COVID-19 in Zimbabwe: Trends, Dynamics and Implications in the Agricultural, Environmental and Water Sectors

Contents
About the Editors and Contributors
Editors
Contributors
Part I: Introduction
	Chapter 1: COVID-19 and Its Implications on Agriculture, Environment, and Water Sectors
		1.1 COVID-19 Trends and Dynamics in Africa
		1.2 COVID-19 Implications for Agriculture
		1.3 COVID-19 Global Food Supply and Food Security
		1.4 COVID-19 and Its Implications on the Environment and Water Resources
		1.5 Key Methodological Approaches
		1.6 Book Outline
		References
Part II: Agriculture and Food Security
	Chapter 2: COVID-19 Plus: Addressing Food Security (SDG 2) and Malnutrition Within a Web of Disasters in the SADC Region
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 Research Design
		2.3 Results and Discussion
		2.4 Conclusions and Recommendations
		References
	Chapter 3: Covid-19 in Zimbabwe: Implications for the Commercial Agricultural Sector
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 Literature Review
		3.3 Materials and Methods
			3.3.1 Description of the Study Country
			3.3.2 Research Design
		3.4 Findings
		3.5 Discussion
		3.6 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 4: Strengthening Local Food Systems in the Context of COVID-19 Pandemic: Lessons from Zimbabwe
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 Literature Review
			4.2.1 Understanding the Nature and Context of Local Food Systems
			4.2.2 Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Local Food Systems
				4.2.2.1 Lost Income
				4.2.2.2 Disruption of Food Supply Chains
				4.2.2.3 Increasing Hunger and Malnutrition
			4.2.3 Lessons from Other Countries on Strengthening Local Food Systems During COVID-19
		4.3 Materials and Methods
		4.4 Results
			4.4.1 Online Survey
			4.4.2 Key Informant Interviews
		4.5 Discussion
		4.6 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 5: Contributions of Small Grains Grown in Zimbabwe’s Dryland Regions in Boosting Immunity and Combating COVID-19
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 Materials and Methods
		5.3 Results and Discussion
			5.3.1 The Connection Between Small Grains’ (Sorghum and Millets) Nutrients, Phytochemicals, and Bioactive Compounds and the Human Immune System
			5.3.2 The Link Between the Minerals, Phytochemicals, and Bioactive Substances Found in Small Grains (Sorghum and Millets) and COVID-19 Therapy
			5.3.3 Millets and Sorghum Nutrients, Underlying Conditions, and COVID-19 Prevention
		5.4 Conclusions and Recommendations
		References
	Chapter 6: The Determinants of Positive Food Procurement Practices in COVID-19 Affected Communities: A Cross-Sectional Study Conducted in Chiredzi Zimbabwe
		6.1 Introduction
		6.2 Materials and Methods
			6.2.1 Ethical Consideration
			6.2.2 Limitations of the Study
		6.3 Findings
			6.3.1 Perceived Self-Efficacy
			6.3.2 Perceived Positive Consequences
			6.3.3 Perceived Social Norms
		6.4 Discussion
		6.5 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 7: Understanding the Dimensions of Resilience for Food and Nutrition Security Among Informal Traders During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Zimbabwe
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 Literature Review
			7.2.1 Clarifying the Key Terms
			7.2.2 The Nature, Context, and Challenges of the Informal Sector in Zimbabwe
			7.2.3 The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Informal Traders in Zimbabwe
			7.2.4 The Regional and International Experiences Contexts
		7.3 Materials and Methods
		7.4 Results
		7.5 Discussion
		7.6 Conclusion
		References
Part III: Livelihoods Sustainability
