Crypto Wars: The Fight for Privacy in the Digital Age: A Political History of Digital Encryption

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Preface
Prologue: A New Cryptological Era
Chapter 1 The Crypto Wars
	References
Chapter 2 A Brief History of Communications Revolutions
	2.1 The Written Word
	2.2 Printing Press
	2.3 Postal System
	2.4 Telegraph
	2.5 Telephone
	2.6 Communications Revolutions Summary
	References
Chapter 3 The Cypherpunks
	3.1 The Most Extreme Crypto-Anarchist Manifestation: Assassination Politics
	3.2 Arise, Cypherpunks
	3.3 The Fear of Big Brother
	3.4 Cypherpunk Objectives
		3.4.1 No Government Cryptography Regulations: Freedom for the Bits!
		3.4.2 Anonymous Communications: A Shield from the Tyranny of the Majority
		3.4.3 Anonymous Economic Transactions (Cryptocurrencies)
		3.4.4 Whistleblowing Platforms to Constrain Governments: Falling the Beast
	3.5 Digital Insurgents: Code Is Law
	3.6 The Crypto Singularity
	3.7 How Anarchist Were the Cypherpunks?
	3.8 The Hacker Ethic
	3.9 Cypherpunks and Counterculture: Levitating the Pentagon
	3.10 The Source of the Cypherpunks’ Distrust
	3.11 Cypherpunk Literature and Film
	References
Chapter 4 Crypto War I (1966–1981): The Data Encryption Standard (DES)
	4.1 The Codebreakers: David Kahn Publishes a Cryptological Bible
	4.2 An Enigmatic German: Horst Feistel and Digital Dossiers
	4.3 The Demon Re-Christened
	4.4 Seeking a Data Encryption Standard
	4.5 Public Critique
	4.6 The Workshops: Government Attempts to Ease Public DES Concerns
	4.7 Senate DES Investigation
	4.8 The 1990s: Cypherpunks Plot DES’ Demise
	4.9 DES: In Retrospect
	4.10 A Quarter Century of Protest
	References
Chapter 5 Crypto War I (1966–1981): The Battle for Academic Freedom
	5.1 An Itinerate Cryptographer: Whitfield Diffie Meets Martin Hellman
	5.2 Diffie and Cryptology
	5.3 Hellman and Cryptology
	5.4 Public Key Cryptography: Solving the Key Distribution Problem
	5.5 New Directions in Cryptography
	5.6 The MIT Trio: Rivest, Shamir, and Adleman (RSA)
	5.7 Human Ingenuity: Testing RSA
	5.8 NSA Employee Warns Cryptographers against Publishing
	5.9 Government Concerns of ITAR and EAR Constitutionality in the 1970s–80s
	5.10 The National Science Foundation: The Cryptologists’ Achilles’ Heel?
	5.11 The Cryptographic Information Protection Act and a New NSA Director
	5.12 NSA Classifies Cryptographic Inventions
	5.13 The Sky Is Falling: NSA Engage Academia and Take Their Message Public
	5.14 Public Cryptography Study Group and the Voluntary Review System
	5.15 Adleman Receives Funding from an Unwanted Source
	5.16 Voluntary Review Loses Its Efficacy
	5.17 The First Crypto War: Summary
	5.18 Did the Digital Privacy Activists Make a Difference?
	References
Chapter 6 Crypto War II (1991–2002): Digital Signature Standard (DSS) and Key Escrow (Clipper)
	6.1 Digital Signature Standard
	6.2 Key Escrow: Clipper Chip Genesis
	6.3 Key Escrow: Public Response
	6.4 Key Escrow: Son of Clipper
	6.5 Cryptography’s Role in Securing the Information Society (CRISIS)
	6.6 Key Escrow: Clipper III
	References
Chapter 7 Crypto War II (1991–2002): Export Battles
	7.1 Outlawing Cryptography: 1991 Comprehensive Counter-Terrorism Act
	7.2 Encryption for the Masses: Phil Zimmermann
	7.3 PGP: v2.0 and Cypherpunks’ Launch
	7.4 PGP: Investigation of Phil Zimmermann
	7.5 PGP: Publicity and Encryption’s Greater Good Argument
	7.6 PGP: Resolving the Patent Issue and MIT Protection
	7.7 PGP: Circumventing Export Controls
	7.8 PGP: Conclusion of the Zimmermann Investigation
	7.9 Code as Constitutionally Protected Speech I: Daniel Bernstein
	7.10 Code as Constitutionally Protected Speech III: Applied Cryptography
	7.11 Code as Constitutionally Protected Speech III: Peter Junger
	7.12 Encryption and Congress
	7.13 Subverting Foreign Governments’ Crypto
	7.14 The Towers Fall
	7.15 The Second Crypto War: Summary
	References
Chapter 8 Crypto War III (2013–Present): The Snowden Era
	8.1 Snowden Ignites Crypto War III
	8.2 NSA Encryption Access Program: Operation BULLRUN
	8.3 Snowden’s Impact
	8.4 FBI Targets Encryption Keys of Snowden’s Email Provider, Lavabit
	8.5 Going Dark: FBI Encryption Fears
	8.6 Apple Defies the Courts: San Bernardino and Exceptional Access
	8.7 Burr-Feinstein Exceptional Access Law
	8.8 Ghost Users: Crypto Wars in the UK
	8.9 The Trump Years
	8.10 Biden Victory
	8.11 The Third Crypto War: Summary
	References
Chapter 9 Conclusion
	9.1 Conclusion: Moving the Debate Forwards
	9.2 Where Do We Go from Here?
	References
Acknowledgments
About the Author
Index