Criminal Law (U.S.)

Front Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 2
Copyright......Page 3
Brief Contents......Page 6
Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 12
CHAPTER 1 Criminal Law and Criminal Punishment: An Overview......Page 24
What Behavior Deserves Criminal Punishment?......Page 27
Crimes and Noncriminal Wrongs......Page 28
Classifying Crimes......Page 32
The Special Part of Criminal Law......Page 33
Common Law Crimes......Page 34
State Criminal Codes......Page 36
The Model Penal Code (MPC)......Page 37
Municipal Ordinances......Page 38
Criminal Law in a Federal System......Page 40
What's the Appropriate Punishment for Criminal Behavior?......Page 41
The Definition of "Criminal Punishment"......Page 42
The Purposes of Criminal Punishment......Page 43
Trends in Punishment......Page 49
Burden of Proof of Criminal Conduct......Page 50
Discretionary Decision Making......Page 51
The Text-Case Method......Page 52
The Parts of the Case Excerpts......Page 54
Briefing the Case Excerpts......Page 55
Finding Cases......Page 56
CHAPTER 2 Constitutional Limits on Criminal Law......Page 60
The Principle of Legality......Page 61
The Ban on Ex Post Facto Laws......Page 62
The Aims of the Void-for-Vagueness Doctrine......Page 63
Defining Vagueness......Page 64
CASE: State v. Metzger......Page 65
The Bill of Rights and the Criminal Law......Page 67
Free Speech......Page 68
CASE: People v. Rokicki......Page 70
The Right to Privacy......Page 73
CASE: Griswold v. Connecticut......Page 74
The "Right to Bear Arms"......Page 77
The Constitution and Criminal Sentencing......Page 79
Barbaric Punishments......Page 80
Disproportionate Punishments......Page 81
CASE: Kennedy v. Louisiana......Page 82
Sentences of Imprisonment......Page 87
CASE: Ewing v. California......Page 89
The Right to Trial by Jury......Page 92
CASE: Gall v. U.S.......Page 95
CHAPTER 3 The General Principles of Criminal Liability: Actus Reus......Page 102
The Elements of Criminal Liability......Page 103
The Criminal Act (Actus Reus): The First Principle of Criminal Liability......Page 106
The "Voluntary" Act Requirement......Page 107
CASE: Brown v. State......Page 108
Actus Reus and the U.S. Constitution......Page 110
Omissions as Criminal Acts......Page 112
CASE: Commonwealth v. Pestinakas......Page 114
Possession as a Criminal Act......Page 118
CASE: Porter v. State......Page 120
CHAPTER 4 The General Principles of Criminal Liability: Mens Rea, Concurrence, Causation, and Ignorance and Mistake......Page 126
Mens Rea......Page 127
Criminal Intent......Page 129
General and Specific Intent......Page 130
CASE: Harris v. State......Page 131
The Model Penal Code's (MPC's) Mental Attitudes......Page 133
CASE: State v. Stark......Page 134
CASE: State v. Jantzi......Page 137
CASE: Koppersmith v. State......Page 140
CASE: State v. Loge......Page 142
Concurrence......Page 144
Legal ("Proximate") Cause......Page 145
CASE: People v. Armitage......Page 146
Ignorance and Mistake......Page 149
CASE: State v. Sexton......Page 150
CHAPTER 5 Defenses to Criminal Liability: Justifications......Page 156
Affirmative Defenses and Proving Them......Page 157
Self-Defense......Page 158
Elements of Self-Defense......Page 159
CASE: People v. Goetz......Page 160
Domestic Violence......Page 165
CASE: State v. Thomas......Page 166
Defense of Home and Property......Page 169
The "New Castle Laws": "Right to Defend" or "License to Kill"?......Page 170
Law Enforcement Concerns......Page 173
Why the Spread of Castle Laws Now?......Page 175
Cases under New Castle Laws......Page 176
CASE: State v. Harold Fish......Page 178
"Choice of Evils" (General Principle of Necessity)......Page 180
CASE: The People of the State of New York, Plaintiff v. John Gray et al., Defendants | 162......Page 183
Consent......Page 187
CASE: State v. Shelley......Page 189
CHAPTER 6 Defenses to Criminal Liability: Excuse......Page 196
Defense of Insanity......Page 197
CASE: U.S. v. Hinckley......Page 199
The Right-Wrong Test of Insanity......Page 203
The Irresistible Impulse Test of Insanity......Page 204
The Substantial Capacity Test of Insanity......Page 205
CASE: People v. Drew......Page 206
The Product-of-Mental-Illness Test......Page 209
Defense of Diminished Capacity......Page 210
The Excuse of Age......Page 211
CASE: State v. K.R.L.......Page 213
Defense of Duress......Page 215
The Elements of the Defense of Duress......Page 216
The Defense of Intoxication......Page 217
The Defense of Entrapment......Page 218
The Subjective Test of Entrapment......Page 219
CASE: Oliver v. State......Page 220
The Syndromes Defense......Page 222
CASE: State v. Phipps......Page 223
CHAPTER 7 Parties to Crime and Vicarious Liability......Page 228
Participation Before and During the Commission of a Crime......Page 229
Accomplice Actus Reus......Page 231
CASE: State v. Ulvinen......Page 232
Accomplice Mens Rea......Page 234
Participation after the Commission of a Crime......Page 236
CASE: State v. Chism......Page 237
Corporate Liability......Page 240
