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دانلود کتاب Critical care nursing: a holistic approach
دانلود کتاب پرستاری مراقبت های ویژه: رویکردی جامع
مشخصات کتاب
Critical care nursing: a holistic approach
ویرایش: 10th ed نویسندگان: Fontaine. Dorrie, Morton. Patricia Gonce سری: ISBN (شابک) : 9781609137496, 1609137493 ناشر: Wolters Kluwer Health;Lippincott Williams & Wilkins سال نشر: 2013 تعداد صفحات: 1353 زبان: English فرمت فایل : PDF (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود) حجم فایل: 64 مگابایت
قیمت کتاب (تومان) : 47,000
کلمات کلیدی مربوط به کتاب پرستاری مراقبت های ویژه: رویکردی جامع: مراقبت های ویژه، پرستاری جامع، پرستاری جامع، پرستاری مراقبت های ویژه، پرستاری مراقبت های ویژه، پرستاری کل نگر
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توجه داشته باشید کتاب پرستاری مراقبت های ویژه: رویکردی جامع نسخه زبان اصلی می باشد و کتاب ترجمه شده به فارسی نمی باشد. وبسایت اینترنشنال لایبرری ارائه دهنده کتاب های زبان اصلی می باشد و هیچ گونه کتاب ترجمه شده یا نوشته شده به فارسی را ارائه نمی دهد.
توضیحاتی در مورد کتاب پرستاری مراقبت های ویژه: رویکردی جامع
عملکرد پرستاری مراقبت‌های حیاتی: ارتقای تعالی از طریق مراقبت، همکاری و شواهد - تجربه بیمار با بیماری‌های بحرانی - تجربه خانواده از بیماری‌های بحرانی - آموزش بیمار و خانواده در مراقبت‌های ویژه - تسکین درد و ایجاد آرامش - مراقبت تسکینی و مسائل پایان عمر در مراقبت های ویژه -- مسائل اخلاقی در پرستاری مراقبت های ویژه -- مسائل حقوقی در پرستاری مراقبت های ویژه -- ایجاد یک الگوی عمل حرفه ای برای تعالی در پرستاری مراقبت های ویژه -- بیمار اطفال بدحال -- وضعیت بحرانی زن باردار بیمار -- بیمار مسن تر بدحال -- بیمار پس از بیهوشی -- تیم های واکنش سریع و انتقال بیمار بدحال -- مدیریت بلایا : پیامدها برای پرستار مراقبت های ویژه -- آناتومی و فیزیولوژی سیستم قلبی عروقی -- بیمار ارزیابی : سیستم قلبی عروقی -- مدیریت بیمار : سیستم قلبی عروقی -- اختلالات شایع قلبی عروقی -- نارسایی قلبی -- انفارکتوس حاد میوکارد -- جراحی قلب -- آناتومی و فیزیولوژی سیستم تنفسی -- ارزیابی بیمار : سیستم تنفسی -- مدیریت بیمار : سیستم تنفسی -- اختلالات شایع تنفسی -- آسیب حاد ریه و سندرم دیسترس تنفسی حاد -- آناتومی و فیزیولوژی سیستم کلیه -- ارزیابی بیمار : سیستم کلیه -- مدیریت بیمار : سیستم کلیه -- نارسایی کلیه -- آناتومی و فیزیولوژی سیستم عصبی -- ارزیابی بیمار : سیستم عصبی -- مدیریت بیمار : سیستم عصبی -- اختلالات شایع جراحی مغز و اعصاب و عصبی -- آسیب تروماتیک مغزی -- آسیب نخاعی -- آناتومی و فیزیولوژی دستگاه گوارش -- ارزیابی بیمار : دستگاه گوارش -- مدیریت بیمار : دستگاه گوارش -- اختلالات شایع گوارشی -- آناتومی و فیزیولوژی سیستم غدد درون ریز -- ارزیابی بیمار : سیستم غدد درون ریز -- اختلالات شایع غدد درون ریز -- آناتومی و فیزیولوژی سیستم هماتولوژیک و ایمنی -- ارزیابی بیمار : هماتولوژیک و سیستم ایمنی -- پیوند اعضا و سلولهای بنیادی خونساز -- اختلالات شایع ایمونولوژیک -- اختلالات شایع خونی -- آناتومی و فیزیولوژی سیستم پوششی -- ارزیابی بیمار : سیستم پوششی -- مدیریت بیمار : سیستم پوششی -- سوختگی و پوشش شایع اختلالات - شوک، سندرم پاسخ التهابی سیستمیک، و سندرم اختلال عملکرد ارگان های متعدد - تروما - مصرف بیش از حد دارو و مسمومیت.
