Crime Reconstruction

TABLE OF CONTENTS......Page 7
PREFACE......Page 11
ABOUT THE AUTHORS......Page 25
1. A HISTORY OF CRIME RECONSTRUCTION......Page 31
DR. JOSEPH E. BELL (1837–1911)......Page 33
SIR ARTHUR CONAN DOYLE (1859–1930)......Page 35
DR. JOHANN (HANS) BAPTIST GUSTAV GROSS (1847–1925)......Page 46
DR. EDMOND LOCARD (1872–1966)......Page 50
EDWARD OSCAR HEINRICH (1881–1953)......Page 55
DR. PAUL L. KIRK (1902–1970)......Page 58
THE BROADER THEME......Page 63
REFERENCES......Page 64
2. CRIME RECONSTRUCTION—ETHOS AND ETHICS......Page 67
FALLACIES OF LOGIC......Page 70
THE FRAUD......Page 73
THE INEXPERIENCED......Page 74
THE HONEST CRIME RECONSTRUCTIONIST SUBJECTED TO PRESSURE......Page 75
RECONSTRUCTION BASED ON UNEVALUATED SURMISE......Page 76
A CANON OF ETHICAL CONDUCT FOR THE CRIME RECONSTRUCTIONIST......Page 77
REFERENCES......Page 78
3. OBSERVER EFFECTS AND EXAMINER BIAS: PSYCHOLOGICAL INFLUENCES ON THE FORENSIC EXAMINER......Page 81
PURPOSE......Page 83
OBSERVER EFFECTS......Page 84
“HUSHED” CONVERSATIONS AND THE THIRD RAIL......Page 87
SUBJECTIVITY AND EXPECTATION IN FORENSIC SCIENCE......Page 88
RECOMMENDATIONS TO BLUNT OBSERVER EFFECTS......Page 103
CONCLUSION......Page 109
REFERENCES......Page 110
4. PRACTICE STANDARDS FOR THE RECONSTRUCTION OF CRIME......Page 115
IS CRIME RECONSTRUCTION A SCIENCE?......Page 116
OVERSIMPLIFICATION AND OCCAM’S RAZOR......Page 118
THE POLITICS OF BIAS......Page 122
ZEALOUS ADVOCATES......Page 124
TAKING STEPS......Page 128
THINKING ABOUT THINKING......Page 129
THE SOCRATIC METHOD AND THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD......Page 130
INDUCTIVE AND DEDUCTIVE REASONING......Page 134
CRITICAL THINKING......Page 135
NO GOOD REASON: LOGICAL FALLACIES IN CRIME RECONSTRUCTION......Page 136
PRACTICE STANDARDS......Page 146
REFERENCES......Page 154
5. METHODS OF CRIME RECONSTRUCTION......Page 157
CRIME RECONSTRUCTION AND EXPERIENCE......Page 158
REASON, METHODS, AND CONFIDENCE......Page 160
EVENT ANALYSIS......Page 165
THE ROLE OF EVIDENCE: RECONSTRUCTION CLASSIFICATIONS......Page 166
CREATING TIME LINES......Page 173
CRITICAL/CREATIVE THINKING EXERCISES......Page 188
ANSWERS—SORT OF......Page 189
REFERENCES......Page 190
EVIDENCE DYNAMICS......Page 191
DYNAMIC INFLUENCES: PREDISCOVERY......Page 192
DYNAMIC INFLUENCES: POSTDISCOVERY......Page 204
CHAIN OF CUSTODY/CHAIN OF EVIDENCE......Page 219
THE CASE OF JAMIE PENICH......Page 220
QUESTIONING THE EVIDENCE DYNAMICS......Page 224
REFERENCES......Page 225
7. TRACE EVIDENCE IN CRIME RECONSTRUCTION......Page 227
FINGERPRINTS......Page 231
HAIR......Page 233
FIBERS......Page 234
GLASS......Page 235
DUST......Page 236
GUNSHOT RESIDUE......Page 237
EXPLOSIVES RESIDUE......Page 238
TRACE EVIDENCE TRANSFER......Page 239
TRACE EVIDENCE INTERPRETATION IN CRIME RECONSTRUCTION......Page 241
TRACE EVIDENCE AND THE FUTURE......Page 242
REFERENCES......Page 243
8. SHOOTING INCIDENT RECONSTRUCTION......Page 245
SHOOTING INCIDENT RECONSTRUCTION—A PROCESS......Page 246
APPLICATION OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD (A KEY ELEMENT IN THE RECONSTRUCTIVE PROCESS)......Page 249
CONSIDERATIONS DURING DIRECT INVESTIGATION OF THE SHOOTING INCIDENT......Page 252
RECONSTRUCTION WITHOUT THE BENEFIT OF PERSONAL INVOLVEMENT IN THE ORIGINAL CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION......Page 254
THE FIREARM......Page 256
FIELD AND LABORATORY EXAMINATION OF FIRED AND UNFIRED AMMUNITION COMPONENTS......Page 263
DETECTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF PROJECTILE HOLES, IMPACT SITES, AND RICOCHETS......Page 271
DETERMINING THE DIRECTION OF PROJECTILE TRAVEL AND ANGLE OF IMPACT BY EXAMINATION OF BULLET HOLES, IMPACT SITES, AND RICOCHETS......Page 277
DETERMINATION OF PROJECTILE PATHS......Page 285
SHOOTER LOCATION, POSITION, AND ORENTATION ALONG ESTABLISHED BULLET PATHS......Page 296
FURTHER NARROWING SHOOTER POSITION POSSIBILITIES......Page 299
GUNFIRE INVOLVING VEHICLES......Page 306
RECONSTRUCTION CONSIDERATIONS INVOLVING SHOTGUN EVIDENCE......Page 313
DIAGRAMS AND ILLUSTRATIONS......Page 320
CLOTHING OF THE PARTICIPANTS......Page 324
REVIEW OF THE AUTOPSY REPORT......Page 326
REVIEW OF CRIME SCENE PHOTOGRAPHS, DIAGRAMS, AND REPORTS......Page 331
REVIEW OF FIRST RESPONDING POLICE OFFICER REPORTS......Page 334
REVIEW OF INVESTIGATIVE REPORTS, INCLUDING VICTIM, SUSPECT, AND WITNESS STATEMENTS......Page 335
REVIEW OF LABORATORY PHYSICAL EVIDENCE EXAMINATION REPORTS......Page 336
REVISITING THE SHOOTING SCENE......Page 337
TESTING OF PROPOSED THEORIES AND OFFERING THE BEST SOLUTIONS THROUGH ROLE PLAYING......Page 338
CLOSING COMMENTS......Page 339
REFERENCES......Page 340
9. RECONSTRUCTION USING BLOODSTAIN EVIDENCE......Page 343
SHORT COURSE PITFALLS: RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY......Page 344
WHAT KNOWLEDGE IS NEEDED?......Page 347
BLOOD IN THE BODY......Page 348
BLOOD FROM THE BODY......Page 349
INJURIES......Page 352
THE CRIME SCENE......Page 357
THE WEAPON......Page 359
BLOODSTAIN PATTERNS......Page 360
THE VICTIM AND SUSPECT......Page 361
SUMMARY......Page 363
ATTACHMENT 1: CASE REPORT......Page 364
BLOODSTAIN PATTERN EXPERIMENTS......Page 369
REFERENCES......Page 389
THE CHALLENGE OF FIRE SCENE RECONSTRUCTION......Page 391
SCIENTIFIC METHOD......Page 394
DOCUMENTATION......Page 395
BASIC FIRE CHEMISTRY......Page 398
BASIC FIRE DYNAMICS......Page 400
EVALUATE HEAT TRANSFER PATTERNS......Page 403
FIRE SCENE RECONSTRUCTION......Page 411
AREA OF ORIGIN......Page 412
CAUSATION......Page 413
CASE STUDY......Page 419
CRIMINALISTICS ASPECTS......Page 422
FIRE DEATHS AND INJURIES......Page 424
FIRE TESTING......Page 437
COMPUTER MODELING......Page 439
LABORATORY TESTS......Page 443
CONCLUSIONS......Page 444
REFERENCES......Page 445
11. RECONSTRUCTING DIGITAL EVIDENCE......Page 449
OVERVIEW OF DIGITAL EVIDENCE......Page 450
DIGITAL CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION......Page 455
INTERPRETATION OF DIGITAL EVIDENCE1......Page 456
ATTRIBUTION USING DIGITAL EVIDENCE......Page 461
DIGITAL DOCUMENT AUTHENTICATION......Page 463
EVALUATION OF SOURCE......Page 465
ASSESSING ALIBIS AND STATEMENTS......Page 466
DETERMINING MOTIVATION AND INTENT......Page 467
REFERENCES......Page 468
GROSS......Page 471
O’CONNELL AND SODERMAN......Page 473
DOUGLAS AND MUNN......Page 474
TURVEY......Page 476
AD HOC RECONSTRUCTION......Page 478
CASE EXAMPLES......Page 479
USE OF CRIME RECONSTRUCTION TO DETERMINE STAGING......Page 492
CONCLUSION......Page 509
REFERENCES......Page 510
13. SURVIVING AND THRIVING IN THE COURTROOM......Page 513
FEAR OF PUBLIC SPEAKING......Page 514
THE LEGAL PROCESS FOR EXPERT TESTIMONY......Page 520
QUALIFICATION QUESTIONS FOR THE EXPERT WITNESS......Page 533
REFERENCES......Page 536
14. RECONSTRUCTIONISTS IN A POST-DAUBERT AND POST-DNA COURTROOM......Page 537
FORENSIC SCIENCE UNDER SCRUTINY......Page 538
WHAT IS EXPECTED FROM THE RECONSTRUCTIONIST?......Page 556
CONCLUSION......Page 591
REFERENCES......Page 592
INDEX......Page 603