Criminology

Title
Contents
PART I Understanding Criminology
	1 The Changing Boundaries of Criminology
		The Changing Boundaries of Criminology
			Terrorism
			Illicit Drug Traffi cking
			Money Laundering
			Infi ltration of Legal Business
			Computer Crime
			Illicit Arms Traffi cking
			Traffi cking in Persons
			Destruction of Cultural Property
			The Reach of Criminology
		What Is Criminology?
		The Making of Laws
			Deviance
			The Concept of Crime
			The Consensus and Confl ict Views of Law and Crime
		The Breaking of Laws
		Society’s Reaction to the Breaking of Laws
			Criminology and the Criminal Justice System
			The Global Approach to the Breaking of Laws
		Research Informs Policy
		BOXES World News: In the Words of Al Qaeda: What Else Is There to Say about September 11?
			Window to the World: Terrorism and the Fear of Terrorism
			Debatable Issues: Fame and Crime
		Review
		Criminology & Public Policy
		You Be the Criminologist
		Key Terms
	2 Counting Crime and Measuring Criminal Behavior
		The Ingredients of Crime
			The Act Requirement
			The Legality Requirement
			The Harm Requirement
			The Causation Requirement
			Mens Rea: The “Guilty Mind” Requirement
			The Concurrence Requirement
			The Punishment Requirement
		The Defenses
		Typologies of Crime
		Measuring Crime
			Methods of Collecting Data
			Ethics and the Researcher
		The Nature and Extent of Crime
			Police Statistics
			Victimization Surveys
			Self-Report Surveys
		Measuring Characteristics of Crime
			Crime Trends
			Locations and Times of Criminal Acts
			Severity of Crime
		Measuring Characteristics of Criminals
			Age and Crime
			Gender and Crime
			Social Class and Crime
			Race and Crime
		BOXES World News: Statistics Watchdog Chief Accuses Home Offi ce of Abusing Crime Statistics
			Debatable Issues: Murder Spike Poses Quandary
			Window to the World: Victims around the World
		Review
		Criminology & Public Policy
		You Be the Criminologist
		Key Terms
	3 Schools of Thought throughout History
		Classical Criminology
			The Historical Context
			Cesare Beccaria
			Jeremy Bentham’s Utilitarianism
			The Classical School: An Evaluation
		Positivist Criminology
		Biological Determinism: The Search for Criminal Traits
			Lombroso, Ferri, Garofalo: The Italian School
			A Return to Biological Determinism
		Psychological Determinism
			Pioneers in Criminal Psychology
			Psychological Studies of Criminals
		Sociological Determinism
			Adolphe Quételet and André Michel Guerry
			Gabriel Tarde
			Émile Durkheim
		Historical and Contemporary Criminology: A Time Line
		The Future of Our History
		BOXES Window to the World: Stone Age Crime and Social Control
			Debatable Issues: Utilitarianism Gone Astray
			World News: Who’s Responsible?
		Review
		Criminology & Public Policy
		You Be the Criminologist
		Key Terms
PART II Explanations of Crime and Criminal Behavior
	4 Biological and Psychological Perspectives
		Biology and Criminality
			Modern Biocriminology
			Genetics and Criminality
			The Controversy over Violence and Genes
			The IQ Debate
			Biochemical Factors
			Neurocriminology
		Crime and Human Nature
			Criticisms of Biocriminology
		Psychology and Criminality
			Psychological Development
			Moral Development
			Maternal Deprivation and Attachment Theory
			Learning Aggression and Violence
			Personality
		Mental Disorders and Crime
			Psychological Causation
			An Integrated Theory
		BOXES Debatable Issues: Brain Overclaim Syndrome
			Criminological Concerns: Who Is Responsible for the Crime of Parricide?
