COVID Reference ENG 2020.4 (18 June 2020)

Preface......Page 5
Preface to the First Edition......Page 6
Contributing Authors......Page 8
COVID Reference International......Page 9
Content......Page 13
0.  Top 10......Page 17
1.  Epidemiology......Page 19
Transmission Hotspots......Page 20
Homes......Page 21
Hospitals and other health care centers......Page 22
Long-term care facilities......Page 25
Aircraft carriers and other military vessels......Page 27
Mass gatherings......Page 28
Schools and schoolchildren......Page 29
Prisons......Page 30
Choirs......Page 31
SARS-COV-2 re-activation or re-infection?......Page 32
Natural course of a pandemic......Page 33
Pandemic 2.0: Lockdowns......Page 35
Number of infections......Page 37
Hospital admissions for COVID-19......Page 41
Admissions into intensive care units......Page 42
Deaths......Page 43
First outbreak (China)......Page 45
Preparedness (Taiwan)......Page 46
Surprise or unpreparedness (Italy)......Page 47
Unwillingness to prepare/denial (UK, USA, Brazil)......Page 48
Partial preparedness (France)......Page 49
Good virologists, huge lab network, family doctors (Germany)......Page 50
Splendid isolation (New Zealand, Australia)......Page 51
The unknown outcome......Page 52
Lockdown Exit......Page 53
“COVID Pass”......Page 56
The second wave......Page 57
References......Page 60
The Virus......Page 71
SARS-CoV-2 and its kin......Page 72
Person-to-Person Transmission......Page 74
Respiratory droplets vs aerosol......Page 75
Fomites......Page 78
Mother-to-child......Page 79
Blood products......Page 80
Transmission Event......Page 81
Virus......Page 82
Transmittor......Page 83
Transmittee......Page 85
Super-spreading events......Page 86
2003: SARS-CoV......Page 87
2020: SARS-CoV-2......Page 88
Outlook......Page 89
References......Page 90
3.  Virology......Page 105
Genomic variation......Page 106
Origin and hosts......Page 107
Stability and transmission of the virus......Page 109
Cell tropism, ACE expression......Page 111
Spike protein......Page 113
Cell entry......Page 115
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp)......Page 116
Animals and animal models......Page 117
Vaccine (see also Immunology)......Page 119
Pathogenesis (see also Immunology)......Page 121
Other key papers......Page 123
Protective antibodies......Page 125
Cellular immune response......Page 126
The quest for a vaccine......Page 127
Convalescent Plasma......Page 128
Monoclonal antibodies......Page 129
Active immunization against SARS-CoV-2......Page 130
Different strategies to develop a vaccine against SARS-CoV-2......Page 131
Vaccine-induced immune response against FIPV is harmful in kittens......Page 132
Immunization of mice results in type 2 inflammatory responses in the lungs......Page 133
Anti-S antibodies enhance infection of human immune cells......Page 135
Outlook......Page 136
References......Page 137
5.  Prevention......Page 141
Hand Hygiene......Page 142
Face masks......Page 143
Household hygiene......Page 144
Mandatory face masks......Page 145
Travel bans/border closures......Page 146
Test. Treat. Track.......Page 147
Quarantine and isolation of suspected or confirmed cases......Page 148
Vaccinate for seasonal influenza and for COVID-19 (not yet available)......Page 149
Nursing facilities......Page 150
Schools......Page 151
Homeless shelters......Page 152
Diagnosis......Page 155
Specimen collection......Page 156
Nasopharyngeal swabs – practical issues......Page 158
Blood......Page 160
Qualitative PCR......Page 161
Quantification of viral load......Page 164
Point-of-care tests......Page 165
Diagnosis in the setting of shortage of PCR test kits......Page 166
Serology (antibody testing)......Page 167
Tests......Page 168
Kinetics of antibodies......Page 170
Chest computed tomography......Page 172
Ultrasound, PET and other techniques......Page 175
References......Page 176
Incubation period......Page 185
Asymptomatic cases......Page 186
Fever, cough, shortness of breath......Page 188
Gastrointestinal symptoms......Page 190
Otolaryngeal symptoms (including anosmia)......Page 191
Cardiovascular symptoms and issues......Page 192
Thrombosis, embolism......Page 193
Neurologic symptoms......Page 196
Dermatological symptoms......Page 197
Kidneys and liver......Page 199
Laboratory findings......Page 200
Inflammation......Page 201
Hematological: Lymphocytes, platelets......Page 202
Coagulation: D-Dimer, aPTT......Page 203
