Creative Model Construction in Scientists and Students

Contents......Page 9
Acknowledgments......Page 5
1.1.1 The Need for a Theory of Learning with Understanding......Page 26
1.2.1 Novice Problem Solving......Page 27
1.2.2 Expert Studies......Page 28
1.2.3 Background of Work on Expertise and Science Studies and Remaining Gaps in Our Understanding of Scientific Thinking......Page 29
1.2.5 Summary......Page 34
1.3.1 Descriptive Case Studies......Page 35
1.3.3 Instructional Applications......Page 36
1.4 General Features of the Analysis Method Used: Contact Between Data and Theory......Page 37
1.5 General Theoretical Framework......Page 39
1.6.1 Creativity, Imagery, and Natural Reasoning......Page 40
Part One: Analogies, Models, and Creative Learning in Experts and Students......Page 42
Section I: Expert Reasoning and Learning via Analogy......Page 43
2. Major Processes Involved in Spontaneous Analogical Reasoning......Page 44
3. Methods Experts Use to Generate Analogies......Page 56
4. Methods Experts Use to Evaluate an Analogy Relation......Page 69
5. Expert Methods for Developing an Understanding of the Analogous Case and Applying Findings......Page 79
Section II: Expert Model Construction and Scientific Insight......Page 87
6: Case Study of Model Construction and Criticism in Expert Reasoning......Page 88
7: Creativity and Scientific Insight in the Case Study for S2......Page 118
Section III: Creative Nonformal Reasoning in Students and Implications for Instruction......Page 137
8. Spontaneous Analogies Generated by Students Solving Science Problems......Page 138
9. Case Study of a Student Who Counters and Improves His Own Misconception by Generating a Chain of Analogies......Page 145
10. Using Analogies and Models in Instruction to Deal with Students\' Preconceptions......Page 156
Part Two: Advanced Uses of Imagery and Investigation Methods in Science and Mathematics......Page 173
Section IV: Transformations, Imagery, and Simulation in Experts and Students......Page 174
11. Analogy, Extreme Cases, and Spatial Transformations in Mathematical Problem Solving by Experts......Page 175
12. Depictive Gestures and Other Case Study Evidence for Use of Imagery by Experts and Students......Page 185
13. Physical Intuition, Imagistic Simulation and Implicit Knowledge......Page 219
Section V: Advanced Uses of Imagery in Analogies, Thought Experiments, and Model Construction......Page 249
14. The Use of Analogies, Imagery, and Thought Experiments in Both Qualitative and Mathematical Model Construction......Page 250
15. Thought Experiments and Imagistic Simulation in Plausible Reasoning......Page 289
16. A Punctuated Evolution Model of Investigation and Model Construction Processes......Page 336
17. Imagistic Processes in Analogical Reasoning: Transformations and Dual Simulations......Page 394
18. How Grounding in Runnable Schemas Contributes to Producing Flexible Scientific Models in Experts and Students......Page 419
Section VI: Conclusions......Page 441
19: Summary of Findings on Plausible Reasoning and Learning in Experts I: Basic Findings......Page 442
20. Summary of Findings on Plausible Reasoning and Learning in Experts II: Advanced Topics......Page 465
21. Creativity in Experts, Nonformal Reasoning, and Educational Applications......Page 515
References......Page 583
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