	Chapter 8: COVID-19 and Agricultural Entrepreneurship in Zimbabwean Townships: A Systematic Literature Review
		8.1 Introduction
		8.2 Materials and Methods
			8.2.1 Research Strategy
			8.2.2 Search Strategy
			8.2.3 Bibliometric Analysis
			8.2.4 Systematic Review
			8.2.5 Themes
				8.2.5.1 Challenges
				8.2.5.2 Overall Impact of COVID-19 on Agricultural Activities
		8.3 Conclusion and Recommendations
		References
	Chapter 9: Humanistic Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic on the Informal Sector in Zimbabwe
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 Literature Review
			9.2.1 Collective Five Finger Theoretical Framework
			9.2.2 Humanistic and COVID-19 Pandemic
		9.3 Research Methodology
		9.4 Results and Discussion
			9.4.1 Economic Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Informal Sector Employees
			9.4.2 COVID-19 Effects on the Livelihood of Informal Sector Employees
			9.4.3 Central Government Strategies for COVID-19 Pandemic
			9.4.4 Strategies to Cushion Informal Sector Workers Against COVID-19 Effects
		9.5 Discussions
			9.5.1 Economic Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Informal Sector Employees
			9.5.2 COVID-19 Effects on the Livelihood of Informal Sector Employees
			9.5.3 Central Government Strategies for COVID-19 Pandemic
			9.5.4 Strategies to Cushion Informal Sector Workers Against COVID-19 Effects
		9.6 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 10: The Resilience of the Small-Scale Commercial Fishing Sector to Impacts of COVID-19 in Zimbabwe
		10.1 Introduction
		10.2 Materials and Methods
			10.2.1 Study Site
			10.2.2 Data Collection
			10.2.3 Data Analysis
		10.3 Results and Discussions
		10.4 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 11: COVID-19 and the Horticultural Sector: Dynamics and Implications for Vendors and Traders in the City of Masvingo, Zimbabwe
		11.1 Introduction
		11.2 Literature Survey
			11.2.1 COVID-19 Impact on Small-Scale Businesses
			11.2.2 COVID-19 and Vending
		11.3 Materials and Methods
			11.3.1 Study Area
			11.3.2 Research Design, Sampling and Data Collection
		11.4 Presentation of Findings
			11.4.1 Value Chain Disruption
				11.4.1.1 Disruption of Inbound Logistics
				11.4.1.2 Disruption of Outbound Logistics
			11.4.2 Product Quality Depreciation and Loss
			11.4.3 Social Fabric Disruptions
		11.5 Conclusion and Recommendations
		References
	Chapter 12: Coping Strategies and Livelihood Sustainability for Rural Women in the Face of COVID-19: The Case of Mutoko District, Zimbabwe
		12.1 Introduction
		12.2 Literature Review
			12.2.1 Framework and Approach
			12.2.2 Rural Development, Sustainable Development, Livelihood and Livelihood Diversification
			12.2.3 Impacts of COVID-19 on Rural Livelihoods
		12.3 Materials and Methods
			12.3.1 Study Area Description
			12.3.2 Sampling Protocols
			12.3.3 Measurement of Variables and Data Analysis
		12.4 Findings
		12.5 Discussion of Findings
		12.6 Conclusions and Recommendations
		References
Part IV: Water, Sanitation and the Environment
	Chapter 13: Trends and Dynamics of COVID-19 in Zimbabwe: Implications for Selected Sustainable Development Goals
		13.1 Introduction
		13.2 Literature Review
			13.2.1 The Effect of Lockdown
		13.3 Materials and Methods
			13.3.1 Study Area and Experimental Design
			13.3.2 Data Analysis
			13.3.3 Computation of the Stringency Index
		13.4 Results and Discussion
			13.4.1 Trend of Daily Cases of COVID-19 in Zimbabwe from March 2020 to February 2022
			13.4.2 COVID-19-Related Deaths in Zimbabwe (March 2020 to February 2022)
			13.4.3 Lockdown Measures and Their Level of Restrictions
		13.5 Correlation Between COVID-19 Reported Cases and Related Death
		13.6 Spatial Trends of COVID-19 Waves
