Critical Thinking in the Sustainable Rehabilitation and Risk Management of the Built Environment: CRIT-RE-BUILT. Proceedings of the International ... Series in Geomechanics and Geoengineering)

Prologue
Contents
Hazard Risk Mitigation for a Sustainable Built Environment
Hazard Risk Mitigation for a Sustainable Built Environment
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Overview of the Term Disaster
	2 Study on Several Types of Environmental Hazards
		2.1 Earthquakes
		2.2 Landslides and Subsidence
		2.3 Wind (Storms and Tornadoes)
	3 Sustainable Rehabilitation of the Damaged Built Environment - Risk Mitigation Actions
		3.1 Temporary Measures
		3.2 Restoration of Services
		3.3 Scenario-Based Mitigation Measures
		3.4 Case Studies
	4 Conclusions: Hazard Risk Mitigation Opportunities
	References
The Impact of Environmental Degradation: Atmospheric and Geological Issues in Built Areas
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodologies and Data Analysis
		2.1 Sundarbans Region, India
		2.2 Remote Sensing Data Analysis
		2.3 Correlation Between Vegetation Coverage - Annual Average Rainfall of Indian Sundarban Region
		2.4 Landslides in the Southern Oltenia Plain, Romania
	3 Results and Discussions
	4 Conclusions
	References
Mexico’s Earthquake: Description, Effects and Reconstruction. A Particular Case
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Mexico’s Earthquake Description
	2 Census of Building Damage or Collapse
	3 Description of the Building
	4 Mathematical Model of the Structure
	5 Ambient Vibration Test
	6 Calibrated Analytical Model
	7 Conclusions
	References
Data Analysis on the Environmental Characterization of Groundwater in Fundão - Portugal
	1 Introduction
	2 Characterization of the Study Area
		2.1 Geographical Location
		2.2 Geology
		2.3 Climate
		2.4 Hydrographic Network
		2.5 Underground Flow Network
		2.6 Hydrochemistry
	3 Sampling
	4 Exploratory Data Analysis
		4.1 Sample Characteristics Using Univariate Statistical Analysis
		4.2 Sample Characteristics Using Bivariate Statistical Analysis
		4.3 Sample Characteristics Using Multivariate Analysis
	5 Conclusions
	References
Damage Due to Earthquake and Reconstruction of Residential Houses After the 2006 Yogyakarta Earthquake
	1 Indonesia Seismicity
	2 Damage Due to Yogyakarta Earthquake
	3 Damage of Residential Houses
	4 Rehabilitation and Reconstruction
	5 Quality Assurance in Rehabilitation and Reconstruction
		5.1 Structural Drawing
		5.2 Plan
		5.3 Foundation
		5.4 Tie Beam
		5.5 Column
		5.6 Masonry Wall
		5.7 Ring Beams
		5.8 Beam-Column Joint
		5.9 Reinforcement Lap Splices
		5.10 Gable Wall
		5.11 Roof Truss
		5.12 Result
	6 Conclusions
	References
Landslides – Effects on Built Environment and Solutions
	1 Landslides
		1.1 Factors and Types
	2 Environment and the Landslides
	3 Landslides Control
		3.1 Monitoring/Data Acquisition
		3.2 Solutions to Prevent/Reduce Sliding
	4 Conclusions
	References
The Role of Groundwater and Land Subsidence Analysis for Sustainable Development of Infrastructure in Some SE Asian Cities
	1 Introduction
		1.1 A Subsection Sample
	2 Prediction of Land Subsidence Along a MRT Line in Hanoi
		2.1 Land Subsidence Monitoring in Hanoi
		2.2 Prediction of Land Subsidence for an Urban Mass Rapid Transit (UMRT) Line in Hanoi
	3 Groundwater and Land Subsidence Analysis for Bangkok
		3.1 Bangkok Aquifer System and Groundwater Extraction
	4 Conclusions
	References
Sustainable Infrastructure Design and Maintenance
Sustainable Infrastructure Design and Maintenance
	1 Introduction
	2 What Is Sustainable Infrastructure [8]
		2.1 Economic and Financial Sustainability
		2.2 Environmental Sustainability, Including Climate Resilience
		2.3 Social Sustainability
		2.4 Institutional Sustainability
	3 Leading Factors and Assessment Tools for SIDM
		3.1 Leading Factors for SIDM [7]
		3.2 Sustainability Assessment Toolkits [7]
	4 Life Cycle Assessment
		4.1 Procedure for SIDM Using Life Cycle Approach
		4.2 Possible Challenges for Life Cycle Approach to SIDM
	5 Conclusions
