دسترسی نامحدود
برای کاربرانی که ثبت نام کرده اند
برای ارتباط با ما می توانید از طریق شماره موبایل زیر از طریق تماس و پیامک با ما در ارتباط باشید
در صورت عدم پاسخ گویی از طریق پیامک با پشتیبان در ارتباط باشید
برای کاربرانی که ثبت نام کرده اند
درصورت عدم همخوانی توضیحات با کتاب
از ساعت 7 صبح تا 10 شب
ویرایش: [Thirteenth ed.] نویسندگان: Richard B. Parker, Brooke Noel Moore سری: ISBN (شابک) : 9781260241020, 1260807878 ناشر: سال نشر: 2020 تعداد صفحات: [529] زبان: English فرمت فایل : PDF (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود) حجم فایل: 113 Mb
در صورت تبدیل فایل کتاب Critical thinking به فرمت های PDF، EPUB، AZW3، MOBI و یا DJVU می توانید به پشتیبان اطلاع دهید تا فایل مورد نظر را تبدیل نمایند.
توجه داشته باشید کتاب تفکر انتقادی نسخه زبان اصلی می باشد و کتاب ترجمه شده به فارسی نمی باشد. وبسایت اینترنشنال لایبرری ارائه دهنده کتاب های زبان اصلی می باشد و هیچ گونه کتاب ترجمه شده یا نوشته شده به فارسی را ارائه نمی دهد.
\"با رسیدن به حتی دوازده نسخه، ما هنوز هدف اصلی خود را دائماً در ذهن داریم: کمک به آموزش دانش آموزان برای تفکر و استدلال انتقادی و تصمیم گیری بهتر و آسان کردن زندگی برای مربیان دوره های تفکر انتقادی. ما هم از دانشجویان و هم از دانشجویان دعوت می کنیم. مربیان با ما در ارتباط باشند و هر ایده ای دارند که ممکن است به ما در پیگیری این اهداف کمک کند \\\"--
\"Having arrived at an even dozen editions, we still have our original goal constantly in mind: helping teach students to think and reason critically and make better decisions and making life a bit easier for instructors of critical thinking courses. We invite both students and instructors to get in touch with us with any ideas they have that might help us pursue these goals\"--
Cover Brief Contents Contents Preface Changes to the 13th Edition Acknowledgments About the Authors Chapter 1: Driving Blindfolded Beliefs and Claims Objective Claims and Subjective Judgments Fact and Opinion Relativism Moral Subjectivism Issues Arguments Cognitive Biases Truth and Knowledge What Critical Thinking Can and Can’t Do A Word About the Exercises Recap Additional Exercises Answers and Tips Chapter 2: Two Kinds of Reasoning Arguments: General Features Conclusions Used as Premises Unstated Premises and Conclusions Two Kinds of Arguments Deductive Arguments Inductive Arguments Beyond a Reasonable Doubt Two Kinds of Deductive Arguments Four Kinds of Inductive Arguments Telling the Difference Between Deductive and Inductive Arguments Deduction, Induction, and Unstated Premises Balance of Considerations Not Premises, Conclusions, or Arguments Selfies (and Other Pictures) If . . . Then . . . Sentences Lists of Facts “A because B” Ethos, Pathos, and Logos Techniques for Understanding Arguments Clarifying an Argument’s Structure Distinguishing Arguments from Window Dressing Evaluating Arguments Recap Additional Exercises Answers and Tips Chapter 3: Clear Thinking, Critical Thinking, and Clear Writing Vagueness Ambiguity Semantic Ambiguity Grouping Ambiguity Syntactic Ambiguity Generality Defining Terms Purposes of Definitions Kinds of Definitions Tips on Definitions Writing Argumentative Essays Good Writing Practices Essay Types to Avoid Persuasive Writing Writing in a Diverse Society Recap Additional Exercises Answers and Tips Chapter 4: Credibility The Believability of Claims Does the Claim Conflict with Personal Observation? Does the Claim Conflict with Our Background Information? Might the Claim Reinforce Our Biases? The Credibility of Sources Interested Parties Physical and Other Characteristics Expertise The News Mainstream News Media Advertising Three Kinds of Ads Recap Additional Exercises Answers and Tips Chapter 5: Rhetoric, the Art of Persuasion Rhetorical Force Rhetorical Devices I Euphemisms and Dysphemisms Weaselers Downplayers Rhetorical Devices II Stereotypes Innuendo Loaded Questions Rhetorical Devices III Ridicule/Sarcasm Hyperbole Rhetorical Devices IV Rhetorical Definitions and Rhetorical Explanations Rhetorical Analogies and Misleading Comparisons Proof Surrogates and Repetition Proof Surrogates Repetition Persuasion Through Visual Imagery The Extreme Rhetoric of Demagoguery Recap Additional Exercises Answers and Tips Chapter 6: Relevance (Red Herring) Fallacies Argumentum Ad Hominem Poisoning the Well Guilt by Association Genetic Fallacy Straw Man False Dilemma (Ignoring Other