توضیحاتی درمورد کتاب به خارجی
Critical care nursing practice : promoting excellence through caring, collaboration, and evidence -- The patient's experience with critical illness -- The family's experience with critical illness -- Patient and family education in critical care -- Relieving pain and providing comfort -- Palliative care and end-of-life issues in critical care -- Ethical issues in critical care nursing -- Legal issues in critical care nursing -- Building a professional practice model for excellence in critical care nursing -- The critically ill pediatric patient -- The critically ill pregnant woman -- The critically ill older patient -- The postanesthesia patient -- Rapid response teams and transport of the critically ill patient -- Disaster management : implications for the critical care nurse -- Anatomy and physiology of the cardiovasular system -- Patient assessment : cardiovascular system -- Patient management : cardiovascular system -- Common cardiovascular disorders -- Heart failure -- Acute myocardial infarction -- Cardiac surgery -- Anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system -- Patient assessment : respiratory system -- Patient management : respiratory system -- Common respiratory disorders -- Acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome -- Anatomy and physiology of the renal system -- Patient assessment : renal system -- Patient management : renal system -- Renal failure -- Anatomy and physiology of the nervous system -- Patient assessment : nervous system -- Patient management : nervous system -- Common neurosurgical and neurological disorders -- Traumatic brain injury -- Spinal cord injury -- Anatomy and physiology of the gastrointestinal system -- Patient assessment : gastrointestinal system -- Patient management : gastrointestinal system -- Common gastrointestinal disorders -- Anatomy and physiology of the endocrine system -- Patient assessment : endocrine system -- Common endocrine disorders -- Anatomy and physiology of the hematological and immune systems -- Patient assessment : hematological and immune systems -- Organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation -- Common immunological disorders -- Common hematological disorders -- Anatomy and physiology of the integumentary system -- Patient assessment : integumentary system -- Patient management : integumentary system -- Burns and common integumentary disorders -- Shock, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome -- Trauma -- Drug overdose and poisoning.
فهرست مطالب
Critical Care Nursing: A Holistic Approach, TENTH EDITION Title Page Copyright Dedication Contributors Reviewers Preface An Overview Features New to This Edition Student and Instructor Resources Acknowledgments Contents PART 1: THE CONCEPT OF HOLISM APPLIED TO CRITICAL CARE NURSING PRACTICE Chapter 1: Critical Care Nursing Practice: Promoting Excellence Through Caring, Collaboration, and Evidence Value of Certification Value to the Patient and Family Value to Employers and Nurses Evidence-Based Practice in Critical Care Nursing Levels of Evidence Barriers to Implementation Strategies to Promote Implementation Healthy Work Environments Skilled Communication True Collaboration Effective Decision Making Appropriate Staffing Meaningful Recognition Authentic Leadership The Synergy Model Future Challenges in Critical Care Nursing Clinical Applicability Challenges References Chapter 2: The Patient’s Experience with Critical Illness Perception of Critical Illness Stress Acute Stress Response Environmental Stressors in the Intensive Care Unit Anxiety Causes of Anxiety Assessment of Anxiety Nursing Interventions Creating a Healing Environment Promoting Rest and Sleep Fostering Trust Providing Information Allowing Control Practicing Cultural Sensitivity Presencing and Reassurance Cognitive Techniques Guided Imagery and Relaxation Training Deep Breathing Music Therapy Humor Massage, Aromatherapy, and Therapeutic Touch Meridian Therapy Animal-Assisted Therapy Fostering Spirituality and Healing Restraints in Critical Care Chemical Restraint Physical Restraints Alternatives to Restraints Clinical Applicability Challenges References Chapter 3: The Family’s Experience with Critical Illness Stress, Critical Illness, and the Impact on the Family Stress Syndrome Coping Mechanisms The Family and the Nursing Process Nursing Assessment Nursing Interventions Visitation Advocacy Use of the Nurse–Family Relationship Problem Solving With the Family Interdisciplinary Management Palliative Care Issues in Critical Care The Critical Care Family Assistance Program Cultural Issues Related to Critical Illness Clinical Applicability Challenges References Chapter 4: Patient and Family Education in Critical Care Barriers to Learning Critical Illness and Stress Prolonged Illness and Stress Environmental Stress Cultural and Language Barriers Sensory Barriers Education and Learning Three Domains of Learning Adult Learning Principles The Process of Adult Education Assessing Learning Needs in a Time of Crisis Intervention: Effective Teaching Strategies in Critical Care Evaluating the Learning Process The Standards of Patient and Family Education Clinical Applicability Challenges References Chapter 5: Relieving Pain and Providing Comfort Pain Defined Pain in the Critically Ill Procedural Pain Consequences of Pain Barriers to Effective Pain Control Resources to Promote Effective Pain Control Clinical Practice Guidelines Internet Resources Pain Assessment Patient Self-Report Observation Physiological Parameters Pain Intervention Pharmacological Interventions Nonpharmacological Comfort Measures Pain Management in Specific Populations Clinical Applicability Challenges References Chapter 6: Palliative