Criminal Procedure: Law and Practice

Front Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 2
Copyright......Page 3
Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 18
CHAPTER 1 THE COURT SYSTEM AND SOURCES OF RIGHTS......Page 30
THE U.S. COURT SYSTEM......Page 31
The Federal Court System......Page 32
THE TERRITORY OF JUDICIAL DECISIONS......Page 37
JUDICIAL PRECEDENT (STARE DECISIS)......Page 40
FEDERAL VERSUS STATE CRIMINAL TRIALS......Page 41
JURISDICTION VERSUS VENUE......Page 42
Case Citations......Page 43
HOW TO BRIEF A CASE......Page 45
Constitutions......Page 47
Case Law versus Common Law......Page 49
THE INCORPORATION CONTROVERSY......Page 50
Approaches to Incorporation......Page 51
Fundamental and Incorporated Rights......Page 53
THE JUDICIAL REVIEW DOCTRINE......Page 54
THE RULE OF LAW......Page 55
INACTION: JURISDICTION AND VENUE......Page 39
CASE BRIEF: Duncan v. Louisiana (1968)......Page 52
CHAPTER 2 OVERVIEW OF THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE PROCESS......Page 59
Filing of Complaint......Page 62
The Arrest......Page 63
Initial Appearance before a Magistrate......Page 65
The Preliminary Hearing......Page 67
The Decision to Charge......Page 69
Indictment versus an Information......Page 70
The Plea by the Defendant......Page 72
Plea Bargains......Page 74
The Selection of Jurors......Page 78
Opening Statements by the Prosecution......Page 81
Presentation for the Defense......Page 82
Closing Arguments......Page 83
Instructions to the Jury......Page 84
Jury Deliberation......Page 85
The Verdict......Page 86
Appeal......Page 88
Habeas Corpus......Page 89
Variation within a State......Page 90
Ideal versus Reality......Page 91
CASE BRIEF: Santobello v. New York (1971)......Page 77
INACTION: JUROR SELECTION......Page 80
CHAPTER 3 PROBABLE CAUSE AND REASONABLE SUSPICION......Page 94
Probable Cause Defined (the legal definition)......Page 96
A "Man of Reasonable Caution"......Page 97
Same Definition of Probable Cause in Areas of Police Work......Page 98
With a Warrant versus without a Warrant......Page 99
Determining Probable Cause......Page 100
Establishing Probable Cause after an Illegal Act......Page 102
Any Trustworthy Information Can Establish Probable Cause......Page 103
How Probable Cause Is Established......Page 104
Probable Cause and Motor Vehicle Passengers......Page 111
Reasonable Suspicion Defined......Page 112
The Totality of Circumstances......Page 114
PROBABLE CAUSE VERSUS REASONABLE SUSPICION......Page 115
APPEALING PROBABLE CAUSE OR REASONABLE SUSPICION......Page 116
INACTION: A SEARCH WARRANT AFFIDAVIT......Page 101
CASE BRIEF: Spinelli v. United States (1969)......Page 107
CASE BRIEF: Alabama v. White (1990)......Page 113
CHAPTER 4 THE EXCLUSIONARY RULE......Page 119
THE EXCLUSIONARY RULE DEFINED......Page 121
The Purpose of the Rule......Page 122
Historical Development......Page 123
THE RULE APPLIED TO STATE CRIMINAL PROSECUTIONS......Page 125
On Appeal......Page 128
"Standing" and Illegally Seized Evidence......Page 129
Fruit of the Poisonous Tree......Page 130
The Good Faith Exceptions......Page 131
The Inevitable Discovery Exception......Page 137
The Purged Taint Exception......Page 138
The Independent Source Exception......Page 139
In Violations of the "Knock and Announce" Rule......Page 140
When Arrest Based on Probable Cause Violates State Law......Page 141
In Parole Revocation Hearings......Page 142
INACTION: THE EXCLUSIONARY RULE......Page 143
ARGUMENTS AGAINST THE RULE......Page 144
ALTERNATIVES TO THE RULE......Page 145
THE FUTURE OF THE RULE......Page 146
CASE BRIEF: Mapp v. Ohio (1961)......Page 126
CASE BRIEF: Arizona v. Evans (1995)......Page 135
CHAPTER 5 STOP AND FRISK AND STATIONHOUSE DETENTION......Page 150
The Leading Case......Page 152
