COVID-19, Supply Chain, Climate Change, and Sustainable Development in Africa: Current Business Issues in African Countries (CBIAC) Conference, Staten Island, NY, USA, April 7-8, 2022

Preface
	Current Business Issues in African Countries Conference (CBAIC)
Contents
Part I: Introduction
	Chapter 1: Synergies Between COVID-19, Supply Chain, Sustainable Development, and Climate Change: Lessons from UNCTAD
		1.1 Introduction
		1.2 Discussions at UNCTAD 15
			1.2.1 Interdependence and Synergies
		1.3 COVID-19
		1.4 Climate Change
		1.5 Sustainable Development
		1.6 Supply Chain
		1.7 Entrepreneurship
		1.8 Conclusions
		References
Part II: Supply Chain
	Chapter 2: COVID-19: Effects on Buying Decisions and Patterns Among Urban Dwellers in a Sub-Sahara African Market, A Case of Lagos Metropolis
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 Literature Review
			2.2.1 Adoption of Online Purchase Option
			2.2.2 Health and Pharmaceutical Budget
			2.2.3 Vegetable and Food Budget
			2.2.4 Holidays and Tourism Budget
		2.3 Methods
			2.3.1 The Hypotheses Are Listed Below
		2.4 Data Analysis and Findings
			2.4.1 Test of Hypotheses
				2.4.1.1 Decision Criteria
		2.5 Multiple Regression Analysis
		2.6 Interpretation of Results
		2.7 Discussion of Findings and Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 3: Developing Sustainable Fresh Produce Agriculture Value Chains: Case Study of African Indigenous Vegetables (AIVs) Value Chain in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya
		3.1 Introduction
			3.1.1 Reason for Selection
			3.1.2 Sources of Information
			3.1.3 Commodity and Study Area
				3.1.3.1 African Indigenous Vegetables (AIVs)
			3.1.4 Study Area: Uasin Gishu County
				3.1.4.1 Devolution of Government
				3.1.4.2 County Description
				3.1.4.3 Chain Context and External Factors of Influence
			3.1.5 Benchmarking
			3.1.6 Stakeholder Matrix
				3.1.6.1 Chain Actors
				3.1.6.2 Chain Supporters
				3.1.6.3 Chain Influencers
			3.1.7 Farming Systems in Uasin Gishu
				3.1.7.1 Quantitative Analysis
				3.1.7.2 Calculating Value Shares
				3.1.7.3 Production Level
				3.1.7.4 Trading Level
				3.1.7.5 Retail (High-End Supermarkets)
				3.1.7.6 Qualitative Analysis/Value Chain Governance
				3.1.7.7 Information Flows in the AIV Value Chain
			3.1.8 Quality Management
			3.1.9 Value Chain Analysis
				3.1.9.1 Value Chain Map
			3.1.10 SWOT Analysis
			3.1.11 PESTEC Analysis
		3.2 Conclusion
			3.2.1 Recommendations
		References
	Chapter 4: Assessing the Physical Contamination of Food through the Use of Metallic Staple Pins during Packaging with the Kenyan Market as a Case Study
		4.1 Introduction
			4.1.1 Understanding the Physical Contamination of Food
			4.1.2 The Common Uses of Staple Pins as a Packaging Product
			4.1.3 Factors Motivating the Use of Staples in Food Packaging
			4.1.4 Hazards Emerging from the Use of Staples in Food Packaging
			4.1.5 Remedies and Alternatives to the Use of Staple Pins for Food Packaging
		4.2 Conclusion
			4.2.1 Future Prospect
		References
Part III: Sustainable Development
	Chapter 5: A Framework to Include Sustainability in Consumer Protection Policies
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 The Global Context of Sustainability
			5.2.1 Global Sustainability Policy Agenda
			5.2.2 Sustainable Development
			5.2.3 Sustainable Production and Consumption
			5.2.4 Responsible Consumption
			5.2.5 Sustainability
				5.2.5.1 Sustainable Consumption and Consumer Protection Policy
		5.3 Stakeholder Participation
			5.3.1 Governments
			5.3.2 Business
			5.3.3 Consumers and Consumer Groups
			5.3.4 Multi-Stakeholder Global Governance
		5.4 Qualitative Research
			5.4.1 The Results of the Qualitative Study
		5.5 Conclusions and Recommendations
		References
	Chapter 6: Increase Business Performance Through the Use of Virtual Technology
		6.1 Introduction
		6.2 Material and Methods
		6.3 Results and Discussion
		6.4 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 7: Monetary Policy and Current Account Balances in Nigeria (1981–2020)
		7.1 Introduction
			7.1.1 Research Questions
			7.1.2 Objectives of the Study
			7.1.3 Hypothesis Testing
		7.2 Literature Review
			7.2.1 Theoretical Review
			7.2.2 Empirical Review
			7.2.3 Gaps in Literature
		7.3 Research Methods
			7.3.1 Theoretical Framework and Model Specification
			7.3.2 Theoretical/A Priori Expectation
			7.3.3 Data Measurement and Sources
			7.3.4 Estimation Techniques
			7.3.5 Expected Contributing to Knowledge
		7.4 Data Analysis and Interpretation
			7.4.1 Appraisal/Stylized Facts on Current Account Balances and Monetary Policy
			7.4.2 Regression Estimate and Interpretation
		7.5 Conclusion and Recommendation
		References
Part IV: Entrepreneurship
	Chapter 8: Insights into African-Led Food Start-Ups and How They Are Thriving Using a Qualitative Approach
		8.1 Background
		8.2 Ghana’s Cocoa Sector
		8.3 The Confectionery Space in Ghana
		8.4 Food Staples, Food Quality, and Agricultural Technologies in Ghana
			8.4.1 Aims
			8.4.2 Methodology
			8.4.3 Findings
		8.5 Selected Case Studies
			8.5.1 Chocolart Haus
			8.5.2 Wrapped Gh
		8.6 Tropical Growers
		8.7 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 9: Women Entrepreneurs in African Countries
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 Literature Review on Women Entrepreneurs in Various African Countries
		9.3 Challenge, Obstacles, and Problems
		9.4 Motivational Factors
		9.5 Experiences Across Gender Lines
		9.6 Opportunities and Hope
		9.7 Success Factors
		9.8 Statistics on Women on the African Continent
		References
	Chapter 10: Religiosity and Business Owners
		10.1 Introduction
		10.2 Literature Review
			10.2.1 Religiosity
				10.2.1.1 Intrinsicness
				10.2.1.2 Extrinsicness
			10.2.2 Religion in Nigeria
		10.3 Methodology
		10.4 Hypothesis Testing
			10.4.1 Decision Rule
			10.4.2 Interpretation of Result
			10.4.3 Interpretation of Result
			10.4.4 Interpretation of Result
		10.5 Discussion of the Findings and Conclusion
		References