CRC Handbook of Lubrication and Tribology: Volume III

Cover......Page 1
CRC Handbook of Lubrication and Tribology: Volume III Monitoring, Materials, Synthetic Lubricants, and Applications......Page 3
ISBN-13 9780849339035......Page 4
Preface—Volume III......Page 5
Contributors......Page 9
Table of Contents......Page 12
Variable Area Flow Monitors......Page 15
Oil Flow Sensors Providing On/Off and Alarm Signals......Page 16
Oval GearMeters......Page 20
Orifice-Type Oil Flowmeter......Page 21
Oil and Bearing Temperature Sensors......Page 22
Water Contamination......Page 23
Vibration Sensors......Page 24
Multilevel Alarm......Page 26
Fluctuation Alarm......Page 27
Experience and Conclusions......Page 28
Taking an Oil Sample and Checking for Abnormal Oil......Page 29
Oil Analysis Techniques and Interpretations......Page 30
Viscosity (ASTM D 445, D 4683, D 4684, D 4741, and D 5293)......Page 31
Pentane and Toluene Insolubles (ASTM D 893)......Page 32
Ethylene Glycol in Oil (ASTM D 2982 and D 4291)......Page 33
Metal Analyses......Page 34
Relating Oil Analysis to Engine Damage or Impaired Performance......Page 38
Average Oil Life......Page 39
Application of Models of Oil Aging and Engine Durability......Page 40
On-Board Measurement of Oil Properties......Page 41
Acknowledgment......Page 42
References......Page 43
Background and Development of Used Lube Testing......Page 45
Contamination......Page 46
Degradation......Page 47
Wear Particles......Page 48
Sampling......Page 49
Interpretation of Test Results......Page 50
Trends......Page 51
Future of Lube Analysis for Diesels......Page 52
Bibliography......Page 53
Condition Monitoring......Page 54
Establishing a Predictive Maintenance Program......Page 55
Predictive Maintenance System Selection......Page 56
Preventative Maintenance by Design and Operation......Page 58
Vibration Measurements......Page 59
Vibration Data Analysis Equipment......Page 60
Vibration Data Presentation Alternatives......Page 63
Monitoring Parameters Not Related to Vibration......Page 65
Use of Performance Mapping......Page 67
Identifying Vibration Problems......Page 69
Natural Frequency and Resonance......Page 70
Rotor Dynamic Instability and Sub Synchronous Whirl......Page 71
Aeroelastic Instability and Flutter......Page 72
Interpretation of Machinery Waveforms and Spectra......Page 73
Interpretation of Motor Electrical Waveforms and Spectra......Page 78
Closure......Page 79
References......Page 80
Oil Oxidation......Page 82
Chemical Contamination Removal......Page 84
Particulate Contamination and Wear......Page 85
Filter Fundamentals......Page 87
Filter Efficiency and Particle Removal......Page 88
Comparison of Costs and Benefits......Page 91
Costs......Page 92
Benefits of Filtration......Page 95
Recommended Contamination Levels- How Clean?......Page 96
References......Page 98
Thermal-Oxidative Stressing Techniques......Page 99
Chemical-Oxidative Stressing Techniques......Page 101
Instrumental Techniques......Page 102
Assessment of Techniques......Page 103
Calculating Remaining Useful Life......Page 104
Value of Remaining Useful Life Measurements......Page 105
References......Page 108
Friction and Lubrication......Page 111
Mechanical Aspects ofWear......Page 112
Wear of Lubricated Ceramics......Page 113
Alumina Ceramics......Page 114
Zirconia Ceramics......Page 117
Silicon Nitride Ceramics......Page 118
Sialon Ceramics......Page 121
Silicon Carbide Ceramics......Page 122
Tribological Applications......Page 124
Low Density......Page 125
References......Page 126
Nature of Plastic Materials......Page 129
Polyethylene (PE)......Page 130
Polypropylene (PP)......Page 133
Polyoxymethylene (POM—Acetal)......Page 134
Epoxy Resins......Page 135
Elastomers......Page 136
Friction of Plastics......Page 137
Adhesive Wear......Page 138
PV Characteristics......Page 140
Nylon (PA)......Page 142
PTFE......Page 143
Bearing Design......Page 147
Bearing Clearances......Page 148
Surfaces......Page 150
Wall Thickness......Page 151
Heat Generation and Rubbing Speeds......Page 152
Lubrication......Page 153
Bibliography......Page 155
Casting......Page 156
Theoretical Basis For Understanding Friction and Wear Behavior in Composites......Page 157
Friction and Thin Film Lubrication......Page 158
Wear in Composites Containing Solid Lubricants......Page 159
Friction Characteristics......Page 161
Wear Characteristics......Page 163
Environmental Conditions and Lubrication......Page 166