Care and End-of-Life Issues in Critical Care Need for Quality End-of-Life Care in the Critical Care Setting Understanding Human Death Palliative Care Symptom Management Pain Dyspnea Anxiety and Agitation Depression Delirium Nausea and Vomiting Palliative or End-of-Life Sedation Advanced Care Planning Advance Directives Do Not Resuscitate and Do Not Attempt Resuscitation Orders Family Centered Care Family Presence During Resuscitation Visitation Family Conferences Bereavement Care Emotional, Psychological, Social, and Spiritual Care Facilitating Communication Establishing Treatment Goals and Priorities Ensuring Interdisciplinary Communication Delivering Bad or Serious News Ethical Issues Principle of Double Effect Moral Distress Withholding or Withdrawing Life-Sustaining Measures Organ and Tissue Donation Caring for the Nurse Clinical Applicability Challenges References PART 2: PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE ISSUES IN CRITICAL CARE Chapter 7: Ethical Issues in Critical Care Nursing Differentiating Between Ethics and Morals Ethical Principles Autonomy Beneficence Nonmaleficence Veracity Fidelity Justice Ethics as a Foundation for Nursing Practice Nursing Code of Ethics Ethical Issues Moral Distress Ethical Decision Making The Case Method Approach Strategies for Promoting Ethical Decision Making Institutional Ethics Committees Ethics Rounds and Conferences Clinical Applicability Challenges Acknowledgment References Chapter 8: Legal Issues in Critical Care Nursing An Overview of Governmental Organization and Major Areas of the Law Administrative Law HIPAA Employment Law Criminal Law Civil Law Nursing Negligence in Critical Care Duty Breach of Duty Causation Damages Vicarious Liability The Questionable Medical Order Establishment of Protocols Liability for Defective Medical Equipment Patient Decision-Making Autonomy Advance Directives: Living Wills and Powers of Attorney Issues That Involve Life-Support Measures Do Not Resuscitate (DNR) Orders Right to Refuse Treatment for Religious Reasons Landmark Legal Cases on Withdrawal of Treatment Brain Death Organ Donation Clinical Applicability Challenges Reference Chapter 9: Building a Professional Practice Model for Excellence in Critical Care Nursing Defining the Critical Care Nurse Defining Nursing Professionalism Defining Nursing Excellence Values Vision Mastery Passion Action Balance Conclusion Clinical Applicability Challenges References PART 3: SPECIAL POPULATIONS IN CRITICAL CARE Chapter 10: The Critically Ill Pediatric Patient Prominent Anatomical and Physiological Differences and Implications Vital Signs Neurological System Cardiovascular System Respiratory System Gastrointestinal System Renal System Endocrine System Immune System Integumentary System Selected Pediatric Challenges Ventilatory Issues Medication Administration Pain Management Interaction with Children and Families Clinical Applicability Challenges References Chapter 11: The Critically Ill Pregnant Woman Physiological Changes in Pregnancy Cardiovascular Changes Respiratory Changes Renal Changes Gastrointestinal and Metabolic Changes Hematological Changes Fetal and Placental Development Considerations Critical Care Conditions in Pregnancy Severe Preeclampsia HELLP Syndrome Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation Amniotic Fluid Embolism Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Trauma Providing Emotional Support Clinical Applicability Challenges References Chapter 12: The Critically Ill Older Patient Normal Psychobiological Characteristics of Aging Biological Issues Psychosocial Issues Physical Challenges Auditory Changes Visual Changes Other Sensory Changes Sleep Changes Skin Changes Cardiovascular Changes Respiratory Changes Renal Changes Gastrointestinal Changes Musculoskeletal Changes Endocrine Changes Immunological Changes Psychological Challenges Cognitive Changes Abuse of the Older Person Alcohol Abuse Challenges in Medication Use Drug Absorption Drug Distribution Drug Metabolism Clinical Applicability Challenges Drug Excretion References Chapter 13: The Postanesthesia Patient Preoperative Anesthesia Patient Assessment Postanesthesia Report to PACU or ICU Nurse Complications in the Postanesthesia Patient Hypoxemia Hypoventilation Hypotension Hypothermia Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting Postoperative Pain Hypertension Cardiac Dysrhythmias Malignant Hyperthermia Moderate IV Sedation Administered by an Registered Nurse Versus Monitored Anesthesia Care Clinical Applicability Challenges References PART 4: SPECIAL SITUATIONS IN CRITICAL CARE Chapter 14: Rapid Response Teams and Transport of the Critically Ill Patient Rapid Response Teams Rationale for the Need The Role of the Rapid Response Team Interfacility Transport Modes of Interfacility Transport Transfer Guidelines and Legal Implications Phases of Interfacility Transport Intrafacility Transport Clinical Applicability Challenges References Chapter 15: Disaster Management: Implications for the Critical Care Nurse Fundamentals of Disaster Science Response to Mass Casualty Incidents Response to Terrorism Role of Hospital Emergency Incident Command System Triage Unnatural Disasters Explosions and Blast Attacks Nuclear or Radiological Attacks Chemical Attacks Biological Attacks Natural Disasters Psychological Effects of Terrorism Clinical Applicability Challenges References PART 5: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Chapter 16: Anatomy and Physiology of the Cardiovascular System Cardiac Microstructure Mechanical Events of Contraction Electrical Events of Depolarization Physiological Basis of the Resting Potential Physiological Basis of the Action Potential Cardiac Macrostructure Cardiac Conduction