	References
Experiment to Evaluate the Impulse Plate Compaction in a Test Embankment Section
	1 Introduction
	2 Description of Impulse Plate for Testing
	3 Standard Mechanical Work for Embankment Compaction
	4 Description of the First Test with Impulse Plate
		4.1 First Test Results Analysis
	5 Description of the Second Test with and Impulse Plate
	6 Conclusion
	References
Sustainable and Durable Road Pavements Through Fundamental and Thorough Laboratory Evaluations
	1 Introduction
		1.1 South African Pavement Engineering Background
	2 Basic Pavement Materials Engineering
	3 Road Material Laboratories
		3.1 Laboratory Types
		3.2 SANRAL Reference Laboratory Role and Function
		3.3 Materials Database
		3.4 International Proficiency Testing
		3.5 Big Data/Data Science Evaluation of Database for Trends, Variability, etc.
	4 Conclusions
	References
Stabilization of Roads Located on Banks of Mountain Flowing Waters
	1 Introduction
	2 Case Studies
		2.1 Case Study 1 – Zemeș, Bacău County, Romania
		2.2 Case Study 2 – Toplița Municipality, Harghita County, Romania
	3 Intervention Proposals and Methods
		3.1 Intervention Proposals - Zemeș, Bacău County, Romania
		3.2 Intervention Proposals – Toplița Municipality, Harghita County, Romania
	4 Results and Discussions
		4.1 Results Based on the Stability Calculations - Zemeș, Bacău County
		4.2 Results Based on Observations at Toplița Municipality, Harghita County
	5 Conclusions
	References
Innovative Application of IoT Technologies to Improve Geotechnical Monitoring Tools and Early Warning Performances
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Vertical Vibro-Isulation for Building Foundations – A Full Scale Experiment
	1 Introduction
	2 State of the Art
	3 Study of Suitable Vibration Protective Materials Available in the Market
	4 Engineering and Geological Data About the Site for the Experiment
	5 Key Mile Stones of the Experimental Plan
	6 Analysis of Results Obtained and Comparison with the Published Information About Similar Experiments in the Past
	7 Conclusion
	References
The Contribution of Satellite Radar Interferometry for Land Management Activities
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods: DInSAR Approach
	3 Case Studies: DInSAR Monitoring of Ground Instability Phenomena and Exposed Elements
		3.1 Efficacy of Remedial Works in a Landslide-Affected Area in Pisciotta Village
		3.2 Structural Behavior of a Building in Moio Della Civitella Urban Settlement
		3.3 Stability Conditions of Provincial Road “P.R. 264” in Salerno Province
	4 Conclusions
	References
Evaluation of the Seismic Response of a Reinforced Concrete Footing to Increasing Peak Ground Acceleration Using Pseudo-dynamic Experimentation
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Objective of the Study
	2 Application of the Pseudo-Dynamic Method
		2.1 Test Specimen
		2.2 Test Setup
		2.3 Earthquake Loading on the Structure
	3 Results of Pseudo-Dynamic Experiments
	4 Conclusions
	References
The Durability of Sustainable Materials and Structures
A Critical Review on Durability of Sustainable Materials and Structures
	1 Introduction
	2 Durability Versus Sustainability, Place of Durability in Sustainable Development
	3 Advanced Durability on the Frame of Sustainability: Brief Historical Review of Fundamentals of Durability and Recent Trends
	4 Environmental Impact on Durability of Materials and Structures
	5 Stonework Structures Durability: Assessment of State of Historical Buildings, Monitoring, Maintenance and Restoration
		5.1 Visual Observations of Degradations
		5.2 Photographic Survey
		5.3 Non-destructive Characterization
	6 Sustainable Materials for Construction and Renovation of Infrastructures and Buildings
	7 Conclusion
	References
Mechanical Characteristics of Polymer Concrete with Different Waste Replacements
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Program
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 Experimental Procedure
	3 Results and Discussions
		3.1 Compressive Strength
		3.2 Flexural Strength