Wear in Electrical Contacts......Page 168
Film Formation......Page 169
Industrial Applications......Page 170
References......Page 172
Design Considerations......Page 174
Impingement......Page 175
Resin-Bonded Coatings......Page 176
Inorganic Bonded Solid Film Lubricants......Page 178
Sputtered Films......Page 179
Composite Coatings......Page 180
Grit Blast......Page 181
Chemical Treatment......Page 182
Inorganic Bonded......Page 184
Comparative Performance Characteristics......Page 185
References......Page 188
Introduction: Unique Aerospace Demands......Page 189
Gas Turbine Engine Oils......Page 190
Hydraulic Fluids......Page 192
Other Fluids and Lubricants......Page 194
Development Fluids and Lubricants......Page 195
References......Page 196
Textile Industry......Page 198
Brick and Ceramics Industry......Page 201
Metal Industries......Page 202
Air Compressors......Page 203
Load Extremes......Page 204
Sintered Bearings......Page 205
Environment Extremes......Page 206
Biodegradability......Page 207
References......Page 208
Introduction and Background......Page 209
Passenger Car Motor Oils......Page 210
Full Synthetic Engine Oils......Page 212
Diesel Trends......Page 213
Engine Oil-Diesel Partial Synthetics......Page 214
Commercial Gear and Transmission Oils......Page 215
Automatic Transmission Fluids......Page 217
Summary......Page 219
References......Page 220
Polyalphaolefin Characteristics......Page 221
Manufacture......Page 222
Physical Properties......Page 224
End-Use Applications For PAOs......Page 225
Automotive Crankcase......Page 226
Automotive Transmissions......Page 229
Industrial Gear......Page 231
Biodegradability......Page 232
Conclusion......Page 233
References......Page 234
Introduction......Page 238
Dibasic Acid Esters......Page 239
Polymetric Esters......Page 242
Fluid Properties......Page 243
Applications......Page 244
Automotive Applications and Ester Properties......Page 245
Magnetic Storage Systems......Page 248
Oxidation Stability......Page 249
Hydrolysis......Page 250
Surface Tension......Page 251
Summary......Page 252
References......Page 253
Polyalkylene Glycol Characterization......Page 254
Corrosion......Page 256
Flash Points......Page 258
Solubility......Page 259
Inverse Solubility......Page 260
Formulating with Polyalkylene Glycols......Page 261
Gear Lubricants......Page 262
Food Grade Lubricants......Page 263
Metalworking Fluids......Page 264
Textile Lubricants......Page 265
Selection of the Appropriate Polyalkylene Glycol Lubricant......Page 266
Summary......Page 267
References......Page 268
Chemistry......Page 269
Trialkyl and Alkyl Aryl Phosphate Ester Production......Page 270
Physical Properties......Page 271
Lubrication......Page 272
Oxidative Stability......Page 273
Solubility/Compatibility Characteristics......Page 274
Volatility......Page 276
Compressibility......Page 277
Aircraft Hydraulic Fluids......Page 278
Formulating Phosphate Ester Fluids......Page 281
Defoamers......Page 282
Toxicology......Page 283
References......Page 284
Preparation of PFPE Types......Page 287
Compatibility of PFPE Fluids with Metals and Metal Compounds......Page 288
Hydrolytic and Chemical Stability......Page 290
Compatibility with Elastomers and Plastics......Page 291
Flammability......Page 293
Radiation Resistance......Page 294
Shear Stability......Page 295
Lubrication......Page 297
PFPE Greases......Page 299
Acknowledgments......Page 301
References......Page 303
The Chlorosilanes......Page 304
Manufacture fo Siloxanes......Page 305
Chlorophenyl Silicones......Page 306
Surface Tension......Page 307
Low Temperature Properties......Page 308
Shear Stability......Page 309
Compressibility and Bulk Modulus......Page 310
Oxidative Stability......Page 311
With Other Fluids......Page 312
With Metals......Page 313
Falex Tester......Page 314
Dimethyl Silicones......Page 315
Methyl Phenyl Fluids......Page 316
Greases......Page 317
Methyl Phenyl Greases......Page 318
Conclusions......Page 319
References......Page 320
Introduction......Page 321
Tape Drives......Page 322
Rigid Disk Drives......Page 324
Magnetic Heads......Page 326
Magnetic Media......Page 328
Friction and Adhesion......Page 331
Conventional Friction......Page 333
Liquid-Mediated Adhesion (Stiction)......Page 343
Interface Temperatures......Page 351
Head-(Particulate) Tape Interface......Page 352
Head-(Particulate) Rigid Disk Interface......Page 354
Head-(Thin-Film) Rigid Disk Interface......Page 356
Lubrication......Page 366
