Creole and Dialect Continua: Standard Acquisition Processes in Belize and China (Prc) (Creole Language Library)

CREOLE AND DIALECT CONTINUA......Page 2
Editorial page\n......Page 3
Title page\n......Page 4
Copyright page\n......Page 5
Acknowledgments......Page 6
Table of contents\n......Page 9
1. General issues in linguistic change......Page 12
2. Aspects of acquisi\ntional studies......Page 14
2.1 Universalist explanations of acquisition......Page 16
2.2 The acquisition of second dialects......Page 18
2.3 Social attitudes and language/dialect acquisition......Page 19
2.4 Linguistic bias......Page 20
3. The linguistic an\nalysis of nonstandard dialects......Page 21
3.1 Labovian sociolinguistics......Page 22
3.2 Language in oral discourse and pragmatics......Page 24
3.3 Theoretical framework for oral discourse......Page 25
3.4 Units of analysis......Page 26
4. Creoles and noncreoles......Page 29
4.1 Two case studies......Page 31
4.2 Outline of chapters......Page 33
Endnotes......Page 34
1. Introduction to the history of Belize......Page 36
2. Ethnolinguistic composition and census data......Page 39
2.1 Amerindians......Page 42
2.2 Creoles (Europeans, Africans, Miskitos)......Page 44
2.4 Mestizos......Page 45
2.5 Other groups......Page 46
3.1 Language policy and education......Page 47
3.2.1 Putative origins of Creole......Page 50
3.2.2 Lectal range......Page 52
4. Focus on the Stann Creek district......Page 54
4.1 Placencia and Seine Bight......Page 55
4.2.1 Text 1: Basilect......Page 59
4.2.2 Text 2: Mesolect in Creole/Carib interaction......Page 60
4.2.3 Text 3: Acrolect......Page 62
4.3.1 Phonological features of Garifuna......Page 63
4.3.2 Morphological features of Garifuna......Page 64
4.3.3 Carib women\'s language......Page 65
Endnotes......Page 66
1. Radical creoles, postcreoles, and decreolization......Page 68
1.1 The radical creole hypothesis......Page 69
1.2 The postcreole hypothesis......Page 72
1.3 Problems with radical creoles and postcreoles......Page 73
1.4 A dynamic view of lectal development......Page 74
1.5 Decreolization as acquisition......Page 75
2.1 Acrolect and standard defined......Page 76
2.2 The label \"English\" in Belize......Page 78
2.3 British and American values in Belize......Page 79
2.4 Range of linguistic choices and attitudes......Page 80
2.4.1 Language attitudes and gender......Page 81
2.4.2 Language attitudes and ethnicity......Page 82
3. Acrolects and standards: Linguistic aspects......Page 84
3.1.1 Text 8: Local food (Peter, 40; Creole, Belize-City)......Page 85
3.1.2 Text 9: Dugu (a Black Carib variant of voodoo) (Mark, 16; Garifuna, Punta-Gorda)......Page 86
3.2 Linguistic strategies in acrolects......Page 87
3.3.1 Phonological features......Page 88
3.3.2 Morphological features......Page 90
3.3.3 Syntactic features......Page 94
4. Conclusion......Page 97
Endnotes......Page 98
1. Syntax and discourse features......Page 100
1.1 The theoretical interpretation of topics......Page 101
1.2 Topic......Page 103
1.3 Topic and focus......Page 104
2.1 Topic fronting......Page 105
2.2 Topic repetition......Page 107
2.3.1 Cleft, pseudo-cleft, and existential structures......Page 108
2.3.2 Presentative particles......Page 109
2.4 Semantic change in presentative adverbs......Page 110
3. Distribution of topic strategies......Page 114
3.1 Definition of discourse units......Page 115
3.2 Analysis of topic strategies in acrolects......Page 117
3.2.1 Lectal homogeneity......Page 119
3.2.2 Individual style variability......Page 120
3.2.3 Acrolect distinctiveness......Page 122
3.3 The longitudinal dimension......Page 123
3.4.1 Relatives and parataxis in acrolects......Page 125
3.4.2 SLA and second dialect acquisition in discourse......Page 127
4. Comparison with American English......Page 128
4.1 Casual American sample......Page 129
5. Pragmatic aspects of syntax......Page 131
6. Conclusion......Page 133
Endnotes......Page 134
1. Chinese......Page 136
1.1 Brief notes on Chinese history......Page 137
1.2 The warring states: political and demographic background......Page 138
1.3, Naming as a reflection of history......Page 140
2. Aspects of the linguistic history of China......Page 141
2.1 Genetic classification of the languages of China......Page 142
2.2 Aboriginal languages in South China......Page 143
