Criminal Justice in America

Cover Page......Page 1
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Brief Contents......Page 6
Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 20
1 The Criminal Justice System......Page 34
THE GOALS OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE......Page 36
CRIMINAL JUSTICE IN A FEDERAL SYSTEM......Page 37
CRIMINAL JUSTICE AS A SOCIAL SYSTEM......Page 41
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM......Page 43
OPERATIONS OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE AGENCIES......Page 45
THE FLOW OF DECISION MAKING IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM......Page 47
CRIME AND JUSTICE IN A MULTICULTURAL SOCIETY......Page 55
2 Crime and Justice in America......Page 66
TYPES OF CRIME......Page 68
HOW MUCH CRIME IS THERE?......Page 73
CRIME VICTIMIZATION......Page 79
CAUSES OF CRIME......Page 86
3 Criminal Justice and the Rule of Law......Page 98
FOUNDATIONS OF CRIMINAL LAW......Page 100
SUBSTANTIVE CRIMINAL LAW......Page 101
PROCEDURAL CRIMINAL LAW......Page 111
CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE PROFESSIONALS......Page 123
4 Police......Page 128
THE DEVELOPMENT OF POLICE IN THE UNITED STATES......Page 130
LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES......Page 137
WHO ARE THE POLICE?......Page 140
THE POLICE SUBCULTURE......Page 146
POLICE FUNCTIONS......Page 149
ORGANIZATION OF THE POLICE......Page 152
POLICE POLICY......Page 155
5 Twenty-First-Century Challenges in Policing......Page 160
EVERYDAY ACTIONS OF POLICE......Page 161
POLICE RESPONSE......Page 164
DELIVERY OF POLICE SERVICES......Page 167
ISSUES IN PATROLLING......Page 173
POLICE AND THE COMMUNITY......Page 181
HOMELAND SECURITY......Page 183
SECURITY MANAGEMENT AND PRIVATE POLICING......Page 189
6 Police and Law......Page 198
LEGAL LIMITATIONS ON POLICE INVESTIGATIONS......Page 200
WARRANTLESS SEARCHES......Page 203
QUESTIONING SUSPECTS......Page 210
THE EXCLUSIONARY RULE......Page 214
POLICE ABUSE OF POWER......Page 217
CIVIC ACCOUNTABILITY......Page 222
7 Courts and Adjudication......Page 230
THE FUNCTIONS AND STRUCTURE OF AMERICAN COURTS......Page 232
TO BE A JUDGE......Page 236
THE PROSECUTORIAL SYSTEM......Page 241
THE DEFENSE ATTORNEY: IMAGE AND REALITY......Page 249
THE COURTROOM: HOW IT FUNCTIONS......Page 257
8 Pretrial Procedures, Plea Bargaining, and the Criminal Trial......Page 262
FROM ARREST TO TRIAL OR PLEA......Page 263
BAIL: PRETRIAL RELEASE......Page 266
PRETRIAL DETENTION......Page 271
PLEA BARGAINING......Page 273
TRIAL: THE EXCEPTIONAL CASE......Page 278
APPEALS......Page 286
9 Punishment and Sentencing......Page 292
THE GOALS OF PUNISHMENT......Page 294
FORMS OF THE CRIMINAL SANCTION......Page 299
THE SENTENCING PROCESS......Page 312
10 Corrections......Page 324
DEVELOPMENT OF CORRECTIONS......Page 325
ORGANIZATION OF CORRECTIONS IN THE UNITED STATES......Page 333
THE LAW OF CORRECTIONS......Page 340
CORRECTIONAL POLICY TRENDS......Page 346
11 Community Corrections: Probation and Intermediate Sanctions......Page 356
COMMUNITY CORRECTIONS: ASSUMPTIONS......Page 357
PROBATION: CORRECTION WITHOUT INCARCERATION......Page 358
INTERMEDIATE SANCTIONS IN THE COMMUNITY......Page 363
THE FUTURE OF COMMUNITY CORRECTIONS......Page 371
12 Incarceration and Prison Society......Page 374
THE MODERN PRISON: LEGACY OF THE PAST......Page 375
GOALS OF INCARCERATION......Page 377
PRISON ORGANIZATION......Page 378
GOVERNING A SOCIETY OF CAPTIVES......Page 380
CORRECTIONAL OFFICERS: THE LINCHPIN OF MANAGEMENT......Page 382
WHO IS IN PRISON?......Page 385
THE CONVICT WORLD......Page 388
WOMEN IN PRISON......Page 392
PRISON PROGRAMS......Page 397
VIOLENCE IN PRISON......Page 401
13 Reentry into the Community......Page 408
PRISONER REENTRY......Page 409
RELEASE MECHANISMS......Page 412
PAROLE SUPERVISION IN THE COMMUNITY......Page 416
THE FUTURE OF PRISONER REENTRY......Page 423
14 Technology and Criminal Justice......Page 428
TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE......Page 430
CRIME AND TECHNOLOGY......Page 432
POLICING AND NEW TECHNOLOGY......Page 438
TECHNOLOGY IN COURTS AND CORRECTIONS......Page 453
CURRENT QUESTIONS AND CHALLENGES FOR THE FUTURE......Page 459
15 Juvenile Justice......Page 464
YOUTH CRIME IN THE UNITED STATES......Page 465
THE DEVELOPMENT OF JUVENILE JUSTICE......Page 468
THE JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM......Page 474
THE JUVENILE JUSTICE PROCESS......Page 477
PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES......Page 489
Glossary......Page 494
References......Page 501
Name Index......Page 518
Subject Index......Page 523
Photo Credits......Page 538
Text Credits......Page 540