The Guidelines......Page 153
Reasonable Suspicion Is Required......Page 155
The Stop......Page 156
The Frisk......Page 167
STOP AND FRISK AND ARREST COMPARED......Page 172
Application to Motor Vehicles......Page 173
For Fingerprinting......Page 174
For Interrogation......Page 175
CASE BRIEF: Terry v. Ohio (1968)......Page 154
CASE BRIEF: Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada, et al. (2004)......Page 164
INACTION: STOP AND FRISK......Page 169
CHAPTER 6 ARRESTS AND USE OF FORCE......Page 178
Arrest: Just One Form of Seizure......Page 181
Intrusiveness in Searches and Seizures of Persons......Page 182
The Appropriate Test for Determining Seizure......Page 183
Forced Detention and Arrest......Page 184
INACTION: WHAT THE POLICE MAY DO AFTER AN ARREST......Page 185
Seizure and Detention......Page 186
The Intention to Arrest......Page 187
ARRESTS WITH A WARRANT......Page 188
When a Warrant Is Needed......Page 190
CASE BRIEF: Payton v. New York (1980)......Page 191
The Service of a Warrant......Page 193
ARRESTS WITHOUT A WARRANT......Page 194
Crimes Committed in Public Places......Page 195
ENTERING A HOME WITHOUT A WARRANT......Page 196
Search the Arrestee......Page 197
Search the Motor Vehicle......Page 198
Monitor the Arrestee's Movement......Page 199
Enter Third-Party Residences......Page 200
Conduct a Warrantless Protective Sweep......Page 201
THE ANNOUNCEMENT REQUIREMENT......Page 202
The General Rule......Page 203
The Exceptions and Other Rules......Page 204
Arrests for Traffic Violations or Petty Offenses......Page 205
CASE BRIEF: Atwater v. City of Lago Vista (2001)......Page 207
DISPOSITION OF PRISONERS AFTER ARREST......Page 209
First Appearance before a Magistrate......Page 211
Bail......Page 212
Nondeadly versus Deadly Force......Page 213
The Use of Deadly Force......Page 214
CHAPTER 7 SEARCHES AND SEIZURES OF THINGS......Page 219
SEARCHES, SEIZURES, AND THE RIGHT TO PRIVACY......Page 221
"Reasonable Expectation of Privacy" Defined......Page 222
Searches and Seizures: The General Rule......Page 223
Requirements......Page 224
The Announcement Requirement......Page 229
The Scope of Search and Seizure......Page 231
The Procedure after the Search......Page 232
Searches Incident to Lawful Arrest......Page 233
Searches with Consent......Page 235
Special Needs beyond Law Enforcement......Page 243
A Summary of Special Needs Searches......Page 245
Exigent Circumstances......Page 247
Administrative Searches and Inspections......Page 249
SPECIFIC SEARCH AND SEIZURE ISSUES......Page 251
INACTION: POLICE REPORTS ON SEARCH AND SEIZURE......Page 252
Other Searches and Seizures of Students......Page 254
Temporary Restraint of a Suspect......Page 255
Searches by Off-Duty Officers......Page 256
Surgery to Remove a Bullet from a Suspect......Page 257
Searches and Seizures of Computers......Page 258
CASE BRIEF: Chimel v. California (1969)......Page 236
CASE BRIEF: Georgia v. Randolph (2006)......Page 242
CHAPTER 8 MOTOR VEHICLE STOPS, SEARCHES, AND INVENTORIES......Page 263
The General Rule for Stops......Page 266
Roadblocks: An Exception......Page 267
After a Vehicle Stop......Page 271
Traffic Stops as Pretexts for Vehicle Searches......Page 275
Vehicle Stops Based on Racial Profiles......Page 277
Arrest for a Nonjailable Traffic Offense......Page 278
Passengers Are Also "Seized" in Traffic Stops......Page 279
Arrests of Vehicle Passengers......Page 280
The Earliest Case on Vehicle Searches......Page 281
Automatic Searches during Traffic Citations......Page 284
Searches of Passenger Compartments......Page 285
Warrantless Searches of Trunks and Closed Packages......Page 286
Dog Sniffs after a Traffic Stop......Page 288
Warrantless Searches When There Is Time to Obtain a Warrant......Page 289
Warrantless Searches of Containers in a Car......Page 290