			World News: China Launches Campaign to Crack Down on Web Porn
		Review
		Criminology & Public Policy
		You Be the Criminologist
		Key Terms
	5 Strain and Cultural Deviance Theories
		The Interconnectedness of Sociological Theories
		Anomie: Émile Durkheim
			The Structural-Functionalist Perspective
			Anomie and Suicide
		Strain Theory
			Merton’s Theory of Anomie
			Modes of Adaptation
			Tests of Merton’s Theory
			Evaluation: Merton’s Theory
			Institutional Imbalance and Crime
			General Strain Theory
		Theory Informs Policy
		Cultural Deviance Theories
			The Nature of Cultural Deviance
			Social Disorganization Theory
			Tests of Social Disorganization Theory
			Evaluation: Social Disorganization Theory
		Theory Informs Policy
			Differential Association Theory
			Tests of Differential Association Theory
			Evaluation: Differential Association Theory
		Theory Informs Policy
			Culture Confl ict Theory
		BOXES Window to the World: A Social System Breaks Down
			Debatable Issues: Cults—Culture Confl ict—Crime
		Review
		Criminology & Public Policy
		You Be the Criminologist
		Key Terms
	6 The Formation of Subcultures
		The Function of Subcultures
		Subcultural Theories of Delinquency and Crime
			The Middle-Class Measuring Rod
			Corner Boy, College Boy, Delinquent Boy
			Tests of Cohen’s Theory
			Evaluation: Cohen’s Theory
		Delinquency and Opportunity
			Tests of Opportunity Theory
			Evaluation: Differential Opportunity Theory
		The Subculture of Violence
			Tests of the Subculture of Violence
			Evaluation: The Subculture of Violence Theory
		Focal Concerns: Miller’s Theory
			Tests of Miller’s Theory
			Evaluation: Miller’s Theory
		Gangs at the Turn of the Twenty-First Century
			Guns and Gangs
		Female Delinquent Subcultures
			Early Research
			Recent Studies
		Middle-Class Delinquency
			Explanations
		Theory Informs Policy
			Getting Out: Gang Banging or the Morgue
		BOXES Debatable Issues: Cohen vs. Miller
			Criminological Concerns: The Girls in the Gang
			Window to the World: Gangs Terrorize Nigeria’s Vital Oil Region
		Review
		Criminology & Public Policy
		You Be the Criminologist
		Key Terms
	7 Social Control Theory
		What Is Social Control?
		Theories of Social Control
			The Microsociological Perspective: Hirschi
			Social Bonds
			Empirical Tests of Hirschi’s Theory
			Evaluation: Hirschi’s Social Control Theory
		Social Control and Drift
		Personal and Social Control
			Failure of Control Mechanisms
			Stake in Conformity
		Containment Theory
			Empirical Tests of Containment Theory
			Evaluation: Containment Theory
		Theoretical Explorations
			Developmental/Life Course Theory
			Integrated Theory
			General Theories
		Theory Informs Policy
		BOXES Criminological Concerns: Defying Convention and Control: “In Your Face”
			Debatable Issues: Are Human Beings Inherently Bad?
			Window to the World: Nations with Low Crime Rates
		Review
		Criminology & Public Policy
		You Be the Criminologist
		Key Terms
		8 Labeling, Confl ict, and Radical Theories
			Labeling Theory
				The Origins of Labeling Theory
				Basic Assumptions of Labeling Theory
				Labeling in the 1960s
				Labeling Theory in Action
				Empirical Evidence for Labeling Theory
				Evaluation: Labeling Theory
			Confl ict Theory
				The Consensus Model
				The Confl ict Model
				Confl ict Theory and Criminology
				Empirical Evidence for the Confl ict Model
			Radical Theory
				The Intellectual Heritage of Marxist Criminology
				Engels and Marx
				Willem Adriaan Bonger
				Georg Rusche and Otto Kirchheimer
				Radical Criminology since the 1970s
				Evaluation: Marxist Criminological Theory
				Emerging Explanations
			BOXES Debatable Issues: Racial Profi ling—Labeling before the Fact
				Criminological Concerns: Labeling Countries “Corrupt”: A Perverse Outcome?
				Window to the World: The Forgotten Criminology of Genocide
			Review
			Criminology & Public Policy
			You Be the Criminologist
			Key Terms
		9 Environmental Theory
			Situational Theories of Crime
				Environmental Criminology
				Rational-Choice Perspective
				Routine-Activity Approach
				Practical Applications of Situational Theories of Crime
			Theories of Victimization
				Lifestyle Theories
				Victim-Offender Interaction
				Repeat Victimization
				Hot Spots of Crime
				Geography of Crime
				Interrelatedness of Theories
			Preventing Crimes against Places, People, and Valuable Goods
				Situational Crime Prevention
				Situational Crime Prevention—Pros and Cons
				Displacement
			Theory Informs Policy
			BOXES Criminological Concerns: Unraveling Al-Qaida’s Target Selection Calculus
				Debatable Issues: Maximum-Security Schools?