Electrocardiograms Rhythmicity and Pacing Cardiac Output Regulation of Heart Rate Regulation of Stroke Volume Coronary Circulation Peripheral Circulation Blood Volume Blood Pressure Clinical Applicability Challenges References Chapter 17: Patient Assessment: Cardiovascular System CARDIAC HISTORY AND PHYSICAL EXAMINATION History Chief Complaint and History of Present Illness Past Health History Family History Personal and Social History Review of Other Systems Physical Examination Inspection Palpation Percussion Auscultation CARDIAC LABORATORY STUDIES Routine Laboratory Studies Hematological Studies Coagulation Studies Blood Chemistries Serum Lipid Studies Enzyme Studies Creatine Kinase Biochemical Markers: Myocardial Proteins Neurohumoral Hormones: Brain-Type Natriuretic Peptide Newer Diagnostic Markers CARDIAC DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES Standard 12-Lead Electrocardiogram Procedure Nursing Assessment and Management Electrophysiologic Studies Holter or 24-Hour Monitoring Event (Continuous Loop) Monitoring Implantable Loop Monitoring Signal-Averaged Electrocardiography Diagnostic Electrophysiology Study Tilt Table Testing for Syncope Chest Radiography Procedure Nursing Assessment and Management Echocardiography M-Mode Echocardiography Two-Dimensional Echocardiography Three-Dimensional Echocardiography Doppler Echocardiography Transesophageal Echocardiography Bedside Vascular Access Testing Intravascular Ultrasound Stress Testing Exercise Stress Testing Pharmacological Stress Testing Nuclear Imaging with Stress Testing Stress Echocardiography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Cardiac Catheterization, Coronary Angiography, and Coronary Intervention Left Heart Catheterization Right Heart Catheterization ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC MONITORING Equipment Features Hard-Wire Monitoring Systems Telemetry Monitoring Systems Display Systems Monitoring Lead Systems Procedure Electrode Application Monitor Observation Troubleshooting Electrocardiogram Monitor Problems DYSRHYTHMIAS AND THE 12-LEAD ELECTROCARDIOGRAM Evaluation of a Rhythm Strip Electrocardiogram Paper Waveforms and Intervals Calculation of Heart Rate Steps in Assessing a Rhythm Strip Normal Sinus Rhythm Dysrhythmias Originating at the Sinus Node Sinus Tachycardia Sinus Bradycardia Sinus Dysrhythmia Sinus Arrest and Sinoatrial Block Sick Sinus Syndrome Atrial Dysrhythmias Premature Atrial Contraction Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia Atrial Flutter Atrial Fibrillation Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia Junctional Dysrhythmias Junctional Rhythm Premature Junctional Contractions Ventricular Dysrhythmias Premature Ventricular Contractions Ventricular Tachycardia Torsades De Pointes Ventricular Fibrillation Accelerated Idioventricular Rhythm Atrioventricular Blocks First-Degree Atrioventricular Block Second-Degree Atrioventricular Block— Mobitz I (Wenckebach) Second-Degree Atrioventricular Block— Mobitz II Third-Degree (Complete) Atrioventricular Block The 12-Lead Electrocardiogram The Normal 12-Lead Electrocardiogram Electrical Axis Bundle Branch Block Enlargement Patterns Ischemia, Injury, and Infarction Patterns EFFECTS OF SERUM ELECTROLYTE ABNORMALITIES ON THE ELECTROCARDIOGRAM Potassium Hyperkalemia Hypokalemia Calcium Hypercalcemia Hypocalcemia HEMODYNAMIC MONITORING Pressure Monitoring System Optimizing the Pressure Monitoring System Arterial Pressure Monitoring Arterial Line Insertion Arterial Pressure Waveform Obtaining Arterial Pressures Complications Nursing Considerations Central Venous Pressure Monitoring Catheter Insertion Complications Nursing Considerations Pulmonary Artery Pressure Monitoring Pulmonary Artery Catheters Pulmonary Artery Catheter Insertion Waveform Interpretation Physiological Causes of Abnormal Waveforms Complications Nursing Considerations Determination of Cardiac Output Factors That Determine Cardiac Output Obtaining Cardiac Output Values Evaluation of Oxygen Delivery and Demand Balance Determinants of Oxygen Delivery Determinants of Oxygen Consumption Oxygen Supply and Demand Imbalance Nursing Considerations Clinical Applicability Challenges References Chapter 18: Patient Management: Cardiovascular System PHARMACOLOGICAL THERAPY Fibrinolytics, Anticoagulants, and Platelet Inhibitors Fibrinolytics Anticoagulants Platelet Inhibitors Antiarrhythmics Class I Antiarrhythmic Drugs Class II Antiarrhythmic Drugs Class III Antiarrhythmic Drugs Class IV Antiarrhythmic Drugs Unclassified Antiarrhythmic Drugs Inotropes Dopamine Dobutamine Epinephrine Isoproterenol Norepinephrine Phosphodiesterase III Inhibitor Vasodilators Nitrates Sodium Nitroprusside Nesiritide Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors Antihyperlipidemics PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTIONS AND PERCUTANEOUS BALLOON VALVULOPLASTY Percutaneous Coronary Interventions Historical Background Physiological Principles Comparisons Between PCI and CABG Diagnostic Tests for Patient Selection: PCI and CABG Equipment Features Indications for and Contraindications to PCI Procedure Results Assessment and Management Complications Other Interventional Cardiology Techniques Interventions for Peripheral Arterial Disease Percutaneous Balloon Valvuloplasty Historical Background Pathophysiology of Stenotic Valves Diagnostic Tests for PBV and Valve Replacement Equipment Features Indications for and Contraindications to PBV Procedure Results Assessment and Management INTRA-AORTIC BALLOON PUMP COUNTERPULSATION AND MECHANICAL CIRCULATORY SUPPORT Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump Counterpulsation Physiological Principles Equipment Features Indications for Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump Counterpulsation Contraindications to IABP Counterpulsation Procedure Interpretation of Results Assessment and Management Complications Specific to IABP Therapy Mechanical Circulatory Support Physiological Principles Devices Nursing Implications Complications Associated With IABP Therapy and Circulatory Support Bleeding Thromboembolic Events Right Ventricular Failure Infection Dysrhythmias Nutritional Deficits Psychosocial Factors MANAGEMENT OF DYSRHYTHMIAS Electrical Cardioversion Procedure Catheter Ablation Indications for Ablation Procedure Nursing Management Cardiac Pacemakers Indications for Cardiac Pacing The Pacemaker System Pacemaker Functioning The Pacemaker Code Pacing Modes Pacemaker Malfunction Pacemaker Complications Nursing Management Implantable Cardioverter–Defibrillators Indications for Implantable Cardioverter–Defibrillators The Implantable Cardioverter–Defibrillator System Implantable Cardioverter–Defibrillator Functioning The Implantable Cardioverter–Defibrillator Code Nursing Management CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION Causes of Cardiopulmonary Arrest Assessment and Management of the Patient in Cardiopulmonary Arrest Determine Responsiveness Circulation Position the Patient Airway Breathing Role of Resuscitation Team Members Equipment Used in Cardiopulmonary Arrest Medications Defibrillation Automatic External Defibrillator Transcutaneous Pacing Therapeutic Hypothermia Family Presence in Cardiac Arrest Situations Clinical Applicability Challenges References Chapter 19: Common Cardiovascular Disorders Infection and Inflammation of the Heart Pericarditis Myocarditis Endocarditis Cardiomyopathies Dilated Cardiomyopathy Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Peripheral Vascular Disease Peripheral Arterial Disease Venous Disease Aortic Disease Aortic Aneurysm Aortic Dissection Hypertensive Crisis Pathophysiology Assessment Management Clinical Applicability Challenges References Chapter 20: Heart Failure Definition Classification Acute Versus Chronic Left-Sided Heart Failure Versus Right-Sided Heart Failure Classification Systems Factors That Determine Cardiac Output Oxygen Demand Mechanical Factors and Heart Rate Neurohormonal Mechanisms Pathophysiology Cardiomyopathy Dysrhythmia Acute Decompensated Heart Failure Assessment History Physical Examination Laboratory Studies Diagnostic Studies Hemodynamics Pulse Oximetry Management of Acute Decompensation of Heart Failure Airway and Breathing Circulation Management of Chronic Heart Failure Pharmacological Treatment Nonpharmacological Treatment Patient Education Clinical Applicability Challenges References Chapter 21: Acute Myocardial Infarction Atherosclerosis Pathophysiological Principles Risk Factors Acute Coronary Syndrome Angina Pectoris Pathophysiological Principles Classification of Angina Assessment Management Myocardial Infarction Pathophysiological Principles Assessment Management Complications Cardiac Rehabilitation Clinical Applicability Challenges References Chapter 22: Cardiac Surgery Indications for Cardiac Surgery Coronary Artery Disease Valvular Disease Cardiac Surgery Preoperative Phase Intraoperative Phase Postoperative Phase Carotid Endarterectomy Indications for Carotid Endarterectomy Surgical Procedure Postoperative Care Home Care Considerations Clinical Applicability Challenges References PART 6: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Chapter 23: Anatomy and Physiology of the Respiratory System Anatomy of the Respiratory System The Thorax The Conducting Airways The Respiratory Airways The Lung Circulation The Pulmonary Lymphatics Physiology of the Respiratory System Ventilation Diffusion Perfusion Relationship of Ventilation to Perfusion Gas Transport Regulation of Respiration Clinical Applicability Challenges References Chapter 24: Patient Assessment: Respiratory System History Dyspnea Chest Pain Sputum Production Cough Physical Examination Inspection Palpation Percussion Auscultation Respiratory Monitoring Pulse Oximetry End-Tidal Carbon Dioxide Monitoring Arterial Blood Gases Mixed Venous Oxygen Saturation Respiratory Diagnostic Studies Chest Radiography Ventilation–Perfusion Scanning Pulmonary Angiography Bronchoscopy Thoracentesis Sputum Culture Pulmonary Function Tests Clinical Applicability Challenges References Chapter 25: Patient Management: Respiratory System Bronchial Hygiene Therapy Coughing and Deep Breathing Airway Clearance Adjunct Therapies Chest Physiotherapy Oxygen Therapy Patient Assessment Oxygen Delivery Systems Complications of Oxygen Delivery Artificial Airways Oropharyngeal Airway Nasopharyngeal Airway Endotracheal Tubes Chest Tubes Equipment Drainage Systems Chest Tube Placement Assessment and Management Complications Transporting the Patient With Chest Tubes Pharmacological Agents Bronchodilator Therapy Antibiotics Sedative Agents Neuromuscular Blocking Agents Ventilatory Support Physiological Principles Equipment Ventilator Modes Use of Mechanical Ventilators Complications of Mechanical Ventilation Assessment and Management Weaning From Mechanical Ventilation Home Care and Mechanical Ventilation New Frontiers and Challenges for Ventilated Patients Clinical Applicability Challenges References Chapter 26: Common Respiratory Disorders Pneumonia Etiology Pathophysiology Assessment Management Prevention Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Pleural Effusion Pathophysiology Assessment Management Pneumothorax Pathophysiology Assessment Management Pulmonary Embolism Pathophysiology Assessment Management Prevention Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Pathophysiology Assessment Management Prevention Chronic Bronchitis Emphysema Thoracic Surgery