COVID-19 Public Health Measures: An Augmented Reality Perspective

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Authors
1 Pandemic and Global Outbreaks
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Pandemic and Epidemic: An Overview
		1.2.1 Endemic
		1.2.2 Epidemic
		1.2.3 Pandemic
	1.3 COVID-19 Outbreak
	1.4 Origin of the Virus
	1.5 Medical Overview of COVID-19
		1.5.1 Background of SARSv2, Spanish Flu, H1N1, and COVID-19
		1.5.2 Common Cold
		1.5.3 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
		1.5.4 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)
		1.5.5 Spanish Flu
		1.5.6 Swine Flu or H1N1 Flu
		1.5.7 Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)
	1.6 Prevention of Pandemics
2 Augmented Reality Tools and Technology
	2.1 Augmented Reality Overview
		2.1.1 What Is AR?
		2.1.2 History of AR
		2.1.3 How AR Works?
	2.2 AR Hardware
		2.2.1 Displays
			2.2.1.1 Visual Displays
			2.2.1.2 Audio Displays
			2.2.1.3 Other Sensory Displays
			2.2.1.4 Haptics
			2.2.1.5 Smell (olfaction)
		2.2.2 Processors
			2.2.2.1 Processor System Architectures
			2.2.2.2 Processor Specifications
		2.2.3 Tracking and Sensors
	2.3 Computer Vision and Software for AR
		2.3.1 Computer Vision
		2.3.2 Key Approaches to AR Technologies
		2.3.3 Software for AR
			2.3.3.1 AR Libraries
	2.4 AR Techniques: Marker-Based and Markerless Tracking
		2.4.1 Marker-Based AR
		2.4.2 Markerless AR
		2.4.3 G.P.S./Location-Based AR
	2.5 AR Devices and Components
		2.5.1 AR Devices
			2.5.1.1 Head-mounted Systems
			2.5.1.2 Smart Glasses
			2.5.1.3 Handheld or Mobile-Based AR
		2.5.2 Components
	2.6 AR for Impaired Users
3 Mobile Augmented Reality (M.A.R.) for COVID-19 Public Health Measure
	3.1 Social Distancing for COVID-19
	3.2 Public Health Safety Using AR
		3.2.1 Touchless Nature of AR
	3.3 AR model Simulation for Social Distancing
		3.3.1 AR Model for Social Distancing Guideline
		3.3.2 Participant Demographics
	3.4 System Methodology
		3.4.1 Proposed Methodology
		3.4.2 Significance of the AR Application
	3.5 Use of Unity, Vuforia, and C# for AR Application
		3.5.1 Tools and Technology
		3.5.2 Vuforia
		3.5.3 ARToolKit
		3.5.4 Google ARCore
		3.5.5 Apple ARKit
	3.6 How to Use the Application?
4 Experimental Analysis and Results
	4.1 Marker-Based AR Technique
		4.1.1 Introduction of Marker-Based Tracking and Marker Detection
		4.1.2 Image Preprocessing
		4.1.3 Discarding Outliers in the Marker
		4.1.4 Calculation of Marker-Pose
		4.1.5 How to Obtain Constant Tracking and Stability?
	4.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Marker-Based Tracking
		4.2.1 Advantages of Marker-Based Tracking for COVID-19 Safety Measures
		4.2.2 Disadvantages of Marker-Based Tracking
	4.3 AR Application Design for Social Distancing Model
		4.3.1 Proposed System Architecture
			4.3.1.1 Image Operations Module
			4.3.1.2 Continuous Marker-Tracking Module
			4.3.1.3 Image Rendering Module
		4.3.2 Unity and Vuforia for AR Application
			4.3.2.1 Unity Specifications and Features for AR
			4.3.2.2 Vuforia Specifications and Features for AR
	4.4 Application Deployment Areas for COVID-19 Health Measures
		4.4.1 Application Integration
		4.4.2 Other Application Areas for Application Deployment
5 Mitigation Remedies and Recommendations
	5.1 Mitigation Remedies and Recommendations
	5.2 Existing Applications for Social Distancing
		5.2.1 Google SODAR
		5.2.2 Aarogya Setu
		5.2.3 1point5
		5.2.4 DROR
		5.2.5 Canada COVID-19: COVID Alert
	5.3 Recommendations over Existing Applications
	5.4 Technical Discussion
	5.5 AR Solution to the Public Health COVID-19 Mitigation Remedies
	5.6 Merger of Digital Technologies for COVID-19
6 Summary
	6.1 Issues and Challenges in AR application Development
	6.2 Conclusion and Future Work
Appendix A: Sources for Getting AR Tools (FOSS)
Appendix B: Coding Guidelines for Developing and Deploying an AR App over an Android Phone
Glossary
References
Index