		13.7 Implications of COVID-19 Measures on SDGs in Zimbabwe
		13.8 Conclusions and Recommendations
		References
	Chapter 14: COVID-19’s Impacts on Cities: Insights on the Provision of Safe Water, Sanitation and Waste Management in Zimbabwe
		14.1 Introduction
		14.2 Literature Review
			14.2.1 The Impact of COVID-19 to Solid Waste Management
			14.2.2 Institutional Impacts
		14.3 Materials and Methods
		14.4 Results and Discussions
			14.4.1 Socioeconomic Impacts
			14.4.2 Environmental Impacts
			14.4.3 Macro-Economic Impacts
			14.4.4 Impact of Spatial Planning and Design
			14.4.5 Technical Incapacitation of Local Authorities
		14.5 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 15: The Paradox of ‘Water Is Life’ in a Water Rationed City During the COVID-19 Pandemic
		15.1 Introduction
		15.2 Literature Review
			15.2.1 Water Situation and Rationing in Masvingo City
				15.2.1.1 Main Factors Responsible for Water Shortages in Masvingo
			15.2.2 Water Rationing in Masvingo City
		15.3 Materials and Methods
			15.3.1 Selection of Residential Areas and Participants
			15.3.2 Data Collection and Analysis
		15.4 Results and Discussion
			15.4.1 Policy of Forgetfulness: Response to COVID-19 and Implications on the Urban Water Situation
				15.4.1.1 Policy (Mis)Match with Reality and Innovative Ways to Get Access to Water During the COVID-19 Pandemic
				15.4.1.2 COVID-19 Lockdown and the City’s Vulnerable Groups
			15.4.2 Surviving Together: Solidarity, Water Sharing and the Unlikely Good Samaritans
			15.4.3 COVID-19 and the Entrenched Spatial Inequalities in Urban Development
		15.5 Conclusions
		References
Part V: Communication, Learning and Infodemic
	Chapter 16: A CIPP-TOWS Evaluation of Blended Learning for the Sciences and Mathematics During COVID-19: The Case of Great Zimbabwe University
		16.1 Introduction
		16.2 Materials and Methods
			16.2.1 Study Site
			16.2.2 Research Paradigm
			16.2.3 Research Design
			16.2.4 Data Analysis
			16.2.5 Ethical Considerations
		16.3 Results
			16.3.1 Socio-demographic Data
			16.3.2 CIPP Analysis
			16.3.3 Threats, Opportunities, Weaknesses, Strengths (TOWS)
		16.4 Discussion
			16.4.1 Socio-demography
			16.4.2 CIPP/TOWS Model
			16.4.3 Strategies to Improve Blended Learning
			16.4.4 Limitations
			16.4.5 Recommendations
		16.5 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 17: Fake News, Social Media, and the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Zimbabwean Experience
		17.1 Introduction
		17.2 Literature Review: Fake News and Global Pandemics
			17.2.1 Concepts and Theories
		17.3 Methodology
		17.4 Presentation and Discussion of Findings
			17.4.1 Fictitious Science News and the COVID-19 Pandemic
			17.4.2 Fake News About COVID-19 in Zimbabwe
		17.5 Conclusion and Recommendations
		References
			Interviews
	Chapter 18: COVID-19 Infodemic and Misinformation: A Global Review and Implications for Zimbabwe
		18.1 Introduction
		18.2 Materials and Methods
		18.3 Presentation of Key Findings
			18.3.1 Sources Misinformation
			18.3.2 Responses to the COVID-19 Infodemic
			18.3.3 Implications for Zimbabwe
		18.4 Conclusions and Recommendations
		References
Part VI: Conclusion
	Chapter 19: Conclusions and Policy Recommendations: The Emerging COVID-19 Trends, Dynamics and Implications
		19.1 Introduction
		19.2 COVID-19 Nexus with Water and Sanitation
		19.3 COVID-19 Interaction with Agriculture and Food Systems
		19.4 COVID-19 Impact on Informality
		19.5 Emerging Key Findings
		19.6 Agriculture and Food Security
		19.7 Livelihoods Sustainability
		19.8 Water, Sanitation and the Environment
		19.9 Communication and Infodemic
		19.10 Policy Recommendations
		References
Index