History......Page 241
(Respondeat Superior) "Let the Master Answer"......Page 242
CASE: U.S. v. Arthur Andersen, LLP......Page 245
Individual Vicarious Liability......Page 248
CASE: State v. Tomaino......Page 249
CASE: State v. Akers......Page 251
CHAPTER 8 Inchoate Crimes: Attempt, Conspiracy, and Solicitation......Page 256
History of Attempt Law......Page 257
Rationales for Attempt Law......Page 258
Elements of Attempt Law......Page 259
CASE: People v. Kimball......Page 260
CASE: Young v. State......Page 267
Impossibility: "Stroke of Luck"......Page 270
CASE: State v. Damms......Page 271
CASE: Le Barron v. State......Page 277
Conspiracy......Page 279
Conspiracy Actus Reus......Page 280
CASE: U.S. v. Garcia......Page 281
Conspiracy Mens Rea......Page 283
Parties......Page 284
Criminal Objective......Page 285
Solicitation......Page 286
Solicitation Actus Reus......Page 287
CASE: State v. Cotton......Page 288
CHAPTER 9 Crimes Against Persons I: Murder and Manslaughter......Page 294
Criminal Homicide in Context......Page 295
When Does Life Begin?......Page 296
Doctor-Assisted Suicide......Page 298
Arguments Against Doctor-Assisted Suicide......Page 300
Arguments in Favor of Doctor-Assisted Suicide......Page 301
Murder......Page 303
The History of Murder Law......Page 305
The Elements of Murder......Page 307
The Kinds and Degrees of Murder......Page 309
First-Degree Murder......Page 310
CASE: Byford v. State......Page 315
CASE: Duest v. State......Page 320
Second-Degree Murder......Page 321
CASE: People v. Thomas......Page 322
Felony Murder......Page 324
CASE: People v. Hudson......Page 326
Corporation Murder......Page 329
CASE: People v. O'Neil......Page 330
Voluntary Manslaughter......Page 333
CASE: Commonwealth v. Schnopps......Page 337
Involuntary Manslaughter......Page 340
CASE: State v. Mays......Page 342
CHAPTER 10 Crimes Against Persons II: Criminal Sexual Conduct, Bodily Injury, and Personal Restraint......Page 348
Sex Offenses......Page 349
The History of Rape Law......Page 350
Criminal Sexual Conduct Statutes......Page 351
Rape Actus Reus: The Force and Resistance Rule......Page 353
CASE: Commonwealth v. Berkowitz......Page 357
CASE: State in the Interest of M.T.S.......Page 360
Rape Mens Rea......Page 364
Bodily Injury Crimes......Page 367
Battery......Page 368
Assault......Page 369
Domestic Violence Crimes......Page 371
CASE: Hamilton v. Cameron......Page 373
Stalking Crimes......Page 377
Stalking Actus Reus......Page 378
Cyberstalking......Page 379
CASE: State v. Hoying......Page 380
Kidnapping......Page 383
CASE: People v. Allen......Page 386
False Imprisonment......Page 388
CHAPTER 11 Crimes Against Property......Page 392
History of Criminal Taking of Others' Property......Page 394
CASE: The People of the State of New York, Respondent v. Ronald Olivo; The People of the State of New York, Respondent v. Stefan M. Gasparik; The People of the State of New York, Respondent v. George Spatzier......Page 396
Federal Mail Fraud......Page 399
CASE: U.S. v. Madoff......Page 400
Federal Mail Fraud—Criminal and Civil Liability......Page 403
CASE: U.S. v. Coughlin......Page 404
Robbery......Page 406
CASE: State v. Curley......Page 408
Extortion......Page 411
Receiving Stolen Property......Page 412
Receiving Stolen Property Mens Rea......Page 413
CASE: Sonnier v. State......Page 414
Arson......Page 416
Criminal Mischief......Page 419
CASE: Commonwealth v. Mitchell......Page 421
Burglary......Page 422
CASE: Jewell v. State......Page 425
Criminal Trespass......Page 427
Identity Theft......Page 429
CASE: Remsburg v. Docusearch, Inc.......Page 431
Intellectual Property Theft......Page 433
CASE: U.S. v. Ancheta......Page 436
CHAPTER 12 Crimes Against Public Order and Morals......Page 440
Individual Disorderly Conduct......Page 441
Group Disorderly Conduct......Page 443
"Quality of Life" Crimes......Page 445
Vagrancy and Loitering......Page 446
CASE: Joyce v. City and County of San Francisco......Page 449
Panhandling......Page 451
CASE: Gresham v. Peterson......Page 453
Gang Activity......Page 456
CASE: City of Chicago v. Morales......Page 457
Civil Law Responses......Page 461
Review of Empirical Research on Gangs and Gang Activity......Page 462
CASE: City of Saint Paul v. East Side Boys and Selby Siders......Page 464
The “Victimless Crime” Controversy......Page 465
Prostitution and Solicitation......Page 466
CHAPTER 13 Crimes Against the State......Page 472
Treason Laws and the American Revolution......Page 473
Treason Law since the Adoption of the U.S. Constitution......Page 475
Sedition......Page 477
Espionage......Page 478
Anti-Terrorism Crimes......Page 479
Acts of Terrorism Transcending National Boundaries......Page 481
Harboring or Concealing Terrorists......Page 482
Providing "Material Support" to Terrorists and/or Terrorist Organizations......Page 483
CASE: Humanitarian Law Project v. Mukasey......Page 487
Appendix......Page 494
Glossary......Page 496
Bibliography......Page 506
Cases Index......Page 516
Index......Page 520