Criminal Investigation - A Method for Reconstructing the Past

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 2
Copyright Page......Page 3
Dedication......Page 6
Acknowledgments......Page 8
Preface......Page 26
Table of Contents......Page 14
SECTION I: THE FOUNDATION AND PRINCIPLES OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION......Page 28
PART A: SOURCES AND USES OF INFORMATION......Page 30
1 The Investigator: Responsibilities and Attributes; Origins and Trends......Page 32
2 Physical Evidence: Development, Interpretation, Investigative Value......Page 48
 3 The Crime Scence: Discovery, Preservation, Collection and Transmission of Evidence......Page 118
4 People as a Source of Information......Page 146
PART B: SEEKING AND OBTAINING INFORMATION: PEOPLE AND RECORDS......Page 166
5 Records and Files: Investigative Uses and Sources......Page 168
6 Interviews: Obtaining Information from Witnesses......Page 190
7 Informants: Cultivation and Motivation......Page 210
PART C: FOLLOW-UP MEASURES: REAPING INFORMATION......Page 228
8 Surveillance: A Fact-finding Tool—Legality and Practice......Page 230
9 Eyewitness Identification: Guidelines and Procedures......Page 252
10 Interrogation: Purpose and Principles......Page 266
11 Interrogation of Suspects and Hostile Witnesses: Guidelines and Procedures......Page 276
SECTION II: APPLYING THE PRINCIPLES TO CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION......Page 294
Introduction......Page 296
Conventional Investigative Arrangements......Page 297
Managing Criminal Investigations (MCI)......Page 298
Managing the Investigation of Crime......Page 302
The Psychology of Crime Investigation......Page 303
Supplemental Readings......Page 306
Methods of Inquiry......Page 308
Scientific Reasoning Applied to a Criminal Investigation......Page 313
Reconstructing the Past—Sources of Information......Page 314
Further Commentary on the Investigative Process......Page 318
Evidence and Proof......Page 322
Summary of the Scientific Method and its Application to Criminal Investigation......Page 326
Notes......Page 327
Supplemental Readings......Page 328
Crime......Page 330
Criminal Law......Page 331
Sources of State Law......Page 332
Theories on Crime3......Page 333
Control Over Investigations Through Constitutional Law......Page 335
The Supreme Court and Criminal Justice......Page 339
Milestone Decisions Affecting Investigative Practice......Page 342
Probable Cause: Its Evolution and Significance......Page 343
Control Over Investigative Practice......Page 346
Notes......Page 348
Supplemental Readings......Page 350
Introduction......Page 352
What Is Evidence?......Page 353
Historical Background of the Rules of Evidence......Page 354
The Rules of Evidence......Page 355
What is Effective Testimony?......Page 358
Cross-Examination......Page 359
Conclusion......Page 362
Supplemental Readings......Page 363
Introduction......Page 364
Overview of Investigative Activities......Page 367
Partitioning Responsibilities......Page 369
Motive......Page 370
The Crimes Scene as the Focus of the Investigation......Page 375
The Body as the Focus of the Investigation......Page 381
People: Those Who Knew the Victim......Page 403
The Value of Records in Homicide Investigation......Page 405
Cover-up Attempts......Page 407
Missing Persons......Page 411
Multiple Deaths......Page 415
Dying Declarations......Page 437
Concluding Commentary......Page 438
Notes......Page 439
Supplemental Readings......Page 441
Introduction......Page 444
People......Page 445
Conducting the Investigation......Page 451
Follow-Up Activities......Page 452
Notes......Page 453
Supplemental Readings......Page 454
Introduction......Page 456
Stalking......Page 457
People......Page 459
Follow-Up Interviews......Page 461
Conducting the Investigation......Page 463
Follow-Up Activities......Page 471
Notes......Page 472
Supplemental Readings......Page 473
Introduction......Page 474
People......Page 475
Conducting the Investigation......Page 481
Follow-Up Activities......Page 485
Supplemental Readings......Page 489
Introduction......Page 490
People as a Source of Information......Page 492
Physical Evidence......Page 495
Motive......Page 509
Records......Page 514
Follow-Up Activities......Page 515
Bombing Investigations......Page 516
Notes......Page 518
Supplemental Readings......Page 519
SECTION III: Special Topics......Page 520
Identity Theft......Page 522
Exploitation of Women and Children......Page 524
Home Invasions......Page 526
Thefts of Paintings and Cultural Objects......Page 527
Body Parts......Page 528
School and Workplace Violence......Page 529
Satanism, Cults, and Ritual Crime......Page 531
Notes......Page 539
Supplemental Readings......Page 540
Introduction......Page 542
Overview......Page 545
Legal Aspects......Page 548
Terrorism Investigations......Page 552
Proactive Investigations......Page 558
Reactive Investigations......Page 560
Types of Terrorism and Violent Groups......Page 562
Urban Violence and Street Gang Investigations......Page 565
Types of Attacks......Page 566
Strategic Initiatives......Page 569
Notes......Page 570
Supplemental Readings......Page 572
Introduction......Page 574
Cybercrime: Information Technology and Criminal Activity......Page 575
Systemic Components......Page 577
Legal Issues......Page 578
Investigating High-Tech and IT Crime......Page 582
Computer Crime Investigation and the Electronic Crime Scene......Page 588
Notes......Page 593
Supplemental Readings......Page 594
Introduction......Page 596
The Enterprise Criminal......Page 597
Conducting the Investigation......Page 598
A Typology of Enterprise Criminality......Page 600
New Developments in Crime......Page 605
The Investigation of Illegal Drugs and Drug Trafficking......Page 606
Notes......Page 612
Supplemental Readings......Page 613
Glossary......Page 614
Index......Page 632