		3.3 Split Tensile Strength
		3.4 Density
	4 Conclusions
	References
Analysis of Stress and Strain in Flexible Pavement Structures Comprised of Conventional and High Modulus Asphalt Using Viscoelastic Theory
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Testing Methods
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 Sample Preparation and Test Set-up for Complex Dynamic Modulus
		2.3 Definition of Dynamic Modulus and Phase Angle
	3 Results of LVE Characterization of Materials
		3.1 Dynamic Modulus
		3.2 Phase Angles
		3.3 Modelling the Viscoelastic Behavior Using 2S2P1D Model
	4 Viscoelastic Analysis of a Typical Pavement Structure
	5 Conclusions
	References
Improvements of Strength and Dynamic Elastic Characteristics of Mortars by Using Carbon Nano-tubes
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Experimental Program
		2.1 Cement and Sand
		2.2 Carbon Nano Tubes
		2.3 Experimental Program
	3 Results and Discussions
		3.1 Generated Heat
		3.2 Dynamic Modulus of Elasticity and Damping Ratio
		3.3 Flexural and Compressive Strengths
	4 Conclusions
	References
Mechanical Bevahiour of an Unsaturated Soil Associated with Seepage
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Program
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 Experimental Procedure
	3 Results and Discussions
		3.1 Stress Paths in Critical State
		3.2 Shear Behaviour with Seepage Effect
	4 Conclusions
	References
Identification of Thermal Properties of Construction Materials Using Far-Field Contactless Temperature Measurements
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Laboratory Setup
		2.2 Direct Problem of Heat Diffusion Due to a Circular Laser Spot
		2.3 Thermal Diffusivity Retrieval from Inverse Problem Using POD-RBF Approach
		2.4 POD-RBF Based Metamodel for Diffusion Problem
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Tensile Testing of a Biocomposite Material – “Liquid Wood”
	1 Introduction
	2 A Short Description of “Liquid Wood”
	3 “Liquid Wood” Injection – Material and Technology
	4 Experimental Results
	5 Conclusions
	References
Sustainable Rehabilitation in Architecture and Urban Development
Sustainable Rehabilitation in Architecture and Urban Development
	1 Introduction
	2 Sustainable Rehabilitation in Architecture
		2.1 Renovation and Remodeling
	3 Sustainable Rehabilitation in Urban Development
		3.1 Creative Urban Regeneration
		3.2 Flagship Projects Approach
		3.3 Temporary Use Approach
		3.4 Participatory Practices
		3.5 Smart City Approach (Involving for Example Sensors and Technological Improvements)
		3.6 Urban Regeneration Through Gentrification
	4 Tools for Urban Rehabilitation
	5 Conclusions
	References
Sustainable Transformation of City Streets – Towards a Holistic Approach
	1 Introduction
		1.1 City Streets – From Failures to Potentials
		1.2 Sustainability Parameters
	2 Methodology
	3 Research
		3.1 Transformation of Slovenska Cesta, Ljubljana
		3.2 Transformation of Mariahilfer Strasse, Vienna
		3.3 Sustainability Parameters Overview
	4 Discussion
	References
Predicting Service Life of External Wall Painting for the School Buildings in Indonesia
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 Paint Terminology
		2.2 The Phenomenon of Declining Paint Surface and Its Levels
		2.3 Models for Estimating the Service Life of Paint Surfaces
		2.4 Type of Severity in Paint Damage
		2.5 Inspection of Paint Quality Degradation on the External Wall
		2.6 Effect of Different Characteristics of Paint Wall Surfaces
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Research Location and Time Frame
		3.2 Research Methods
		3.3 Method of Collecting Data
		3.4 Data Analysis
	4 Result and Discussion
		4.1 General Data of Respondents
		4.2 School Building Assessment
		4.3 Geographical Condition of the Building
		4.4 Service Life Based on the Brand of Paint
	5 Conclusions and Suggestions
	References
3D Printing of Buildings. Limits, Design, Advantages and Disadvantages. Could This Technique Contribute to Sustainability of Future Buildings?