References......Page 367
Magnetic Storage......Page 371
Electronic Packaging......Page 372
Electromechanical Applications......Page 375
Paper Handling......Page 376
Printing......Page 377
Lubrication......Page 379
References......Page 381
Reciprocating Compressors......Page 382
Rotary Vane Compressors......Page 383
The Refrigeration Cycle......Page 384
Solution Behavior......Page 385
Evaluation Methods......Page 387
Solubility and Miscibility......Page 388
Mineral Oils......Page 389
Lubricant Applications and Practices......Page 390
Chlorofluorocarbons and Hydrochlorofluorocarbons......Page 391
Lubricants for HFC Applications......Page 392
Ammonia......Page 394
Lubricant Maintenance Practices......Page 395
Viscosity-Solubility Charts......Page 396
References......Page 402
How Oil Mist Works......Page 404
Application Fitting Types......Page 405
Venting......Page 406
Application Fittings Sizes......Page 407
Selecting the Mist Generator......Page 408
Oil Mist Distribution......Page 409
Rolling Element (AntiFriction) Bearings......Page 411
Plain Bearings......Page 413
Gears......Page 415
Chains......Page 416
Prelubrication and Machine Start-Up......Page 417
What Is High-Speed Machining?......Page 418
Mechanisms of Material Removal in HSM......Page 423
Tool-Chip Interface Temperature......Page 425
Tool Wear......Page 429
Tool Life......Page 431
Tool Material Selection for HSM of Specific Materials......Page 432
Cutting Fluids in HSM......Page 433
Acknowledgments......Page 434
References......Page 435
Seal Types......Page 437
General Theory......Page 438
Hydrostatic Rayleigh Step Seal......Page 439
Hydrodynamic Rayleigh Step Seal......Page 442
Hydrodynamic Tapered Land Seal......Page 443
Hydrostatic Recess Seal......Page 445
Spiral Groove Seal......Page 448
Dynamic Response......Page 451
Thermoelastic Distortions......Page 456
Nomenclature......Page 458
References......Page 460
Ball Bearing Ratings......Page 461
Roller Bearing Ratings......Page 462
The Load-Life Relationship for Bearings......Page 463
Life Adjustment From Rating Conditions......Page 464
Reliability Factor a1......Page 465
Material Factor a2......Page 468
Lubricant-Topography Subfactors......Page 469
Load Zone—Alignment Subfactors......Page 470
Contaminants—Liquid and Solid Subfactors......Page 471
Fatigue Spall Criteria Subfactors......Page 475
Status of Extremes of Operation......Page 476
Nomenclature......Page 479
References......Page 480
Material Composition and Specifications......Page 482
Iron and Iron-Carbon Bearings......Page 485
Lubricating Oils......Page 486
Oil Circulation and Loss......Page 489
Friction......Page 491
Energy Balance......Page 492
PV Factor......Page 493
Seizure......Page 494
Bearing Diametrical Clearance......Page 495
Length-to-Diameter Ratio......Page 497
Noise......Page 498
Background......Page 499
Starved Porous Bearings......Page 500
Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication......Page 502
References......Page 503
Oil-Ring Bearings......Page 505
Oil-Ring Bearing Operation......Page 507
Ring Oil Delivery Rate......Page 509
Disk-Oiled Bearings......Page 511
Fixed-Scraper/Disk Oil Delivery-Numerical Example......Page 512
Starved Bearing Analysis......Page 515
Wick-Lubricated Bearings......Page 518
Nomenclature......Page 522
References......Page 523
Bearing Materials......Page 524
Running Clearance......Page 525
Permissible Radial Load......Page 526
Shaft Speed......Page 530
Shaft Material and Hardness......Page 531
Mixed Film Regime......Page 533
Plasto-ElastoHydrodynamic Lubrication......Page 534
Wear......Page 535
Friction......Page 536
Theoretical Coefficient of Friction......Page 537
Other Bearing Materials......Page 538
References......Page 540
Introduction......Page 541
Reynolds Equation......Page 542
Property Values......Page 543
Rectangular Slider, Sector-Pad, and Tilting-Pad Thrust Bearings......Page 545
Design Procedure for Tilting-Pad Thrust Bearings......Page 549
Steady-State Performance......Page 552
Whirl Instability......Page 553
Tilting-Pad Journal Bearings......Page 556
Steady-State Performance......Page 558
Dynamic Stability Considerations......Page 562
References......Page 563
Basic Actuator Theory......Page 564
Sensors, Controllers, and Power Amplifiers......Page 570
Industrial Canned Motor Pump Application......Page 574
Thrust Bearings......Page 576
Radial Bearings......Page 580
Magnetic Losses and Other Properties......Page 583
References......Page 586