Lab findings as risk factor......Page 204
Clinical classification......Page 205
Case fatality rates......Page 206
CFR among health care workers and among well-defined populations......Page 208
Older Age......Page 210
Other risk factors for severe disease......Page 211
Predisposition......Page 215
Overburdened health care systems......Page 216
Reactivations, reinfections......Page 217
References......Page 218
8.  Treatment......Page 233
Inhibitors of the viral RNA synthesis......Page 234
Remdesivir......Page 235
Favipiravir......Page 239
Lopinavir......Page 240
Other PIs......Page 242
Camostat......Page 243
Umifenovir......Page 244
Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and Chloroquine (CQ)......Page 245
Others......Page 247
Immunomodulators......Page 248
Interferon......Page 249
Corticosteroids......Page 250
Cytokine Blockers......Page 251
Anakinra......Page 252
Tocilizumab......Page 253
Passive immunization......Page 255
Monoclonal antibodies......Page 257
Outlook......Page 258
References......Page 260
Patient admission to ICUs......Page 271
More reviews, overviews of specific issues of critically ill patients......Page 272
Triage for intensive-care treatment......Page 273
Procedures......Page 274
10.  Comorbidities......Page 277
Hypertension and cardiovascular comorbidities......Page 279
Treatment of hypertension during the pandemic......Page 281
Treatment of coronary heart disease during the pandemic......Page 283
References......Page 284
Diabetes mellitus......Page 287
COPD and smoking......Page 289
References......Page 290
HIV infection......Page 291
References......Page 294
Immunosuppression (other than HIV)......Page 296
References......Page 297
Transplantation......Page 298
Other comorbidities......Page 300
Oncology......Page 301
Various......Page 302
SARS-CoV-2 infection in children......Page 303
Commonly circulating coronaviruses in children: tropism, incubation period and spreading......Page 304
Epidemiology of COVID-19 in children......Page 305
Natural course and risk factors for complications......Page 306
Pathophysiology and immunopathology......Page 308
Transmission......Page 310
Diagnosis and classification......Page 311
Laboratory and radiology findings......Page 312
Neonates and infants......Page 313
Pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome temporarily associated with SARS-CoV-2 (PIMS-TS) (or synonym Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) or Kawasaki-like Disease......Page 314
Infection control......Page 318
Supportive treatment (respiratory support, bronchodilatation therapy, fever, superinfection, psychosocial support)......Page 319
COVID-19-specific drug treatment......Page 320
Inhibitors of viral RNA synthesis......Page 321
Immunomodulatory drug treatment......Page 323
PIMS / MIS-C / Kawasaki-like disease......Page 325
References......Page 326
Monday, 30 December 2019......Page 333
Friday, 3 January......Page 334
Tuesday, 7 January......Page 335
Tuesday, 14 January......Page 336
Monday, 20 January......Page 337
Thursday, 23 January......Page 338
Friday, 24 January......Page 339
Monday, 27 January......Page 340
Friday, 31 January......Page 341
Saturday, 8 February......Page 342
China changed the COVID-19 case definition to include clinical (radiological) diagnosis of patients without confirmatory test. As a result, Hubei reported 14,840 newly confirmed cases, nearly 10 times more than the previous day, while deaths more than.........Page 343
Saturday, 22 February......Page 344
Tuesday, 25 February......Page 345
Wednesday, 26 February......Page 346
Monday, 9 March......Page 347
Thursday, 12 March......Page 348
Sunday, 15 March......Page 349
Tuesday, 17 March......Page 350
Sunday, 22 March......Page 351
Thursday, 26 March......Page 352
Monday, 30 March......Page 353
Friday, 3 April......Page 354
Saturday, 4 April......Page 355
Wednesday, 8 April......Page 356
Friday, 10 April......Page 357
Sunday, 12 April......Page 358
Monday, 13 April......Page 359
Tuesday, 14 April......Page 360
Friday, 17 April......Page 361
Sunday, 19 April......Page 362
Tuesday, 21 April......Page 363
Friday, 1 May......Page 364
Tuesday, 5 May......Page 365
Friday, 8 May 2020......Page 366
Monday, 11 May......Page 367
Wednesday, 13 May......Page 368
Monday, 18 May......Page 369
Wednesday, 20 May......Page 370
Wednesday, 27 May......Page 371
Sunday, 7 June......Page 372