	1 Introduction
	2 Goal and Methodology in 3D Printing Analysis
	3 3D Printed Constructions. Examples
	4 Advantages and Disadvantages of 3D Printing in Constructions
	5 Conclusions. Future of 3D Printing for Constructions
	References
Vulnerability, Seismic Survey and HBIM-Based Structural Analysis
Vulnerability of Buildings: From Heritage Building Information Modelling (HBIM) to Seismic Analysis
	1 Introduction
	2 The Italian Heritage
		2.1 Historic Towns, an Environmental Monument
		2.2 Post-industrial Settlements
		2.3 Building Information Modelling (BIM): Dimensions and Loads
	3 Seismic Vulnerability
		3.1 Vulnerability Assessment Against Ground Shaking
		3.2 Vulnerability Assessment Against Subsoil Hazard
	4 Case Study
	5 Conclusion
	References
The Knowledge Process in the Seismic Assessment of Masonry Building Aggregates – An Italian Case Study
	1 Introduction
	2 Evaluation Procedure of Seismic Vulnerability
		2.1 Qualitative Level [Qla]
		2.2 Quantitative Level [Qna]
	3 Case of Study
		3.1 Qualitative Level [Qla]
		3.2 Quantitative Level [Qna]
	4 Conclusions
	References
Hazard Risk Analysis. A Worst Case Scenario Approach
	1 Hazard Risk Analysis
		1.1 Preview on Hazard Risk Categories
		1.2 Management of Emergency Situations
	2 Worst Case Scenario Approach
	3 Conclusions
	References
The Use of Macro Element Approach for the Seismic Risk Assessment of Brick Masonry Buildings
	1 Introduction
	2 Case Study Building
	3 Numerical Modeling
		3.1 General Workflows
		3.2 TREMURI Software
		3.3 Dynamic Characteristics and the Lateral Capacity of the Building
	4 Seismic Risk Evaluation
	5 Conclusions
	References
Energy Efficiency. Smart Cities
Collecting and Reviewing Written Resources that Map the Knowledge Triangle for Transferring Research and Innovation on Sustainable Rehabilitation of the Built Environment in Continuing Education
	1 Introduction
	2 Education on Energy Efficiency
		2.1 Educational Levels on Energy Efficiency
		2.2 Professional Attributions
		2.3 The Role of Energy Manager
		2.4 Example of Existing Studies
	3 Energy Efficiency Research and Innovation Challenges
		3.1 The Role of Energy Service Providers (ESPs)
		3.2 Energy Conservation Measures (ECMs)
		3.3 Climate Adaption and Adaptive Comfort
		3.4 Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning Systems: Adaptive Setpoints
		3.5 Mixed Mode Potential
		3.6 Net Zero Energy Buildings
		3.7 Climate Change
		3.8 Fuel Poverty
	4 Conclusions
	References
A Retrospective Analysis on the Thermal Rehabilitation of a School Building - Case Study
	1 Introduction
	2 Historical Landmarks to the Concept of Energy Efficiency in Buildings
	3 Methodology and the Aim of the Paper
	4 Thermal Rehabilitation of a School Building - Case Study
	5 Discussion and Conclusion
	References
Life Cycle Cost (LCC) and Sustainability. Proposal of an IFC Structure to Implement LCC During the Design Stage of Buildings
	1 Introduction
	2 Life Cycle Cost (LCC) Methodology
		2.1 LCC Definition
		2.2 LCC and LCA
		2.3 LCC and Risk
		2.4 LCC and Industry Construction Costs
		2.5 LCC Utility
		2.6 LCC and Green Buildings
	3 The Industry Foundation Classes (IFC)
		3.1 IFC and Building Information Modelling (BIM)
		3.2 IFC Versions
		3.3 Structure IFC
		3.4 New Trends in IFC
		3.5 Current Structure of the IFC
		3.6 IFC and Measurements and Budget of the Construction Project
		3.7 Measurements in BEP (BIM Execution Plan) and in the Process Map