Seizures of Vehicles Found in Public Places......Page 291
The Use of Beepers to Detect Cars......Page 292
Other Valid Car Searches......Page 294
Immediately after an Arrest......Page 295
Vehicles Impounded by Police......Page 296
THE IMPORTANCE OF STATE LAWS AND DEPARTMENTAL POLICIES......Page 297
INACTION: THE ACCESS ROAD TRAP......Page 282
CASE BRIEF: Carroll v. United States (1925)......Page 283
CASE BRIEF: United States v. Ross (1982)......Page 287
CHAPTER 9 SEARCHES AND SEIZURES NOT FULLY PROTECTED BY THE FOURTH AMENDMENT: PLAIN VIEW, OPEN FIELDS, ABANDONMENT, AND BORDER SEARCHES......Page 301
THE PLAIN VIEW DOCTRINE......Page 303
Requirements of the Doctrine......Page 304
Inadvertence Is No Longer Required......Page 306
Plain View and Motor Vehicles......Page 309
Plain View and Plain Touch Compared......Page 310
The Open Fields Doctrine Defined......Page 312
Curtilage......Page 313
A Broader Meaning of Open Fields......Page 316
Open Fields and Sense-Enhancement Technology......Page 317
Open Fields and Plain View Compared......Page 319
Guidelines for When Items Are Considered Abandoned......Page 320
Police Actions and Abandonment......Page 322
BORDER SEARCHES......Page 323
Searching Vehicles Away from the Border......Page 324
Disassembling the Gas Tank......Page 325
Temporary Detention of Aliens Believed to Be Illegal......Page 326
Summary of Case Law on Border Stops and Searches......Page 327
CASE BRIEF: Horton v. California (1990)......Page 308
INACTION: A PRIVATE POKER GAME OVERHEARD......Page 311
CASE BRIEF: Oliver v. United States (1984)......Page 318
CHAPTER 10 LINEUPS AND OTHER MEANS OF PRETRIAL IDENTIFICATION......Page 331
Right to Counsel during Lineups......Page 334
Unreasonable Searches and Seizures......Page 341
Self-Incrimination......Page 342
Right to Counsel during Showups......Page 343
Right to Due Process......Page 344
Unreasonable Searches and Seizures......Page 345
Right to Due Process......Page 346
Unreasonable Searches and Seizures......Page 347
INACTION: PHOTOGRAPHIC IDENTIFICATION OF A PURSE SNATCHER......Page 348
EYEWITNESS IDENTIFICATION GUIDELINES FROM THE U.S. DOJ......Page 349
For Lineups......Page 350
For Photographic Identifications......Page 351
DNA Testing......Page 352
Polygraph Examinations......Page 358
Breathalyzer™ Tests......Page 359
Hair Samples......Page 361
Brain Fingerprinting......Page 362
CASE BRIEF: Kirby v. Illinois (1972)......Page 336
CASE BRIEF: United States v. Wade (1967)......Page 339
CHAPTER 11 CONFESSIONS AND ADMISSIONS: MIRANDA V. ARIZONA......Page 366
Voluntary Confessions......Page 368
Four Illustrative Court Cases......Page 369
AFTER MIRANDA......Page 371
The Case......Page 372
Required by the Constitution, Not Just by Judges......Page 374
Given for All Offenses Except Routine Traffic Stops......Page 376
Distinguishing Miranda from the Right to Counsel......Page 378
May Be Waived Knowingly and Intelligently......Page 381
Custodial......Page 385
Interrogation......Page 388
Situations That Require the Miranda Warnings......Page 390
Situations Not Requiring or Not Fully Applying the Miranda Warnings......Page 395
Situations in Which the Miranda Warnings Are Not Needed......Page 401
THE HARMLESS ERROR RULE AND MIRANDA CASES ON APPEAL......Page 406
CASE BRIEF: Berkemer v. McCarty (1984)......Page 377
INACTION: A CONFESSION AFTER A REQUEST FOR A LAWYER......Page 392
CASE BRIEF: Missouri v. Seibert (2004)......Page 396
CHAPTER 12 BASIC CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS OF THE ACCUSED DURING THE TRIAL......Page 409
Unanimous versus Nonunanimous Verdicts......Page 412
Serious versus Petty Offenses......Page 413
Disqualification of Jurors Based on Race......Page 414
Disqualification of Jurors Based on Gender......Page 416
THE RIGHT TO COUNSEL......Page 418