Alternatives) The Perfectionist Fallacy The Line-Drawing Fallacy Misplacing the Burden of Proof Begging the Question (Assuming What You Are Trying to Prove) Appeal to Emotion Argument from Outrage Scare Tactics Appeal to Pity Other Appeals to Emotion Irrelevant Conclusion Recap Exercises Answers and Tips Chapter 7: Induction Fallacies Generalizations Generalizing from Too Few Cases (Hasty Generalization) Generalizing from Exceptional Cases Accident Weak Analogy Mistaken Appeal to Authority Mistaken Appeal to Popularity (Mistaken Appeal to Common Belief) Mistaken Appeal to Common Practice Bandwagon Fallacy Fallacies Related to Cause and Effect Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc Cum Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc Slippery Slope Untestable Explanation Line-Drawing Again Recap Exercises Answers and Tips Chapter 8: Formal Fallacies and Fallacies of Language Three Formal Fallacies: Affirming the Consequent, Denying the Antecedent, and Undistributed Middle Affirming the Consequent Denying the Antecedent The Undistributed Middle The Fallacies of Equivocation and Amphiboly The Fallacies of Composition and Division Confusing Explanations with Excuses Confusing Contraries and Contradictories Consistency and Inconsistency Miscalculating Probabilities Incorrectly Combining the Probability of Independent Events Gambler’s Fallacy Overlooking Prior Probabilities Faulty Inductive Conversion Recap Additional Exercises Answers and Tips Chapter 9: Deductive Arguments I: Categorical Logic Categorical Claims Venn Diagrams Translation into Standard Form (Introduction) Translating Claims in Which the Word “Only” or the Phrase “The Only” Occurs Translating Claims About Times and Places Translating Claims About Specific Individuals Translating Claims that Use Mass Nouns The Square of Opposition Existential Assumption and the Square of Opposition Inferences Across the Square Three Categorical Relations Conversion Obversion Contraposition Categorical Syllogisms The Venn Diagram Method of Testing for Validity Existential Assumption in Categorical Syllogisms Categorical Syllogisms with Unstated Premises Real-Life Syllogisms The Rules Method of Testing for Validity Recap Additional Exercises Answers and Tips Chapter 10: Deductive Arguments II: Truth-Functional Logic Truth Tables and Logical Symbols Claim Variables Truth Tables Symbolizing Compound Claims “If” and “Only If” Necessary and Sufficient Conditions “Unless” “Either . . . Or” Truth-Functional Argument Patterns (Brief Version) Three Common Valid Argument Patterns Three Mistakes: Invalid Argument Forms Truth-Functional Arguments (Full Version) The Truth-Table Method The Short Truth-Table Method Deductions Group I Rules: Elementary Valid Argument Patterns Group II Rules: Truth-Functional Equivalences Conditional Proof Recap Additional Exercises Answers and Tips Chapter 11: Inductive Reasoning Argument from Analogy Evaluation of Arguments from Analogy Three Arguments from Analogy Other Uses of Analogy Generalizing from a Sample Evaluation of Arguments That Generalize from a Sample Three Arguments That Generalize from a Sample Scientific Generalizing from a Sample De-generalizing (Reverse Generalizing; the Statistical Syllogism) Causal Statements and Their Support Forming Causal Hypotheses Weighing Evidence Confirming Causal Hypotheses Inference to the Best Explanation Reasoning from Cause to Effect Calculating Statistical Probabilities Joint Occurrence of Independent Events Alternative Occurrences Expectation Value Calculating Conditional Probabilities Causation in the Law Recap Additional Exercises Answers and Tips Chapter 12: Moral, Legal, and Aesthetic Reasoning Value Judgments Moral Versus Nonmoral Two Principles of Moral Reasoning Moral Principles Deriving Specific Moral Value Judgments Major Perspectives in Moral Reasoning Consequentialism Duty Theory/Deontologism Moral Relativism Religious Relativism Religious Absolutism Virtue Ethics Moral Deliberation Legal Reasoning Justifying Laws: Four Perspectives Aesthetic Reasoning Eight Aesthetic Principles Using Aesthetic Principles to Judge Aesthetic Value Evaluating Aesthetic Criticism: Relevance and Truth Why Reason Aesthetically? Recap Additional Exercises Answers and Tips Appendix: Selected Exercises from Previous Editions Glossary Index