		3.8 Structure of Costs to Be Considered in IFC
		3.9 Phases Considered in the IFC Proposed Structure
	4 Methodology
	5 Application Case Study
		5.1 Results
		5.2 Conclusions
	References
Effects of Container Vehicle Flow on Intersection Capacity in Motorcycle Dominated Cities
	1 Introduction
	2 Objective
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Capacity Estimation Method
		3.2 Data Collection
		3.3 Time Headway Collection
	4 Analysis Results
		4.1 Data Analysis
		4.2 The Effect on Capacity Reduction
	5 Conclusions
	References
The Effect of Thermal Bridge Junctions Between Pillars and Walls in the Energy Demand of Buildings in Warm Climate
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Case Study and Energy Simulation
		2.2 Determining the Linear Thermal Transmittance
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Tehnico – Economic Analysis to Change the Public Buildings in Energy Efficiency Buildings
	1 Introduction
	2 Technologies Using Renewable Energy
	3 Study Case
	4 Conclusions
	References
Energy Saving Achieved with Adaptive Setpoint Temperatures Based on EN16798-1: Application of the Category III
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Supporting Community Participation for Sustainable Smart City Implementation in Indonesian Cities
	1 Introduction: Is Smart City a Friendly City?
	2 Learning from Songdo Smart City: Technology vs Social
	3 Bottom Up Approach Through Importance-Performance Analysis
	4 Friendliness of Smart City: Community Perception and Government’s Priority
	5 Community Participation for Smart City Implementation
	6 Conclusion
	References
Transformation of the Built Environment for the Rehabilitation of Socially Disadvantaged City Districts
Transformation of the Built Environment for the Rehabilitation of Socially Disadvantaged City Districts
	1 Introduction
	2 Geotechnical Aspects Associated with Rehabilitation of Socially Disadvantaged City Districts
		2.1 Site Investigation
		2.2 Subsoil Improvement
		2.3 Geotechnical Structures Using Geothermal Energy
		2.4 Landslides
		2.5 Underground Structures
	3 Conclusions
	References
Mitigation of the Impact of Landslides in Built-up Areas
	1 Introduction
	2 Landslides in the Build-up Area of Brno
		2.1 Case Study No. 1: Za Lužánkami Football Stadium
		2.2 Case Study No. 2: UNESCO World Cultural Heritage Building Villa Tugendhat
		2.3 Case Study No. 3: Cut for the Hospital Parking Lot
	3 Summary
	References
Rehabilitation vs Demolition Methodology to Compare the Waste Generated in Alternative Scenarios of Building Elements in BIM During the Design Stage
	1 Introduction
	2 Reduction of Construction Waste
	3 BIM Technology and Construction Waste
	4 Methods and Tools for Minimizing Construction Waste Integrated in BIM
	5 Methodology
		5.1 Stage 1: Data Collection for the Quantification and Waste Reduction Model
		5.2 Stage 2: Development of CDW Attribute Database in BIM
		5.3 Modelling Architectural Elements in BIM and Attribute Assignment
		5.4 Analysis and Discussion of Results
	6 Conclusions
	References
Revitalization of Brownfield Sites – Example of the Solution of the Geotechnical Issues
	1 Specifics of Brownfield Sites
		1.1 Management of Brownfield Sites in Brno
	2 The Former Ergon Factory Brownfield Site
		2.1 Revitalization Program of Ergon Brownfield Site
		2.2 Ergon Brownfield Site Revitalization – Related Stability Issues