Why Counsel Is Needed......Page 419
How Counsel Is Obtained......Page 420
The Responsibility of the Defense Lawyer......Page 421
The Right to Court-Appointed Counsel during the Trial......Page 422
The Difficulty of Proving Ineffective Assistance of Counsel......Page 424
Claims of Ineffective Counsel in Death Penalty Cases......Page 425
The Right to Act as One's Own Counsel......Page 427
THE RIGHT TO DUE PROCESS......Page 428
Cases after Brady......Page 429
THE RIGHT AGAINST SELF-INCRIMINATION......Page 430
Applies Only to Testimonial Self-Incrimination......Page 431
INACTION: SELF–NCRIMINATING WRITING ON THE WALL......Page 432
Two Separate Privileges during Trial......Page 433
Transactional and Derivative Use Immunity......Page 435
THE RIGHT TO A FAIR AND IMPARTIAL TRIAL......Page 436
Controlling Prejudicial Publicity......Page 437
CASE BRIEF: J. E. B. v. Alabama (1994)......Page 417
CASE BRIEF: Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)......Page 423
CHAPTER 13 SENTENCING, THE DEATH PENALTY, AND OTHER FORMS OF PUNISHMENT......Page 442
The Goals and Objectives of Sentencing......Page 444
Sentences as Cruel and Unusual Punishment......Page 445
Sentencing Guidelines......Page 446
Sentencing Juvenile Offenders......Page 448
Imprisonment......Page 450
Probation......Page 456
Intermediate Sanctions......Page 460
Fines, Forfeiture, and Restitution......Page 462
The Death Penalty......Page 463
CASE BRIEF: Weems v. United States (1910)......Page 447
INACTION: PROBATION REVOCATION PROCEEDINGS......Page 461
CASE BRIEF: Baze v. Rees (2008)......Page 467
CHAPTER 14 LEGAL LIABILITIES OF PUBLIC OFFICERS......Page 471
LAWSUITS AGAINST POLICE: OCCUPATIONAL HAZARD......Page 473
AN OVERVIEW OF POLICE LEGAL LIABILITIES......Page 474
What Section 1983 Provides......Page 476
Two Elements of a Section 1983 Lawsuit......Page 477
Defenses in Section 1983 Cases......Page 479
CIVIL LIABILITY UNDER STATE TORT LAW......Page 484
Types of State Tort Cases......Page 485
Official Immunity......Page 492
The Police Officer as Defendant......Page 493
The Supervisor as Defendant......Page 495
OTHER CONSEQUENCES OF POLICE MISCONDUCT......Page 497
Prosecution under Federal and State Laws......Page 498
Administrative Investigations and Punishments......Page 499
Loss of Law Enforcement License......Page 500
INACTION: IGNORING THE MEDICAL COMPLAINTS OF A SUSPECT IN CUSTODY......Page 475
CASE BRIEF: Scott v. Harris (2007)......Page 480
CASE BRIEF: Groh v. Ramirez (2004)......Page 482
CHAPTER 15 TERRORISM AND ELECTRONIC SURVEILLANCE......Page 503
THE USA PATRIOT ACT OF 2001......Page 505
THE USA PATRIOT ACT OF 2006......Page 506
TERRORISM AND THE POLICE......Page 508
LEGAL ISSUES IN TERRORISM......Page 510
ELECTRONIC SURVEILLANCE......Page 513
The Old Concept......Page 514
The New Concept......Page 515
Title III of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968......Page 517
The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 (FISA)......Page 519
The Electronic Communications and Privacy Act of 1986 (ECPA)......Page 521
The Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act of 1994 (CALEA)......Page 522
USING ELECTRONIC DEVICES FROM A PUBLIC PLACE......Page 523
ELECTRONIC DEVICES THAT DO NOT INTERCEPT COMMUNICATION......Page 524
Cameras to Monitor Traffic and Other Offenders......Page 526
CASE BRIEF: Katz v. United States (1967)......Page 516
INACTION: A WARRANT FOR A WIRETAP BASED ON AN OVERHEARD CELL PHONE CONVERSATION......Page 520
CASE BRIEF: Kyllo v. United States (2001)......Page 525
APPENDIX A: THIRTY SUGGESTIONS ON HOW TO BE AN EFFECTIVE WITNESS......Page 530
APPENDIX B: THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES......Page 533
Glossary......Page 548
Case Index......Page 558
Subject Index......Page 562