree ofdissociation and their chemical properties......Page 93
Skill 4.2b-Calculate pH and hydrogen ion concentration in solutions including buffersolutions......Page 95
Skill 4.2c-Use Arrhenius, Brønsted-Lowry, and Lewis acid-base definitionsappropriately to characterize acids and bases and in acid-base reactions......Page 101
Skill 5.1a-Perform calculations using specific heat, heats of fusion, heats ofvaporization, and heat of reaction (enthalpy)......Page 103
Skill 5.1b-Interpret phase diagrams......Page 109
Skill 6.1a-Explain the bonding characteristics of carbon......Page 111
Skill 6.1b-Recognize the chemical structure of various organic functional groups (i.e.,alcohols, ketones, ethers, amines, esters, aldehydes, and organic acids) and provideexamples of reactions involving these groups......Page 113
Skill 6.1c-Inventory the ten simplest hydrocarbons that contain single bonds, multiplebonds, and benzene rings......Page 116
Skill 6.1d-Understand the differences in structure and properties between amino acidsand their polymers and between sugars and their polymers......Page 125
Skill 7.1a-Understand how mass-energy relationships in nuclear reactions andradioactive decay requires the relationship E=mc2......Page 127
Skill 7.1b-Compare and contrast alpha, beta, and gamma decay, and the relative kindsof damage to matter caused by α-, β-, and β- rays......Page 128
Skill 7.1c-Perform calculations involving half-life......Page 130
Skill 7.1d-Contrast the benefits and hazards of the use of radiation and radioactivity......Page 131
Skill 11.1a-Know the principle of conservation of energy and apply it to energy transfers......Page 133
Skill 11.1b-Discuss how the transfer of energy as heat is related to changes intemperature......Page 134
Skill 11.1d-Describe the methods of heat transfer by conduction, convection, andradiation, and provide examples for each......Page 135
Skill 11.1e-Explain how chemical energy in fuel is transformed into heat......Page 137
Skill 11.1f-Design and explain experiments to induce a physical change such asfreezing, melting, or boiling......Page 139
Skill 11.1g-Distinguish between physical and chemical changes and provide examplesof each......Page 140
Skill 12.1b-Know that isotopes of any element have different numbers of neutrons butthe same number of protons, and that some isotopes are radioactive......Page 141
Skill 12.1d-Compare and contrast states of matter and describe the role energy plays inthe conversion from one state to another......Page 142
Skill 12.1e-Discuss the physical properties of matter including structure, melting point,boiling point, hardness, density, and conductivity......Page 145
Skill 12.1i-Explain and apply principles of conservation of matter to chemical reactions,including balancing chemical equations......Page 146
Skill 12.1k-Describe the construction and organization of the periodic table......Page 147
Skill 12.1l-Based on position in the periodic table, predict which elements havecharacteristics of metals, semimetals, nonmetals, and inert gases......Page 148
Skill 12.1n-Predict and explain chemical bonding using elements’ positions in theperiodic table......Page 149
Skill 12.1o-Recognize that inorganic and organic compounds (e.g., water, salt,carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids) are essential to processes within livingsystems......Page 150
Skill 12.1p-Explain the central role of carbon in living system chemistry......Page 153
Skill 1.1 Question Formulation......Page 154
Skill 1.2 Planning a Scientific Investigation (including Experimental Design)......Page 155
Skill 1.3 Observation and Data Collection......Page 156
Skill 1.4 Data Analysis/Graphing......Page 162
Skill 2.1 Scientific Inquiry......Page 169
Skill 2.2 Scientific Ethics......Page 173
Skill 2.3 Historical Perspectives......Page 174
Skill 3.1 Science Literacy......Page 177
Skill 3.2 Diversity......Page 180
Skill 3.3 Science, Technology, and Society......Page 181
Skill 3.4 Safety......Page 182
Bibliography......Page 186
SAMPLE MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS......Page 188
MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS ANSWER KEY......Page 208
MULTIPLE-CHOICE ANSWERS WITH SOLUTIONS......Page 209
SAMPLE CONSTRUCTED-RESPONSE QUESTIONS......Page 262
SAMPLE CONSTRUCTED-RESPONSE ANSWERS......Page 265