				World News: Pakistan Is World Leader in Stolen Cars
			Review
			Criminology & Public Policy
			You Be the Criminologist
			Key Terms
PART III Types of Crimes
	10 Violent Crimes
		Homicide
			Murder
			Manslaughter
			The Extent of Homicide
			The Nature of Homicide
			A Cross- National Comparison of Homicide Rates
		Assault
		Family- Related Crimes
			Spouse Abuse
			Child Abuse
			Abuse of the Elderly
		Rape and Sexual Assault
			Characteristics of the Rape Event
			Who Are the Rapists?
			Rape and the Legal System
			Community Response
		Kidnapping
		Robbery
			Characteristics of Robbers
			The Consequences of Robbery
		Organized Crime
			The History of Organized Crime
			The Structure and Impact of Organized Crime
			The New Ethnic Diversity in Organized Crime
		Emerging Problems
			Terrorism
			Hate Crimes
			Militias
			Violence in Schools
		Violence and Gun Control
			The Extent of Firearm- Related Offenses
			Youths and Guns
			Controlling Handgun Use
			The Gun- Control Debate
		BOXES World News: Random Murders Set Record in 2008
			Window to the World: The Big Business of Organized Crime in Mexico
			Debatable Issues: Does the Brady Law Work?
		Review
		Criminology & Public Policy
		You Be the Criminologist
		Key Terms
	11 Crimes against Property
		Larceny
			The Elements of Larceny
			The Extent of Larceny
			Who Are the Thieves?
			Shoplifting
			Art Theft
			Motor Vehicle Theft
			Boat Theft
		Fraud
			Obtaining Property by False Pretenses
			Confi dence Games and Frauds
			Check Forgery
			Credit Card Crimes
			Insurance Fraud
		High- Tech Crimes: Concerns for Today and Tomorrow
			Characteristics of High- Tech Crimes
			Computers and the Internet: Types of Crimes
			Characteristics of the High- Tech Criminal
			The Criminal Justice Problem
		Burglary
		Fencing: Receiving Stolen Property
		Arson
		Comparative Crime Rates
		BOXES Debatable Issues: Piracy Emerges as a Major Worldwide Problem: How Can It Be Controlled?
			Criminological Concerns: Mortgage Fraud
			Criminological Concerns: Insurance Fraud
		Review
		Criminology & Public Policy
		You Be the Criminologist
		Key Terms
	12 White-Collar and Corporate Crime
		Defi ning White-Collar Crime
			Crimes Committed by Individuals
			Types of White-Collar Crimes
		Corporate Crime
			Frequency and Problems of Defi nition
			Phases of Corporate Criminal Law
			Theories of Corporate Liability
			Models of Corporate Culpability
			Governmental Control of Corporations
			Investigating Corporate Crime
			Environmental Crimes
			Curbing Corporate Crime
			The Future of White-Collar and Corporate Crime
		BOXES Window to the World: Al Qaeda’s Battle Is Economic, Not Military
			Debatable Issues: How Much Corporate Power Is Too Much?
			Criminological Concerns: Corporate Fraud
		Review
		Criminology & Public Policy
		You Be the Criminologist
		Key Terms
	13 Public Order Crimes
		Drug Abuse and Crime
			The History of Drug Abuse
			The Extent of Drug Abuse
			Patterns of Drug Abuse
			Crime- Related Activities
			Drug Control
		Alcohol and Crime
			The History of Legalization
			Crime- Related Activities
		Sexual Morality Offenses
			Deviate Sexual Intercourse by Force or Imposition
			Prostitution
			Pornography
		BOXES Window to the World: Global Sexual Slavery: Women and Children
			Debatable Issues: Cyberporn: Where Do We (Should We) Draw the Line?
			World News: Preventing Child Pornography
		Review
		Criminology & Public Policy
		You Be the Criminologist
		Key Terms
	14 International and Comparative Criminology
		What Is Comparative Criminology?
		The Defi nition of Comparative Criminology
			The History of Comparative Criminology
			The Goals of Comparative Research
		Engaging in Comparative Criminological Research
			Comparative Research
			Comparative Research Tools and Resources
			The Special Problems of Empirical Research
		Theory Testing
			Validation of Major Theories
			The Socioeconomic Development Perspective
		Practical Goals
			Learning from Others’ Experiences
			Developing International Strategies
			Globalization versus Ethnic Fragmentation
		BOXES Criminological Concerns: The Motives and Intentions of Terrorist Organizations
			Debatable Issues: What Should Be Done to Prevent International Corporate Fraud?
		Review
		Criminology & Public Policy
		You Be the Criminologist
		Key Terms
Notes
Glossary
Credits
Index