Cross-Cultural Psychology

Preface to the Second Edition
Preface to the First Edition
Contents
About the Author
Subject Area of Cross-Cultural Psychology
	1.1 Aims of Cross-Cultural Psychology
	1.2 Different Research Directions
	1.3 Cross-Cultural Psychology in the Canon of Psychological Subjects
	1.4 Concept of Culture
		Box 1.1: Concept of Culture
		Box 1.2: Enculturation and Acculturation
	1.5 Historical Development
	1.6 Conclusion
	1.7 Questions of Understanding
		Further Reading
Methodological Considerations
	2.1 Etic Versus Emic Approach
		2.1.1 Two Views
			Box 2.1: Etic and Emic View
			Box 2.2: Independent and Dependent Variables
			Box 2.3: Causes and Reasons
			Box 2.4: Quantitative and Qualitative Research Methods
		2.1.2 Universality Versus Uniqueness
		2.1.3 Outside View Versus Inside View
	2.2 Comparability of the Objects of Investigation
		2.2.1 Object of Comparison and Standard of Comparison
		2.2.2 Equivalence Postulates
		2.2.3 Consequences for Cross-Cultural Comparison
			Box 2.5: From Research: Fictitious Example
	2.3 Methods of Data Collection and Analysis
		Box 2.6: Organismic Variables
		Box 2.7: From Research: Fictitious Example of a Multi-level Analysis
	2.4 Selection of Suitable Study Units
		2.4.1 Selection of Cultures
		2.4.2 Selection of Individuals
		2.4.3 Selection of Situations and Instruments
	2.5 Statistical Testing of Hypotheses
		Box 2.8: Meta-Analysis
	2.6 Conclusion
	2.7 Questions of Understanding
		Further Reading
Culture and Phylogenetic Development
	3.1 Human Universals as a Result of Natural Selection
		Box 3.1: Ontogenesis and Phylogenesis
		Box 3.2: Hardy-Weinberg Law of Genetic Equilibrium
	3.2 Adaptation and Exaptation
		Box 3.3: Adaptation and Exaptation
	3.3 Conclusion
	3.4 Questions of Understanding
		Further Reading
Nature-Nurture Controversy from a Cross-Cultural Perspective
	4.1 Universal and Differential ``Nature´´
		Box 4.1: Universal and Differential Nature
	4.2 Genetic Make-Up and Cultural Influence
		Box 4.2: Twin Method
		Box 4.3: Extrapolation of the Twin Method to the Cultural Comparison
	4.3 Conclusion
	4.4 Questions of Understanding
		Further Reading
Description and Classification of Cultures
	5.1 Cultural Factors
		Box 5.1: Culture Differentiating Factors and Context Factors
	5.2 Cultural Dimensions According to Hofstede
	5.3 Cultural Dimensions According to Schwartz
	5.4 Cultural Dimensions According to the GLOBE Research Group
	5.5 Cultural Dimensions According to the World Values Survey
	5.6 Cultural Dimensions According to Trompenaars
	5.7 Cultural Dimensions According to Hall
	5.8 Comparison of the Dimensional Approaches to Culture Description
	5.9 Context Factors: The Human Development Index (HDI)
		Box 5.2: Human Development Index (HDI)
	5.10 Conclusion
	5.11 Questions of Understanding
		Further Reading
Perception
	6.1 Perception and Experience
	6.2 Brunswik´s Theory of Transactional Functionalism
		Box 6.1: From Research: Study on Perceptual Illusions Depending on the Ecological Environment
	6.3 Whorf´s Principle of Linguistic Relativity
		Box 6.2: From Research: Study on the Vantage Theory
	6.4 Conclusion
	6.5 Questions of Understanding
		Further Reading
Cognitive Abilities and Performance
	7.1 Deficit Versus Difference Model
		Box 7.1: Deficit and Difference Model
	7.2 General Intelligence Versus Specific Abilities and Performances
		Box 7.2: PISA and TIMSS Studies
	7.3 Antecedents of Cognitive Differences
		7.3.1 Individualist Versus Collectivist Mode of Thinking
			Box 7.3: Analytical and Holistic Thinking
			Box 7.4: From Research: Study on the Holistic Versus Analytical Mode of Thinking
		7.3.2 Confucian Dynamics
		7.3.3 Mother Tongue
			Box 7.5: From research: Studies on Memory Span as a Function of Mother Tongue
		7.3.4 School Education
		7.3.5 Minority Status
		7.3.6 Poverty