2.4 Problems in genetic classification......Page 144
3. Main subgroups of \"Chinese\"......Page 146
3.1 Chinese subgroups......Page 147
3.2 Some phonological differences in Chinese......Page 148
3.3 Evidence of early sociolinguistic factors......Page 149
4. The reform of Mandarin: Guanhua, Guoyu, Putonghua......Page 150
4.1 Beijing......Page 152
4.2 \nPhonological outline of Beijing Putonghua......Page 153
5. Varieties of Mandarin outside Beijing: Wuhan......Page 155
5.2 Wuhan language varieties......Page 156
6.1 History of Jiangsu province......Page 157
6.2 Wu......Page 158
7. Conclusions......Page 159
Endnotes......Page 160
1. 1 Theoretical interpretation of topics in Chinese......Page 162
1. 2 Types of topic strategies......Page 166
2.1 Topicalization: Fronting with gapping......Page 167
2.1.1 Multiple topics......Page 169
2.1.2 Topic position and given/new status......Page 171
2.2 Left dislocation: Fronting with pronominal anaphora......Page 172
2.3 Fronting without anaphoric binding......Page 173
3. Topic repetition: Nominal anaphora with or without fronting......Page 174
4. Topic presentation......Page 177
4.1.1 The particle shì......Page 178
4.1.3 \nAdvertíais......Page 182
4.1.4 Verbal prepositions......Page 183
4.1.5 B\na......Page 185
4.1.6 Béi......Page 188
4.2 Post topic particles: Topic enders (TE)......Page 189
4.3 Pre-comment particles: Adverbial particles (AP)......Page 190
4.4 Post-comment particles: End particles (EP)......Page 192
5. Summary of topic strategies......Page 193
Endnotes......Page 194
1. The Putonghua corpus: Methodology......Page 196
1.1\n Problemsofanalysis: Topic units......Page 197
1.2.1 Literary Putonghua......Page 198
2.1 Sociocultural components......Page 199
2.2 Sample of written Putonghua: Text 1: Two New Friends......Page 200
2.2.1 Topic strategies in text 1......Page 202
2.3 Complete analysis of Two New Friends......Page 204
2.4 Topic particles and psychosocial factors......Page 205
2.4.1 Topic introducers and their rural variants in Two New Friends......Page 208
2.6\n Summary of findings in Two New Friends......Page 211
3.1 Text 2: The Matchmaker (excerpts)......Page 213
3.3 Topic Particles in The Matchmaker......Page 216
3.4 Stylistic level and dialectal features......Page 217
3.5 Comparison of The Matchmaker and Two New Friends......Page 218
4.2 Text 3: Sample of Beijing vernacular Putonghua......Page 220
4.3 Analysis of A Beijing Saga......Page 222
4.5 Se\nmi-casual Putonghua: zhōngxuéshëng (Learning Science)......Page 225
4.6 Conclusions: Topic marking in spoken Putonghua......Page 228
5. Overview of topic strategies in Beijing PH......Page 230
Endnotes......Page 232
1. Introduction......Page 234
2.1 The Wuhan corpus......Page 235
2.2 Text 1: Wuhan non-native Putonghua......Page 236
2.3.1 General patterns......Page 240
2.3.2 The fronting strategy......Page 241
2.3.4 The presentation strategy......Page 243
2.4 The non-native status of Wuhan Putonghua......Page 247
2.5 Wuhan Putonghua: Conclusions......Page 249
3.1 Topic strategies in Beijing and Wuhan......Page 250
3.2 Comparison of topic particles......Page 251
4.1 The Suzhou oral narrative......Page 254
4.2 Text 2: Suzhou Wu (narrative style)......Page 255
4.3 Topic strategies in Suzhou Wu......Page 259
4.3.1 Fronting......Page 260
4.3.2 Repetition......Page 261
4.3.3 Presentative strategy: Topic particles......Page 263
4.4 Stylistic shifts......Page 267
5. Comparison of native and non-native varieties of Chinese......Page 269
6. Conclusions: Toward a universal view of topic processes......Page 271
Endnotes......Page 273
1. Patterns of topic marking: Summary......Page 274
2. Topic marking in the Belizean continuum......Page 276
2.1 Topic consistency in English-based continua......Page 277
2.2 Topic marking in formal and written styles......Page 279
2.3 Topic marking by listeners......Page 281
3. Patterns of topic marking in Chinese......Page 282
4. Dialect versus standard: Sociolinguistic universale......Page 284
4.1 Causes of pattern consistency......Page 286
4.2 Grammaticalization in topic marking strategies......Page 289
4.3 The syntax of discourse......Page 292
5. Conclusions......Page 296
6. Postscript: Directions for education—-from language to social change......Page 297
Endnotes......Page 299
Bibliography......Page 300
Index......Page 314