Acute Asthma Pathophysiology Assessment Management Status Asthmaticus Acute Respiratory Failure Pathophysiology Classification Assessment Management Clinical Applicability Challenges References Chapter 27: Acute Lung Injury and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Etiology, Diagnostic Criteria, and Incidence Pathophysiology Pathological Changes in ARDS Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome Stages of ARDS Assessment History Physical Examination Diagnostic Studies Management Oxygenation and Ventilation Pharmacological Therapy Sedation Nutritional Support Prevention of Complications Clinical Applicability Challenges References PART 7: RENAL SYSTEM Chapter 28: Anatomy and Physiology of the Renal System Macroscopic Anatomy of the Renal System Microscopic Anatomy of the Renal System and Normal Renal Physiology Juxtaglomerular Apparatus Glomerulus Tubules Hormonal Influences Antidiuretic Hormone Renin Aldosterone Functions of the Renal System Renal Clearance Regulation Fluid Balance Other Renal Functions Clinical Applicability Challenges References Chapter 29: Patient Assessment: Renal System History Physical Examination Assessment of Renal Function Laboratory Studies Diagnostic Studies Assessment of Electrolytes and Acid–Base Balance Sodium Balance Potassium Balance Calcium and Phosphate Balance Magnesium Balance Acid–Base Balance Assessment of Fluid Balance Weight Intake and Output Hypovolemia and Hypervolemia Hemodynamic Monitoring Clinical Applicability Challenges References Chapter 30: Patient Management: Renal System Physiology Extracorporeal Therapies Access to Circulation Anticoagulation Intermittent Hemodialysis Indications for Hemodialysis Contraindications to Hemodialysis Assessment and Management Complications Continuous Renal Replacement Therapies Indications for Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy Contraindications to Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy Equipment Assessment and Management Technical Complications in Continuous Venovenous Hemofiltration With Dialysis Physiological Complications in Continuous Venovenous Hemofiltration With Dialysis Psychological Aspects of Renal Replacement Therapies Hemodialysis Applied to Other Therapies Peritoneal Dialysis Equipment Assessment and Management Technical Complications Physiological Complications Peritoneal Dialysis as a Chronic Treatment Pharmacological Management of Renal Dysfunction Diuretics Vasoactive Drugs Disorders of Fluid Volume Fluid Volume Deficit Fluid Volume Excess Management of Electrolyte Imbalances Sodium Potassium Calcium Magnesium Phosphorus Clinical Applicability Challenges References Chapter 31: Renal Failure Acute Kidney Injury Causes of Acute Kidney Injury Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury Clinical Course of Acute Tubular Necrosis Diagnosis of Acute Kidney Injury Chronic Kidney Disease Definition and Classification Causes Pathophysiology Preventing the Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease Management of Renal Failure Managing Fluid Balance Alterations Managing Acid–Base Alterations Managing Cardiovascular Alterations Managing Pulmonary Alterations Managing Gastrointestinal Alterations Managing Neuromuscular Alterations Managing Hematological Alterations Managing Alterations in Drug Elimination Managing Skeletal Alterations Managing Integumentary Alterations Managing Alterations in Dietary Intake Managing Alterations in Psychosocial Functioning Clinical Applicability Challenges References PART 8: NERVOUS SYSTEM Chapter 32: Anatomy and Physiology of the Nervous System Cells of the Nervous System Neuroglia Neurons Characteristics of Neurons Resting Membrane Potential Synaptic Transmission Neuronal Thresholds and the Action Potential Remodeling of Connections in the Nervous System Nerve Regeneration Central Nervous System Skull Meninges Cerebrospinal Fluid Cerebral Vasculature Brain Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous System Cranial Nerves Spinal Nerves Sensory Division Motor Division and the Neuromuscular Junction Reflexes Brain Reflexes Spinal Cord Reflexes Pain Pain Pathways and Their Modulation Referred Pain The Neurohormonal Stress Response Homeostasis Disruption of Homeostasis Age-Related Changes Clinical Applicability Challenges References Chapter 33: Patient Assessment: Nervous System History Physical Examination Mental Status Motor Function Pupillary Changes Cranial Nerve Function Reflexes Sensation Vital Signs Signs of Trauma or Infection Signs of Increased Intracranial Pressure Evaluation of Dysfunction in the Patient’s Living Patterns Neurodiagnostic Studies Neuroradiological Techniques Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography and Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography Angiography and Digital Subtraction Angiography Cerebral Blood Flow Studies Myelography Ultrasonography and Noninvasive Cerebrovascular Studies Electrophysiological Studies Lumbar Puncture for Cerebrospinal Fluid Examination Clinical Applicability Challenges Chapter 34: Patient Management: Nervous System Physiological Principles Intracranial Dynamics Volume–Pressure Curve Cerebral Perfusion Pressure Increased Intracranial Pressure Cushing’s Triad Cerebral Edema Herniation Intracranial Pressure Monitoring Indications for Intracranial Pressure Monitoring Intracranial Pressure Monitoring Devices Intracranial Pressure Measurements Management of Increased Intracranial Pressure Clinical Management Pharmacological Therapy Other Management Methods Patient Care Considerations Clinical Applicability Challenges References Chapter 35: Common Neurosurgical and Neurological Disorders Neurological Surgery Brain Tumors Aneurysms Arteriovenous Malformations