		2.3 Preliminary Evaluation of Stability of Soil Landfill Extension Planned During the Ergon Factory Brownfield Site Revitalization
	3 Results
	4 Conclusions
	References
Conservation, Rehabilitation and Integration of Cultural Heritage
Conservation, Rehabilitation and Integration of Cultural Heritage
	1 Introduction
	2 A Brief Literary Overview and Current State of the Problem
		2.1 The Actual State of the Problem in Europe and Worldwide
		2.2 Authoritative Sources of Geotechnical Knowledge of Micro-Piles Technology
		2.3 More Interesting Bulgarian Contributions in This Area
		2.4 Brief Information About the Bulgarian Experience in Strengthening Architectural Monuments Through the Technology of Micro-Piles
	3 Purpose and Scope of the Study
		3.1 Principles of the Restoration of the Architectural Monuments, Regulated in the Charters
		3.2 Classical Technological Approaches for Restoration of Architectural Monuments
	4 New Tasks Ahead of the Study
		4.1 Technogenic Causes of Deformation of Old Cultural Monuments
		4.2 Technical Capabilities of Micro-Piles for the Restoration of Architectural Monuments Such as Churches, Fortresses, Towers, etc.
	5 Conclusion
	References
Particularities of Moldavian Wood Heritage
	1 Introduction
	2 Wood Decay Factors
	3 Romanian Wood Heritage
	4 Visual Inspection on Damages and Rehabilitation Recommendation for a Wooden Church
		4.1 Previous Interventions
		4.2 Church Description
		4.3 Damage Assessment and Recommendations
	5 Conclusions
	References
The Rehabilitation Process of an Emblematic Historic Building of Iasi County
	1 Introduction
		1.1 The Importance of Historic Buildings’ Conservation
		1.2 The Conservation Principles of Historic Buildings
		1.3 Damage Assessment Methodologies of Historic Masonry Buildings
	2 Case Study
		2.1 Historical Background
		2.2 Building Geometry and Structural Configuration
		2.3 Building Damage Assessment
		2.4 Structural Rehabilitation Solutions
	3 Conclusions
	References
Geometrical Analysis of the Frame Pillars of the Cathedral of Orleans Resulting from 3D Survey
	1 Introduction
	2 Method
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Frame Analysis
		3.2 Horizontal Displacements of Pillars
	4 Conclusion
	References
Structural Assessment of Mehmed Pasha Hammam in Prizren, Kosovo
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Case Study – Mehmed Pasha Hammam
		2.2 Material Properties
		2.3 FEM Modeling of Mehmed Pasha Hammam
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Visual Inspection of the Mehmed Pasha Hammam
		3.2 FEM Analysis Results
	4 Conclusions
	References
Structural Rehabilitation of Historical Masonry Buildings
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Heritage
		1.2 The Masonry
		1.3 Damages of Masonry
	2 Heritage Building Assessment
		2.1 Setting Performance Goals
		2.2 Evaluation Steps
		2.3 Consolidation Solutions Classification
	3 Case Study
		3.1 Building Description
		3.2 Causes of Damage
		3.3 Computation Summary
	4 Conclusion
	References
Correction to: Supporting Community Participation for Sustainable Smart City Implementation in Indonesian Cities
	Correction to: Chapter “Supporting Community Participation for Sustainable Smart City Implementation in Indonesian Cities” in: A. Rotaru (Ed.): Critical Thinking in the Sustainable Rehabilitation and Risk Management of the Built Environment, SSGG, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61118-7_38
Author Index