	7.4 A Model for the Interaction of Culture and Cognition
	7.5 Conclusion
	7.6 Questions of Understanding
		Further Reading
Emotion
	8.1 Feeling and Emotion
		Box 8.1: Emotions
	8.2 Categorisation of Emotions
	8.3 Emergence and Expression of Emotions
		8.3.1 Emotion Theories
		8.3.2 Process Model of Emotion
		8.3.3 Situations that Trigger Emotions
			Box 8.2: Self-Related and Other-Related Emotions
		8.3.4 Appraisal of Emotion Triggering Situations
		8.3.5 Manifestation of Emotions
			Box 8.3: From Research: Study by Ekman and Friesen (1971)
			Box 8.4: Display Rules
		8.3.6 Coping with Emotions
	8.4 Recognition of Emotions
	8.5 Conclusion
	8.6 Questions of Understanding
		Further Reading
Language and Communication
	9.1 Language as a Means of Exchanging Information
	9.2 Language as a Species-Specific and Culture-Specific Characteristic
	9.3 Comparability of Verbal Utterances
	9.4 Linguistic Universals
		Box 9.1: Creole Languages
	9.5 Linguistic and Communicative Relativity
	9.6 Communication Model According to Schulz von Thun
	9.7 Cultural Factors as Antecedents of Language Use
		9.7.1 Individualism-Collectivism and Power Distance
			Box 9.2: From Research: Study on Sensitivity to Paralinguistic Signals
		9.7.2 Masculinity-Femininity
	9.8 Conclusion
	9.9 Questions of Understanding
		Further Reading
Personality
	10.1 Culture and Personality from a Psychoanalytical Point of View
		Box 10.1: Ajase Complex
	10.2 Dimensional Description of Personality
		10.2.1 Cross-Cultural Validity of Personality Factor Models
			Box 10.2: The Five-Factor Model (Big Five) by McCrae and Costa (1997, 2008)
		10.2.2 Cultural Differences in Single Personality Factors
	10.3 Conclusion
	10.4 Questions of Understanding
		Further Reading
Sex and Gender
	11.1 Universality and Culture-Specificity of Gender Differences
	11.2 Biological Basis of Gender Differences
	11.3 Gender Differences and Economic Development
	11.4 Gender Differences and Cultural Values
		Box 11.1: Moderator Variable
	11.5 Conclusion
	11.6 Questions of Understanding
		Further Reading
Development in Childhood and Adolescence
	12.1 Maturation and Learning in Childhood and Adolescence
		Box 12.1: Maturation and Learning
		Box 12.2: Developmental Tasks
	12.2 Role Expectations in Childhood and Adolescence
	12.3 Testing the Universal Validity of Cognitive Development Models
		12.3.1 Piaget´s Stage Model of the Development of Childrens´ Thinking
			Box 12.3: From Research: Study on Volume Invariance
		12.3.2 Cognitive Development as a Gradual Process
		12.3.3 Kohlberg´s Stage Model of the Development of Moral Judgement
			Box 12.4: From Research: Example of a Moral Dilemma
		12.3.4 Language Development
	12.4 Achievement Behaviour in Childhood and Adolescence
	12.5 Social Behaviour in Childhood and Adolescence
		12.5.1 Aggressive Behaviour
		12.5.2 Prosocial Behaviour
	12.6 Conclusion
	12.7 Questions of Understanding
		Further Reading
Working World
	13.1 Organisational Structure and Organisational Culture
	13.2 Work Attitude and Work Motivation
		Box 13.1: Maslow´s Model of the Hierarchy of Needs
	13.3 Work Performance
		Box 13.2: Mediator Variable
	13.4 Leadership Behaviour
		Box 13.3: Authoritarian and Authoritative Leadership Style
	13.5 Decision-Making Behaviour
	13.6 Work Behaviour
		13.6.1 Use of Time
		13.6.2 Incorrect Actions
	13.7 Group Work
		Box 13.4: Multicultural Working Groups
	13.8 Conclusion
	13.9 Questions of Understanding
		Further Reading
Mental Disorders
	14.1 Cross-Cultural Versus Culture-Specific Diagnostics
	14.2 Depression
	14.3 Schizophrenia
	14.4 Anxiety Disorders
	14.5 Suicide
	14.6 Conclusion
	14.7 Questions of Understanding
		Further Reading
Final Remarks
	15.1 Possibilities and Limits of Cross-cultural Psychology
	15.2 Consequences for Intercultural Cooperation
	15.3 Conclusion
		Further Reading
References
Index