Courtship and mating in butterflies

Cover......Page 1
Courtship and Mating in Butterflies......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 12
Acknowledgements......Page 16
 Notes......Page 17
1 Introduction......Page 18
  Origins and evolution......Page 19
 Butterfly Families......Page 21
  Names and numbers......Page 22
 Pioneering Investigations of Butterfly Courtship Behaviour......Page 23
  Tinbergen and the grayling......Page 24
  Crane and ‘irrelevant actions’ in tropical heliconiids......Page 27
  Stride and the danaid eggfly......Page 29
  Magnus and the silver-washed fritillary......Page 31
  Brower and the queen butterfly......Page 33
 Notes......Page 34
 Choosing a Mate – the Female Prerogative?......Page 36
  Sexual selection......Page 37
  Sexual conflicts......Page 38
 Identifying a Potential Mate......Page 39
  Visual signals......Page 41
 Female Choice......Page 46
  Eyespots, ornamentation and ultraviolet light......Page 47
  Active and passive choices......Page 51
  Iridescent ornaments and a preference for flashy males!......Page 52
  Females with a tendency to vary......Page 55
 Male Choice......Page 57
  The banded peacock......Page 61
 Role Reversals......Page 62
  The alba polymorphism in Colias species......Page 63
  Differences in size......Page 65
  Differences in shape......Page 66
  Differences in colours and patterns......Page 67
  Differences in ornamentation......Page 72
 Notes......Page 73
 Perching and patrolling......Page 77
 Perching – Staying Put and Waiting for Females......Page 79
  Territories......Page 80
  Thermoregulation and site selection......Page 81
 Patrolling – Moving Around and Searching for Mates......Page 82
 Hill-topping – Sexual Rendezvous Points......Page 85
  Niche segregation......Page 86
  Leks – arenas for contests......Page 87
  Pushing and shoving!......Page 88
  Hesperiidae......Page 89
  Nymphalidae......Page 90
  Papilionidae......Page 92
  Pieridae......Page 94
 Territoriality......Page 95
  Territory formation and turnover......Page 97
  Territorial contests......Page 98
  Battling swallowtails......Page 100
  Crepuscular contests......Page 101
  Wars of attrition or mistaken identity?......Page 102
  Persistence or endurance?......Page 104
  Older males – experienced and more persistent?......Page 105
  Case study. The speckled wood......Page 106
 Notes......Page 110
 Butterfly Colour Vision......Page 113
 The Structure of the Compound Eye......Page 115
 Eye Shine and Differences Between the Sexes......Page 117
 The Light-Gathering Molecules......Page 118
 Gathering the Light in Different Ways......Page 121
 Three-Colour and Four-Colour Vision......Page 122
 Seeing Ultraviolet and Polarized Light......Page 124
 Pseudopupils......Page 125
 Butterflies Using Their Eyes......Page 127
 Notes......Page 128
 What is Courtship?......Page 131
 Courtship Patterns and Diversity......Page 133
  The blues......Page 134
  Three coppers......Page 136
  Hairstreaks......Page 137
  The apefly......Page 139
 Pierids – Wing Buffeting......Page 140
  Three little sulphurs......Page 141
  Japanese small white......Page 143
  Hesperia skippers......Page 146
  The fiery skipper......Page 147
  The Essex skipper......Page 149
 Nymphalids......Page 150
  The buckeye......Page 151
  Common and danaid eggflies – all of a quiver......Page 152
  Banded and scarlet peacocks......Page 153
  The squinting bushbrown, Bicyclus anynana......Page 154
  Heliconius butterflies......Page 156
   Female......Page 157
  Fritillaries and checkerspot butterflies......Page 158
 Satyrids......Page 161
 Danaiids......Page 162
  Monarch butterflies: hell's angels?......Page 164
  Other examples of forced matings and aerial ‘takedowns’......Page 166
 Papilionids......Page 168
  Birdwing butterflies......Page 169
 Multimodal Displays – the Components of Courtship......Page 170
 Determinants of Success or Failure......Page 172
 Notes......Page 174
 Refusal and Rejection......Page 177
  Playing possum: thanatosis......Page 182
 Female Solicitation......Page 184
  Mate guarding......Page 185
  Common graylings......Page 186
  Rock and tree graylings......Page 189
  Other species......Page 191
 Proboscis Waving: Wood Whites......Page 192
 Sonic Courtship: Do You Like My Click?!......Page 195
 Notes......Page 196
 Reproduction: A Battle of the Sexes, or a Tug of War?......Page 198
 Mating Strategies......Page 200
  Pair carrying in copula......Page 201
  Copulation duration......Page 202
  Post-nuptial flights and mate-guarding......Page 204
  Sperm competition......Page 205
  Protandry and female receptivity......Page 207
 Sexual Conflicts and Confluences......Page 208
 Polyandry – the Risks and Benefits of Multiple Matings......Page 209
  Experience counts? Old male mating advantage......Page 214
  Cryptic female choice: rewarding generous suitors......Page 215
  Costs and benefits......Page 216
 Pupal Mating......Page 218
  Incest and inbreeding......Page 220
  Same-sex interactions......Page 221
  Interspecific mating and hybridization......Page 222
 Notes......Page 225
 The Mechanics of Coupling......Page 228
 Mating Plugs and Sphragides......Page 230
 Sperm and Spermatophores......Page 235
 The Female Side of the Story......Page 241
 Notes......Page 242
9 Scents: Chemical Communication......Page 244
 Aphrodisiac Pheromones......Page 245
  Detectable odours......Page 246
  Studies using Bicyclus anynana......Page 248
 Androconia......Page 250
  Varieties of androconial structures......Page 251
  Sex brands in skippers (Hesperiidae)......Page 253
  The squinting bushbrown......Page 255
 Abdominal Organs (‘Hairpencils’)......Page 257
  Contact behaviour and perfuming......Page 260
  Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs)......Page 261
 Antiaphrodisiacs......Page 262
 Notes......Page 264
 The Different Functions of Butterfly Wing Surfaces......Page 268
 Structural Colours and Nanoarchitecture......Page 269
  Iridescence......Page 270
  Black light-traps and solar collectors......Page 271
 Scales and Ridges......Page 272
 Pigments......Page 275
 Blue Morpho Wings......Page 276
 Lycaenid Wings......Page 280
 Partitioning the Function (Different Wings for Different Things)......Page 285
 Pierid Wings......Page 286
 Colour Badges as Honest Signals......Page 288
 Papilionoid Wings......Page 289
  Birdwings......Page 290
  Mixing it......Page 291
 Nymphalid Wings......Page 294
 Clearwings and Nanopillars......Page 296
 Concluding Remarks......Page 299
 Notes......Page 300
Summing Up......Page 302
 Notes......Page 304
Glossary......Page 306
Annex 1 Internet Links......Page 312
References......Page 314
Index......Page 374
Back Cover......Page 394