Surgical Approaches Neurological Disorders Stroke Seizures Guillain-Barré Syndrome Myasthenia Gravis Clinical Applicability Challenges References Chapter 36: Traumatic Brain Injury Mechanisms of Traumatic Brain Injury Primary and Secondary Brain Injury Primary Brain Injury Secondary Brain Injury Assessment Physical Examination Diagnostic Testing Management Initial Management Monitoring and Controlling Intracranial Pressure Maintaining Cerebral Perfusion Preventing and Treating Seizures Maintaining a Normal Body Temperature Identifying and Managing Sympathetic Storming Monitoring Fluid and Electrolyte Status Managing Cardiovascular Complications Managing Pulmonary Complications Managing Nutrition and Maintaining Glycemic Control Managing Musculoskeletal and Integumentary Complications Caring for the Family Brain Death Clinical Applicability Challenges References Chapter 37: Spinal Cord Injury Classification of Injury Mechanism of Injury Type of Vertebral Injury Level of Injury Cause of Injury Functional Outcome Spinal Cord Syndromes Central Cord Syndrome Brown-Séquard Syndrome Anterior Cord Syndrome Posterior Cord Syndrome Pathophysiology Primary Injury Secondary Injury Autonomic Nervous System Dysfunction Spinal Shock Neurogenic Shock Orthostatic Hypotension Initial Assessment and Management Prehospital Management In-Hospital Management Ongoing Assessment and Management Realignment and Stabilization of the Spine Prevention of Respiratory Problems Restoration of Hemodynamic Stability Neurological Management Pain Management Medication Administration Thermoregulation Nutrition Mobilization and Skin Care Urinary Management Bowel Management Psychological Support Addressing Concerns About Sexuality Complications Autonomic Dysreflexia Pulmonary Complications Paralytic Ileus and Stress Ulcers Heterotropic Ossification Spasticity Research in the Treatment of Spinal Cord Injuries Patient Teaching and Discharge Planning Clinical Applicability Challenges References PART 9: GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM Chapter 38: Anatomy and Physiology of the Gastrointestinal System Structure of the Gastrointestinal System Macroscopic Anatomy of the Gastrointestinal System Microscopic Anatomy of the Gastrointestinal System Innervation Circulation Function of the Gastrointestinal System Oropharynx Esophagus Stomach Pancreas Gallbladder Small Intestine Large Intestine Liver Clinical Applicability Challenges Chapter 39: Patient Assessment: Gastrointestinal System History Physical Examination Oral Cavity and Throat Abdomen Anus and Rectum Nutritional Assessment Laboratory Studies Laboratory Studies Relating to Liver Function Laboratory Studies Relating to Pancreatic Function Other Laboratory Studies Diagnostic Studies Radiological and Imaging Studies Endoscopic Studies Other Diagnostic Studies Clinical Applicability Challenges References Chapter 40: Patient Management: Gastrointestinal System Malnutrition Nutritional Support Enteral Nutrition and Delivery Parenteral (Intravenous) Nutrition Role of the Nurse in Nutritional Support Pharmacological Management of Gastrointestinal Disorders Clinical Applicability Challenges References Chapter 41: Common Gastrointestinal Disorders Acute Gastrointestinal Bleeding Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding Intestinal Obstruction and Ileus Small Bowel Obstruction Colonic Obstruction Ileus Acute Pancreatitis Etiology Pathophysiology Clinical Presentation Assessment Complications Management Hepatitis Etiology Pathophysiology Assessment Management Complications of Liver Disease Cirrhosis Hepatic Encephalopathy Hepatorenal Syndrome Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis Clinical Applicability Challenges References PART 10: ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Chapter 42: Anatomy and Physiology of the Endocrine System The Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland Posterior Pituitary (Neurohypophysis) Hormones Anterior Pituitary (Adenohypophysis) Hormones The Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands Thyroid Hormones Calcitonin and Parathyroid Hormone The Endocrine Pancreas Insulin Insulin Resistance Glucagon Somatostatin Pancreatic Polypeptide The Adrenal Glands Medullary Hormones Cortical Hormones Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (Natriuretic Hormone) Clinical Applicability Challenges References Chapter 43: Patient Assessment: Endocrine System The Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland History and Physical Examination Laboratory Studies Diagnostic Studies The Thyroid Gland History and Physical Examination Laboratory Studies Diagnostic Studies The Parathyroid Gland History and Physical Examination Laboratory Studies The Endocrine Pancreas History and Physical Examination Laboratory Studies The Adrenal Gland History and Physical Examination Laboratory Studies Diagnostic Studies Clinical Applicability Challenges References Chapter 44: Common Endocrine Disorders Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Function During Critical Illness Thyroid Dysfunction Thyrotoxic Crisis Myxedema Coma Adrenal Gland Dysfunction Adrenal Crisis Pheochromocytoma Antidiuretic Hormone Dysfunction Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion Diabetes Insipidus Emergencies for Patients With Diabetes Mellitus Diabetic Ketoacidosis Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State Hypoglycemia Clinical Applicability Challenges References PART 11: HEMATOLOGICAL AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS Chapter 45: Anatomy and Physiology of the Hematological and Immune Systems Hematological System Blood and Its Functions Components of Blood Blood Coagulation Immune System Immune Response Impaired