Crystals: Growth, Morphology, & Perfection

Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Foreword to the English translation......Page 11
Preface......Page 13
PART I FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS......Page 15
1.1 Historical review......Page 17
1.2 The birth of the concept of crystal growth......Page 19
1.3 Morphology, perfection, and homogeneity......Page 20
1.4 Complicated and complex systems......Page 21
References......Page 22
Suggested reading......Page 23
2.1 Morphology of crystals – the problems......Page 24
2.2 Tracht and Habitus......Page 26
Suggested reading......Page 33
3.1 Equilibrium thermodynamics versus kinetic thermodynamics......Page 34
3.2 Driving force......Page 35
3.3 Heat and mass transfer......Page 37
3.4 Examples of mass transfer......Page 41
3.5 Laminar flow and convection......Page 45
3.6 Nucleation......Page 46
3.7 Lattice defects......Page 48
3.8 Interfaces......Page 51
3.9 Spiral growth......Page 58
3.10 Growth mechanism and morphology of crystals......Page 59
3.11 Morphological instability......Page 61
3.12 Driving force and morphology of crystals......Page 64
3.13 Morphodroms......Page 67
3.14 Element partitioning......Page 70
3.15 Inclusions......Page 71
References......Page 72
Suggested reading......Page 73
4.1 Forms of polyhedral crystals......Page 74
4.2 Structural form......Page 75
4.3 Equilibrium form......Page 79
4.4.1 Logical route for analysis......Page 82
4.4.2 Anisotropy involved in the ambient phase......Page 84
4.4.3 Whiskers......Page 86
4.4.4 Habitus change due to temperature......Page 89
MAJOR FACTORS......Page 90
IMPURITIES......Page 92
AMBIENT PHASES AND SOLVENT COMPONENTS......Page 95
TRACHT CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH GROWTH......Page 97
4.4.6 Ultra-fine particles......Page 99
References......Page 100
Suggested reading......Page 102
5.1 The three types of crystal faces......Page 103
5.2 Methods of observation......Page 105
5.3 Spiral steps......Page 108
5.4 Circular and polygonal spirals......Page 109
5.5 Interlaced patterns......Page 112
5.6 Step separation......Page 114
5.7 Formation of hollow cores......Page 116
5.8 Composite spirals......Page 119
5.9 Bunching......Page 121
5.10 Etching......Page 124
5.11 Surface microtopography: Tracht and Habitus......Page 127
References......Page 128
Suggested reading......Page 129
6.1 Imperfections and inhomogeneities seen in single crystals......Page 130
6.2 Formation of growth banding and growth sectors......Page 132
6.3 Origin and spatial distribution of dislocations......Page 137
References......Page 140
7.1 Regular intergrowth relations......Page 141
7.2.2 Energetic considerations......Page 142
7.2.3 Re-entrant corner effect and pseudo re-entrant corner effect......Page 146
7.2.4 Penetration twins and contact twins......Page 148
7.2.5 Transformation twin......Page 150
7.3 Parallel growth and other intergrowth......Page 151
7.4 Epitaxy......Page 154
7.5 Exsolution, precipitation, and spinodal decomposition......Page 159
Suggested reading......Page 163
8.1 Geometrical selection......Page 164
8.2 Formation of banding......Page 166
8.3 Spherulites......Page 167
8.4 Framboidal polycrystalline aggregation......Page 171
8.5 Texture formation in multi-component systems......Page 173
Suggested reading......Page 177
PART II APPLICATION TO COMPLICATED AND COMPLEX SYSTEMS (CASE STUDIES)......Page 179
9.1 Structure, properties, and use......Page 181
9.2 Growth versus dissolution......Page 185
9.3 Single crystals and polycrystals......Page 190
9.4.1 Structural form......Page 193
9.4.2 Characteristics of {111}, {110}, and {100} faces......Page 194
9.4.3 Textures seen inside a single crystal......Page 195
9.4.4 Different solvents (synthetic diamond)......Page 197
9.4.6 Coated diamond and cuboid form......Page 201
9.4.7 Origin of seed crystals......Page 203
9.4.8 Type II crystals showing irregular forms......Page 208
References......Page 210
Suggested reading......Page 211
10.1 Silica minerals......Page 212
10.2 Structural form......Page 215
10.3 Growth forms......Page 216
10.5.1 Seed crystals and forms......Page 218
10.5.3 Tapered crystals......Page 221
10.5.4 Solution flow......Page 222
10.6.1 Types of twins......Page 223
10.6.2 Japanese twins......Page 224
10.6.3 Brazil twins......Page 227
10.7 Scepter quartz......Page 230
10.8 Thin platy crystals and curved crystals......Page 231
10.9 Agate......Page 232
References......Page 237
11.1.1 Tracht and Habitus......Page 239
11.1.2 Characteristics of surface microtopographs......Page 241
11.1.3 Growth conditions and Tracht......Page 242
11.1.4 Polycrystalline aggregates......Page 244
11.2.1 Habitus......Page 245
11.2.2 Surface microtopography......Page 246
References......Page 249
12.1 Crystal growth in pegmatite......Page 250
12.2 Hematite formed by post-volcanic action......Page 257
12.3 Hematite and phlogopite in druses of volcanic rocks......Page 261
References......Page 264
13.1 Kaolin group minerals formed by hydrothermal replacement (metasomatism)......Page 265
13.2 Trapiche emerald and trapiche ruby......Page 266
13.3 Muscovite formed by regional metamorphism......Page 271
References......Page 274
14.1 Crystal growth in living bodies......Page 275
14.2.1 Hydroxyapatite......Page 278
14.2.2 Polymorphic minerals of CaCO3......Page 280
14.2.3 Magnetite......Page 286
14.3 Crystals formed through excretion processes......Page 287
14.5 Crystals whose functions are still unknown......Page 288
References......Page 290
A.1 Setting of crystallographic axes......Page 293
A.2 The fourteen Bravais lattices and seven crystal systems......Page 295
A.3 Indexing of crystal faces and zones......Page 297
A.5 Stereographic projections of the symmetry involved in the thirty-two crystal classes (point groups)......Page 299
Materials index......Page 302
Subject index......Page 304