Host Resistance Clinical Applicability Challenges References Chapter 46: Patient Assessment: Hematological and Immune Systems Assessment History Physical Examination Diagnostic Studies and Results Interpretation Tests to Evaluate Red Blood Cells Tests to Evaluate White Blood Cells Tests to Evaluate Disorders of Primary Hemostasis Tests to Evaluate Disorders of Secondary Hemostasis Tests to Evaluate Hematological and Immune Disorders Assessment of the Immunocompromised Patient History Risk Factors for Immunocompromise Clinical Applicability Challenges References Chapter 47: Organ and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Indications for Transplantation Patient Evaluation and Contraindications to Transplantation Donor Selection Determining Compatibility Living Donors Cadaveric Donors Assessment and Management in Organ Transplantation Preoperative Phase Surgical Procedure Postoperative Phase Assessment and Management in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Stem Cell Harvesting, Mobilization, and Collection Conditioning Regimen Transplantation/Hematopoietic Stem Cell Infusion Engraftment Immunosuppressive Therapy Complications of Transplantation Organ Transplantation Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Long-Term Considerations Clinical Applicability Challenges References Chapter 48: Common Immunological Disorders HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION Epidemiology Immunopathogenesis of HIV Viral Replication Immune Defects HIV Transmission and Natural History Assessment History and Physical Examination Laboratory and Diagnostic Studies Management Control of Opportunistic Infection Antiretroviral Therapy ONCOLOGICAL COMPLICATIONS AND EMERGENCIES General Principles in the Critical Care of Patients With Cancer Hematological Complications Bone Marrow Suppression Engraftment Syndrome Leukostasis Typhlitis/Necrotizing Enterocolitis Anatomical–Structural Complications Cardiac Tamponade Carotid Artery Rupture Hepatic Veno-Occlusive Disease (Sinusoidal Obstruction Syndrome) Superior Vena Cava Syndrome Pleural Effusion Spinal Cord Compression Tracheobronchial Obstruction Metabolic Complications Hypercalcemia Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH) Secretion Tumor Lysis Syndrome Clinical Applicability Challenges References Chapter 49: Common Hematological Disorders Disorders of Red Blood Cells Polycythemia Anemia Sickle Cell Disease Disorders of White Blood Cells Leukopenia Neoplastic Disorders Nursing Care of the Patient With a White Blood Cell Disorder Disorders of Hemostasis Platelet Disorders Coagulation Disorders Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation Clinical Applicability Challenges References PART 12: INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM Chapter 50: Anatomy and Physiology of the Integumentary System Epidermis Dermis Hypodermis Skin Appendages Sweat Glands Sebaceous Glands Hair Nails Functions of the Skin Clinical Applicability Challenges References Chapter 51: Patient Assessment: Integumentary System History Physical Examination Inspection Palpation Assessment of Pressure Ulcers Assessment of Skin Tumors Clinical Applicability Challenges References Chapter 52: Patient Management: Integumentary System Types of Wounds Pressure Ulcers Leg Ulcers Skin Tears Wound Healing Phases of Wound Healing Methods of Wound Healing Wound Assessment Wound Care Wound Cleansing Wound Closure Wound Drainage Wound Dressings Wound Débridement Wound Cultures Use of Pressure-Relieving Devices Pain Management Pharmacotherapy Care of Specific Wounds Pressure Ulcers Burns High-Volume Draining Wounds Nutrition and Wound Healing Patient Teaching and Discharge Planning Clinical Applicability Challenges References Chapter 53: Burns and Common Integumentary Disorders Classification of Burn Injuries Causative Agent Depth Severity Pathophysiology Localized Tissue Response Systemic Response Concomitant Problems Pulmonary Injury Infection Trauma Assessment and Management Resuscitative Phase Reparative Phase Rehabilitative Phase Other Types of Injuries Treated in Burn Centers Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis Syndrome Necrotizing Fasciitis Cold Injuries Clinical Applicability Challenges References PART 13: MULTISYSTEM DYSFUNCTION Chapter 54: Shock, Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome, and Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome Pathophysiology of Shock Tissue Oxygenation and Perfusion Compensatory Mechanisms Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome Etiology Pathophysiology Stages of Shock Classification of Shock Hypovolemic Shock Cardiogenic Shock Distributive Shock States Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome Etiology Pathophysiology Assessment Management Clinical Applicability Challenges References Chapter 55: Trauma Mechanism of Injury Blunt Injury Penetrating Injury Initial Assessment and Management Prehospital Management In-Hospital Management Assessment and Management of Specific Injuries Thoracic Trauma Abdominal Trauma Musculoskeletal Injuries Maxillofacial Trauma Complications of Multiple Trauma Early Complications Late Complications Clinical Applicability Challenges References Chapter 56: Drug Overdose and Poisoning The Poisoned or Overdosed Patient Poisoning Substance Abuse and Overdose Assessment Triage History Physical Examination Laboratory Studies Management Stabilization Initial Decontamination Gastrointestinal Decontamination Enhanced Elimination of the Drug or Toxin Antagonists, Antitoxins, and Antivenins Continuous Patient Monitoring Patient Teaching Clinical Applicability Challenges References APPENDIX: ACLS GUIDELINES Index
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